水培条件下葡萄砧木对氯化钠的耐性鉴定

采用水培法,以盐害指数(SI)和死亡率为指标,对30份葡萄砧木进行了氯化钠的耐性鉴定。结果表明,不同种质的耐盐力从0.1%～0.4%不等;野生葡萄中的香槟尼的耐盐性好;沙地葡萄和山美杂种的耐盐性较差;河岸葡萄各品种间的耐盐性差异较大,其中,多数品种的耐盐力居中;河岸葡萄与沙地葡萄、冬葡萄的杂种后代的耐盐性也有不同程度的差异性;我国广泛作为砧木的贝达葡萄的耐盐性居中。     

葡萄组培苗耐盐性研究

对中国野生葡萄4个种的6个株系、2个种间杂种、5个鲜食葡萄品种、1个酿酒葡萄品种和5个砧木品种通过组织培养获得试管苗,以不同浓度的NaCl作为盐胁迫因子,分别加入生根培养基中进行耐盐筛选。结果表明,在盐胁迫的50d内,试管苗的侧芽萌发倍数、增殖系数、生根率、生根数目均随着盐浓度的升高而降低,试管苗的受害指数、胁迫敏感指数随着盐浓度的升高而增大。在0.6%NaCl胁迫下,随着盐胁迫时间的延长,受害率和受害指数呈上升趋势。将供试的19个材料耐盐性分为4个类型:耐盐葡萄类型,包括酿酒葡萄EndFine、燕山葡萄燕山-1、1-1-6(88-110)、莫里莎无核和克瑞森无核;较耐盐葡萄类型,包括红地球、1-1-8(88-110)、户太8号、山葡萄通化-3和秋葡萄平利-7;盐较敏感葡萄类型,包括京秀、101-14MG、3309C和蘡奠葡萄泰山-1、安林-3;盐敏感葡萄类型,包括SO4、1103P、110R和山葡萄华县-47。     

酿酒葡萄品种耐盐性的研究

以引进的11个酿酒葡萄品种为试材,研究了不同葡萄品种在不同浓度NaCl条件下的盐害指数、株高和根数等指标,从中筛选出4个耐0.4%NaCl的品种,以其中耐盐性较强、中等和较弱的3个品种进一步分析了其在不同盐胁迫下脯氨酸和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase dismutase,POD)活性的变化。结果表明:在盐胁迫下,3个葡萄品种叶片MDA含量均有不同程度升高,耐盐性较弱的品种‘Dechaunac’叶片中MDA含量增加幅度大于抗盐性较强的‘Vidal Blanc’和‘Villard Blanc’品种;在0.2%NaCl条件下,3个品种SOD和POD活性都有不同程度提高,当盐浓度为0.4%时,耐盐性较弱的品种‘Dechaunac’叶片中SOD、POD活性开始下降,而‘Villard Blanc’和‘Vidal Blanc’品种SOD、POD活性继续上升,表明维持较强的抗氧化能力是其抵御盐分胁迫的重要方式。盐胁迫下3个品种脯氨酸含量均有不同程度升高,但与抗盐性无严格相关性。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对葡萄盐胁迫缓解效应的研究

以耐盐性不同的2个葡萄品种"夏黑"(耐盐性较弱)和"里扎马特"(耐盐性较强)为试材,研究了在0、2、4g/kg 3个盐胁迫水平下对2个葡萄品种叶面喷施0、75、150mg/L浓度的5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),对2个品种叶片中的可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率以及抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、SOD)活性的影响。结果表明:利用2g/kg盐胁迫和75mg/L ALA,4g/kg盐胁迫和150mg/L ALA分别对"夏黑"和"里扎马特"葡萄进行处理时,二者叶片中的可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著增加,而相对电导率与丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著降低。     

NaCl胁迫对耐盐性不同葡萄株系叶片活性氧代谢及清除系统的影响

探究耐盐性不同的葡萄株系叶片活性氧产生及其清除系统对盐胁迫的响应,以期揭示耐盐性较强的葡萄种间杂交F1代株系的耐盐机制。采用组培苗营养液培养方式,以山葡萄‘左山一’与砧木SO4杂交初选的耐盐性较强的F1代株系（A15、A17）为试材,以1103P为参照品种,进行100 mmol · L-1 NaCl处理,测定各株系叶片的 产生速率、H2O2含量、相对电导率、MDA含量和叶绿素含量以及抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量等指标,并观察叶绿体超微结构。结果表明,100 mmol · L-1 NaCl胁迫下,耐盐性较强的A15和A17能够维持较高的SOD、CAT、POD等抗氧化酶的活性,保持AsA-GSH循环系统中较高的AsA和GSH含量以及APX、GR等酶的活性,ROS、MDA产生较少,相对电导率升高幅度较小,叶绿体结构较完整,维持较高的叶绿体色素含量;而耐盐性较弱的1103P体内产生大量的ROS和MDA,叶绿体膜结构的完整性遭到破坏,叶绿素含量下降幅度大。     

不同黄瓜品种苗期耐盐性指标筛选与评价体系构建

为了比较不同黄瓜品种的耐盐性差异,同时构建黄瓜苗期耐盐性筛选的指标评价体系,在日光温室内采用细砂和珍珠岩（2 V∶1 V）混合基质进行育苗,浇灌不同盐浓度的1/2 园试配方营养液,利用黄瓜幼苗叶片盐害指数对15 个黄瓜品种的耐盐性进行聚类分析,并采用主成分分析法分析了黄瓜幼苗各生长指标和生物量指标在耐盐评价体系中所占的比重。结果表明：地下部干质量、壮苗指数和根冠比能较好地反映黄瓜幼苗对盐胁迫的响应,可以作为黄瓜苗期耐盐性的评价指标;依据3 g·L^-1 盐浓度下各黄瓜品种的盐害指数,将供试黄瓜品种分为5 类：耐盐品种（绿冠1 号和宁星欧美水果黄瓜）、较耐盐品种（中农12 号、中科958、荷兰迷你黄瓜、中农21 号和中农16 号）、盐敏感中等品种（津优1 号、优胜和中农8 号）、盐较敏感品种（京棚密刺和新4 号）、盐敏感品种（春棚5 号、绿优和中农大41 号）。     

盐胁迫对葡萄砧木叶片保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

以当年葡萄砧木扦插苗为试材,采用土壤含盐量为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的NaCl溶液处理,对4个葡萄砧木品种(系)山河1号、河岸3号、SO4、DogRidge进行耐盐研究。结果表明,随土壤含盐量增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后降低。4个葡萄砧木品种(系)对土壤含盐量的反映存在差异,山河1号、河岸3号为耐盐力强的品种(系),DogRidge为中等耐盐品种(系),SO4为耐盐力弱的品种(系)。     

黄河三角洲地区金银花的耐盐性

以7个金银花品种为试材,采用盆栽耐盐试验和田间耐盐试验的方法,研究了7种金银花在黄河三角洲地区的耐盐性。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加,金银花的抽出新枝数、产量降低,盐害指数增加,7个金银花品种耐盐性和绿原酸含量差异性明显,“四季花”在黄河三角洲地区推广应用前景大。     

国家队的实力 国家队的信誉 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所果树设施栽培研究组

一、葡萄砧木品种插条和苗木1、SO4和5BB(100万插条和部分苗木)、5C、420A、3309C、1103P、101-14、fercal等国内外30余种葡萄砧木品种供生产单位引种开展葡萄嫁接栽培。2、葡萄抗性砧木品种:实施嫁接栽培能较好地解决温室大棚避雨葡萄花芽分化数量和质量的不足、能提早成熟、提高葡萄鲜果的颜色、硬度、香气等,解决葡萄受葡萄根瘤蚜、根癌病、根结线虫、冻害、旱害、盐害、涝害等不良环境的胁迫和侵害。     

金丝小枣等4个枣品种耐盐性与细胞质膜、液泡膜质子泵活性的关系

以金丝小枣、梨枣、大瓜枣和冬枣为试材,设加0、0.10%、0.30%、0.50%和0.70%NaCl共5种土壤含盐量水平,研究了盐胁迫下这4个主栽枣品种耐盐性与质膜H+-ATPase和液泡膜H+-ATPase、H+-PPase活性的关系。对叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、相对电解质渗漏率、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、净光合速率等生理指标测试结果表明,4个枣品种的耐盐性存在较大差异。尽管4品种根尖和叶片细胞PM-H+-ATPase、TP-H+-ATPase和TP-H+-PPase活性随土壤含盐量升高的变化趋势相似,但同一枣品种的不同H+-ATPase、同一H+-ATPase在不同枣品种中的活性差异明显。盐胁迫下,耐盐性强的金丝小枣根尖细胞中3种H+-酶的活性降低幅度明显小于耐盐性弱的冬枣,且金丝小枣PM-H+-ATPase活性与TP-H+-ATPase活性相当,而盐胁迫下耐盐性弱的冬枣根尖细胞中PM-H+-ATPase活性明显低于TP-H+-ATPase活性,TP-H+-PPase活性随土壤含盐量递增更呈直线性下降,对土壤盐分非常敏感。盐胁迫下,枣品种耐盐性不同,枣叶细胞中3种H+-酶活性的差异也很显著。总体上,耐盐性强的枣品种,质膜和液泡膜质子泵的活性均强,根尖细胞向质外体"排盐"的功能与向共质体的液泡中"固定盐分"的功能均突出,叶片细胞向质外体"排盐"的功能基本保持而向液泡中"固定盐分"的功能显著增强,但耐盐性弱的枣品种盐胁迫下叶片细胞质膜、液泡膜质子泵活性下降或略有增强。     

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome

There is significant evidence to show that many neurosurgical patients with hyponatremia, who were previously diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), actually have cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS). The critical difference between SIADH and CSWS is that CSWS involves renal salt loss leading to hyponatremia and volume loss, whereas SIADH is a euvolemic or hypervolemic condition. The primary treatment for CSWS is water and salt replacement. The mechanisms underlying CSWS are not understood but may involve ANP or other natriuretic factors and direct neural influence on renal function.     

Relative salt tolerance of pistachio cultivars

Summary

The effects of four soil NaCl levels (0, 1 600, 3 200, and 4 800 μg g^?1) on the growth, chemical composition and plant water relationships of pistachio cvs Badami, Fandoghi and Kale-ghoochi were studied in an arid calcareous soil in a glasshouse experiment. Fandoghi was less tolerant to NaCl salinity probably because of higher uptake and/or transport of CI and Na ions, lesser osmoregulatory ability, and greater reductions in the top and root dry weights with respect to the CI concentration in the soil saturation extract. The 50% reduction in the top and root dry weights were obtained, respectively, at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 9.3 and 10.0 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Badami’, 7.9 and 7.9 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Fandoghi’ and 9.6 and 10.0 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Kaleghoochi’. Growth of tops and roots was stopped, respectively, at ECe values of 18.7 and 20.6 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Badami’; 15.9 and 15.5 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Fandoghi’, and 19.2 and 20.4 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Kale-ghoochi’.     

葡萄耐盐性研究近况

综述了耐盐生理机制、相关功能基因及鉴定技术的研究近况,对相关领域的研究进展进行了总结。     

苹果砧木耐盐性田间鉴定

1997～ 1998年在山东省东营市盐碱地农场分别种植 14种 1年生苹果砧木苗和 6种砧木的1年生嫁接苗 ,发现砧木珠美海棠 ( Malus　 zumi)、小金海棠 ( M.xiaojinensis)耐盐性较强 ;M2 6、MM10 6、M9、八棱海棠 ( M.micromalus)耐盐性中等 ;丽江山定子 ( M.rockii)和 A2不耐盐。不同砧穗组合的耐盐能力主要取决于砧木 ,同一种砧木嫁接不同品种的耐盐性相当。轻度盐碱地育苗、覆膜铺草等栽培措施能提高苹果苗对盐胁迫适应性能力     

High salt intake and bone metabolism

Osteoporosis has become a global public health problem, and dietary interventions may potentially be helpful in preventing this disorder. Salt (sodium chloride) is one of the most important dietary nutrients. High sodium chloride intake may play an important role in bone metabolism. In this paper, we reviewed the effects of high sodium chloride intake on bone mineral density, bone mineral content and bone biochemical markers, and analyzed the possible causes through currently available literature. Although there are a few inconsistencies results, we conclude a long-term high salt intake can reduce bone density or bone mineral content, change many biochemical markers of bone resorption, which may be caused mainly by increasing urinary calcium excretion and a low-grade metabolic acidosis. However, there are still many unclear aspects need further exploration.     

盐胁迫对黄瓜不同耐盐品种植株K~+和Na~+含量的影响

用体积浓度225mmol/L的NaCl对耐盐性不同的2个黄瓜品种进行处理,研究黄瓜盛果期NaCl胁迫下不同品种叶片和根中K+和Na+含量的变化。结果表明,盐胁迫下,黄瓜不同耐盐品种植株根和叶片中Na+含量明显增加,K+含量明显下降;耐盐品种叶片中Na+含量显著低于盐敏感品种,耐盐品种K+含量降低幅度显著小于盐敏感品种;植株的Na+、K+比值提高,耐盐品种Na+、K+比值显著低于盐敏感品种;耐盐品种SNa+,K+显著低于盐敏感品种。     

设施栽培土壤中盐分积累的测定

通过对通辽市农业科学研究院温室土壤进行室内分析,结果表明：（1）通辽市农业科学研究院温室设施栽培土壤普遍存在酸化现象,其中1号温室土壤酸化已接近蔬菜出现生理障碍的临界水平;（2）所调查温室中土壤均呈现出不同程度的盐化现象,积盐分中阳离子以Ca^2＋为主,而阴离子以SO4^2-和NO3^-为主;1号、4号温室盐化现象严重,其中4号棚中Cl^-含量出现异常,可能与长期施用的某种肥料有关。     

NaCl单盐胁迫对不结球白菜叶片光合特性的影响

为探讨NaCl胁迫对不结球白菜光合特性的影响,以不结球白菜‘苏州青’为试材,采用营养液水培的方法,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,50,100,150,200mmol·L~(-1))对不结球白菜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、荧光参数的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫降低了不结球白菜叶片中光合色素含量;使不结球白菜的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、最大光化学效率显著下降;PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Yield)、电子传递效率(ETR)、水分利用效率(WUE)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)呈下降趋势,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)呈上升趋势。其中100mmol·L~(-1)的NaCl浓度对不结球白菜的抑制程度最大,这表明盐胁迫能显著影响不结球白菜的相关光合指标,且随着NaCl浓度的增加,不结球白菜受到的胁迫损伤不断加重。     

Relative salt tolerance of selected herbaceous perennials and groundcovers

In order to use reclaimed water to irrigate landscape plants and minimize damage and loss, salinity tolerance of commonly used landscape plants needs to be determined and characterized. Eight herbaceous perennials and groundcovers were obtained from a local nursery, transplanted to 2.6-L plastic containers and grown in the greenhouse for 2 weeks before saline irrigation at electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.8 (tap water), 3.2, 6.4, or 12 dS m⁻¹ were initiated. Plants were irrigated with measured amount of saline solutions to obtain 30% leaching when approximately 50% water had been depleted. After 12 weeks, four plants in each treatment were destructively harvested and dry weights of shoots and roots were determined. Three Penstemon species (P. eatonii A. Gray, P. pseudospectabilis M.E. Jones, and P. strictus Benth.) and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. at 6.4 and 12 dS m⁻¹ and most at 3.2 dS m⁻¹ did not survive. Shoot dry weight of Delosperma cooperi (Hook.f.) L. Bolus decreased by 25% at 12 dS m⁻¹, but there were no significant differences among the rest of the treatments. All plants of Teucrium chamaedrys L. survived but growth was reduced significantly with lower visual scores as salinity of irrigation water increased. Although growth was reduced in Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. as salinity increased, no other signs of stress or injury were observed. Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Bunge had reduced growth at 3.2 dS m⁻¹ and higher EC levels compared to the control, older leaves showed reddish pigmentation at 6.4 dS m⁻¹, whereas those at 12 dS m⁻¹ did not survive. Ion concentrations of shoot and root tissue at the end of the experiment on surviving plants were also affected by salinity levels and varied among species. Among the tested species, D. cooperi and G. rigen indicated a relatively high tolerance to salinity, T. chamaedrys and C. plumbaginoides were moderately tolerant, and the rest were less tolerant.