Radiometrische Untersuchungen zu Sorptionsverhalten und Abbau von 14C-PCB sowie 14C-Picloram in verschiedenen Böden

Radiometric analyses of sorption and degradation of ¹⁴C-PCB and ¹⁴C-Picloram in different soils Adsorption - desorption isothermes with ¹⁴C-PCB (2,3,4-trichlorodiphenyl) and ¹⁴C-picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-carbonic acid) were determined on 15 different soils. The rates of decomposition were determined on 3 soils. The adsorption of PCB was very intense with K-factors according to Freundlich (soil:solution = 1:20) varying from 16 to 9861. Adsorption increased with increase of organic matter and Fe-content. Picloram showed low adsorption rates, with K-factors varying from 0,01 to 18 (soil:solution = 1:4). The chemical is adsorbed by the organic matter. Decrease of pH increases the adsorption. The correlation of the K-factors with %C, % clay, pH, CEC and %0Fe_o was computed. The decomposition tests were monitored over a period of 183 days (25°C, 80% water capacity) and yielded decomposition rates of < 0,1% PCB and < 2% picloram. This difference might be due to the structure of the substance. The decomposition of PCB depends most likely on the degree of sorption. No relation between the decomposition of picloram and sorption or soil properties was found.     

Use of 90SR in fish vertebrae as an effluent exposure tracer in PCB-contaminated channel catfish

Strontium-90 was measured in the vertebrae of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) collected from an embayment and the adjoining river/reservoir in order to determine their exposure to the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and ⁹⁰Sr-contaminated effluent entering the embayment from a point-source discharge. Concentrations of PCBs in the fish were measured and compared with the ⁹⁰Sr levels to assess the role of the effluent as a possible source of PCB contamination in catfish in the river and embayment. Catfish exposed to the elevated levels of ⁹⁰Sr in the embayment were found to migrate into uncontaminated areas of the river where they were available to anglers. The pattern of PCB contamination in catfish did not mirror that of ⁹⁰Sr hence, little of the PCB burden of the fish in the river could be traced to continuing PCB discharges to the embayment.     

陕北黄土丘陵山地枣树生物量模型

[目的]探索一种在不损伤枣树条件下估算枣树生物量的方法,为研究灌溉施肥与枣树生长关系提供技术支撑。[方法]在大量实际测定调查数据的基础上,用线性和非线性生物量模型分别对枣树枝条、枣吊、叶片及果实的生物量进行建模,以相关系数R2,拟合指数W,标准误SEE,变异系数CV和预估精度p作为模型的精度评价指标,对模型进行了检验,并对两类模型进行了对比分析。[结果]线性模型适用于枝条生物量的预测,R2为0.980~0.984,p介于0.909~0.926;叶片生物量和枣吊生物量的最优模型为非线性模型,R2介于0.880~0.943,p介于0.897~0.976;果实生物量最优模型为二元非线性模型,R2为0.999,p为0.998;枝条、叶片和枣吊的鲜重与干重的比例系数分别为2.085,2.854和2.675;单个枣吊长度和枣吊上的叶片数目呈现出良好的一元线性关系,R2达到0.88。[结论]本研究中使用的枣树生物量模型的模拟精度较高。     

Effect of sediment pH and oxidation-reduction potential on PCB mineralization

Microbial mineralization rates of a ¹⁴C-labelled PCB mixture were determined in PCB-contaminated Capitol Lake, LA, sediment under controlled pH and redox conditions. Mineralization rates were inferred from the activity of ¹⁴CO₂ evolved from the sediment suspensions. Sediment pH and redox potential significantly affected PCB mineralization. Mineralization rates were higher under moderately aerobic conditions (microaerophilic) ( + 250 mV) than under aerobic conditions ( + 500 mV) or anaerobic conditions (0 mV and ?200 mV). PCB mineralization rates in moderately aerobic sediment were 30 to 40 fold higher than those in anaerobic sediment. Sediment conditions in the oxidized surface layer would promote PCB mineralization. Sediment pH and redox potential were shown to be two sediment parameters which can be managed to enhance degradation of PCBs in contaminated sediment.     

Effect of PCB (aroclor 1254) on early development and mortality in Arbacia eggs

Arbacia punctulata eggs were continuously exposed to various concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg l^?1) of the PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 in filtered sea water using reagent grade acetone as a carrier molecule. Control eggs were cultured in acetone and sea water. The effects of the PCB on fertilization efficienty, pluteus development, and its acute toxicity to the eggs were studied. Differences between control and experimental results were tested using Chi-square and a 95% level of confidence. When the eggs were initially exposed to the PCB at the time of fertilization there were no significant differences between the % fertilization, pluteus development, or % mortality when the controls were compared to the experimentals. However, when the eggs were initially exposed to PCB 1 h prior to fertilization there was a reduction in fertilization efficiency in all PCB concentrations. In all but the 0.5 mg l^?1 PCB concentration, the % mortality was higher and the % pluteus development was lower.     

Seasonal cycle of polychlorinated biphenyls in the waters of the catchment basin of the river seine (France)

In an attempt to explain the origin of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution peaks exceeding 1000 ng L^?1 in the River Seine, their concentrations have been studied in relation to the flow rate and the solid load. Longitudinal profiles of the River Seine and two of its tributaries, the Marne and the Orge, show that the PCB concentration in these rivers follows a seasonal rhythm, depending on how much leaching occurs. Indeed leaching is the main cause of the concentrations above 200 ng L^?1 observed at high water, both in rural and urban zones. When investigating floods in the sewerage network and the rivers, the PCB concentrations are usually seen to follow the flow rate. PCB and suspended matter concentrations vary in the same way during flood time, though when comparing the distribution of PCBs in the aqueous phase and the solid load, scarcely any connection is seen between PCB transport and the solid load. Thus during flood time in the Seine at Paris, PCB transport remains under the control of the soluble phase (75%). We have been unable to establish a link between the hydric conditions and the PCB spectrum in the river waters.     

Estimating the wetting branch of the soil water retention curve from grain-size fractions

The development of a theoretical method for estimating the wetting branch of the soil water retention curve (SWRC) is required for knowledge of the soil infiltration process. The aim of this study was to derive the theoretical functions to represent the wetting branch of the SWRC based on the Jensen method, and then compare the Jensen method and Kool & Parker (KP87) model for estimating the wetting branch of the SWRC. Fifteen soil samples with varying basic properties (e.g., grain-size distribution and bulk density (BD)) were selected from the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database (UNSODA) to test these two methods. Results showed that the Jensen method (root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.057 cm³ cm⁻³) produced a substantially better performance in predicting the wetting branch of the SWRC than the KP87 (RMSE = 0.089 cm³ cm⁻³) for the 15 samples. The range of the scaled mean bias error (SMBE) between the Jensen method-predicted and measured soil water contents at all pressure heads was −0.529 to 0.402. A positive linear relationship between the SMBE and silt content was observed for the Jensen method. The findings of this study have practical significance for simulating the soil infiltration in the unsaturated zone.     

塔河流域天然胡杨林不同林龄地上生物量及碳储量

[目的]探讨不同林龄单株胡杨地上部分生物量、林分的生物量及碳储量的分布特征,为进一步开展胡杨天然林生态系统碳循环、碳储量、固碳速率和潜力研究提供基础。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区轮台县天然胡杨林为研究对象,利用不同林龄下不同径阶的标准解析木样本数据,构建胡杨地上部分各器官的生物量回归模型,探讨不同林龄胡杨地上部分的生物量组成、分配以及各器官生物量随年龄的变化规律。[结果]随着林龄的增加,单株胡杨地上部分各器官生物量呈上升趋势,其中树干占主导地位。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林的林分地上生物量分别为:4.91,7.95,19.47,61.95,47.64t/hm2,且随林龄的增加胡杨林地上部分生物量先增加后稍有降低;胡杨林地上部分不同器官平均含碳率从大到小依次为:树干(48.17%)树枝(47.75%)树皮(46.13%)树叶(44.90%),且随林龄的增加不同器官含碳率先增加后降低,但各器官之间含碳率差异不显著;塔河流域胡杨林碳储量随林龄先增加后降低,大小顺序为成熟林(30.38t/hm2)过熟林(23.26t/hm2)近熟林(9.30t/hm2)中龄林(3.69t/hm2)幼龄林(2.20t/hm2)。[结论]地上部分各器官碳储量按依次排列为:树干树枝树皮树叶,树干是胡杨林地上部分碳储量的主要器官。     

Co-localization of atmospheric H2 oxidation activity and high affinity H2-oxidizing bacteria in non-axenic soil and sterile soil amended with Streptomyces sp. PCB7

Two complementary experimental approaches were utilized to examine the extent to which free soil hydrogenases and H₂-oxidizing bacteria contribute to the soil uptake of atmospheric H₂. First, high affinity hydrogenase activity and H₂-oxidizing bacteria were fractionated in non-axenic soil and axenic soil colonized with the high affinity H₂-oxidizing bacterium Streptomyces sp. PCB7. Non-axenic soil was fractionated by buoyant density centrifugation. High affinity H₂ oxidation activity measured in individual fractions was proportional to the copy number of hhyL gene, specifying the large subunit of putative high affinity [NiFe]-hydrogenases. 2.5% of the hydrogenase activity was recovered in bacteria-free soil extract. Similarly, sequential centrifugation and wet filtrations of strain PCB7-colonized soil dispersed in solubilization buffer caused a loss of the activity, at a ratio proportional to the number of living cells removed. No abiontic hydrogenase activity was detected in bacteria-free fractions. The second experimental approach was designed to verify whether or not the [NiFe]-hydrogenase of strain PCB7 retains high affinity H₂ oxidation activity in soil, under the abiontic state. H₂ oxidation rates of crude enzyme extract of strain PCB7 measured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were indistinguishable, indicating that the high affinity hydrogenase of strain PCB7 is oxygen-tolerant. The hydrogenase activity of sterile soil spiked with as much as 0.14 mg_(protein) g_(soil-dw)⁻¹ was equivalent to the H₂-oxidation activity of only 10⁶-10⁷ CFU of strain PCB7 g_(soil-dw)⁻¹. Taken together, our results indicate that high affinity hydrogenase activity is proportional to the abundance of H₂-oxidizing bacteria in soil and, that abiontic hydrogenases contribute only a few percent of the total high affinity H₂ oxidation activity detected in soil.     

Tillage effects on the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in biosolid‐amended soils

Soil tillage along with the application of organic waste probably affects the concentrations of organic carbon and the enrichment of introduced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In a three‐year experiment the PCB status of soils from three different field sites (silty clay loam, silt loam, sandy loam) which were long‐term differently tilled (NT = no‐tillage, CT = conventional plough tillage) and amended with two different organic wastes such as sewage sludge and compost (biosolids) was examined. No significant alteration in soil‐PCB quality and quantity with biosolid application could be proven within the course of the experiments. This indicates soil‐air exchange of PCBs dominates their concentrations in soil. Organic carbon in soil was significantly tillage‐dependent and determined the fate of PCBs resulting in a generally elevated PCB‐level in the non tilled soils. Linear regression of PCB load and organic matter content of all investigated untreated soils was highly significant (R² = 0.73). Due to already elevated PCB levels in non tilled soils with a maximum of 65 μg kg^—1 in the superficial layer of the silt loam control plot, any additional potential input, i. e. through the amendment with organic wastes, should therefore be avoided.     

Effect of sublethal chlorinated discharges on PCB accumulation in transplanted Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea)

From 1987–1990, uncontaminated Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) were placed in cages and transplanted into two streams receiving industrial discharges to help identify and quantify polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination to the streams. Clams accumulated substantial PCB residues at most sites monitored, with the exception of the sites closest to chlorinated discharges. Clams placed nearest to the chlorinated stream reaches consistently underestimated PCB contamination, based on the amount of PCBs found in fish and sediment at those sites. In a separate experiment, clams exposed in stream-side tanks to untreated (total residual chlorine ranged from 0.02–0.07 mg^?1 L daily) and dechlorinated stream water exhibited differing degrees of valve movement, growth, and PCB accumulation after a four-week exposure to the two treatments. Clams exposed to untreated (chlorinated) stream water closed their shells more often, exhibited less growth, and accumulated substantially lower PCB concentrations than clams exposed to dechlorinated stream water. Clams apparently close their shells to avoid chlorine exposure, thus isolating clam tissues from PCBs found in the stream water and in the clams' food. Because chlorine and PCBs occur together in many industrial discharges, this finding is a significant consideration for monitoring programs that utilize clams to assess PCB bioavailability.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates of soils in a rural community

In a rural community (Stephanskirchen, Southern Germany) situated near a waste incineration plant six A horizons were sampled to determine 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates (clay, silt, fine and coarse sand) and to test the suitability of alkaline saponification for PCB extraction. The PCB concentrations were higher in alkaline saponification extracts than in Soxhlet extracts. However, the extraction efficiency of up to fourfold chlorinated PCBs was lower and more than sevenfold chlorinated PCBs were destroyed. Nevertheless, alkaline saponification was suitable to determine the indicator congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 152, and 180. The sum of the PCB concentrations ranged from 8.4 to 59.5 μg kg^?1 which was as high as in soils of big cities. However, the concentrations did not reach the threshold value for agricultural purposes of 200 μg kg^?1 as proposed in literature for the sum of the six indicator congeners. The hexachlorinated PCBs 138 and 153 were the most abundant (together > 50% in all samples) whereas PCB 1 could not be detected in any sample. On the average, PCB concentrations increased as particle size decreased. When normalized to C_org, however, the fine sand fraction had the highest PCB concentrations. A slight decrease of lower chlorinated PCBs as particle size decreased indicated an increasing state of degradation. The PCB compositions in the emissions of a comparable waste incineration plant (Bamberg, Bavaria) and in Stephanskirchen soils differed markedly. Therefore, we did not get any indications that waste incineration was a main source of PCBs in the examined soils. Instead, higher chlorinated technical PCB mixtures such as Clophen A 60 or Aroclor 1260 may be the most important sources.     

Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in an Urban Area of Turkey

Atmospheric polychlorinated bihenyls (PCBs) deposit by dry and wet deposition mechanisms, and therefore they constitute a significant polluting source for lands and surface waters. Various samplers have been used to determine the PCB pollution level resulting from deposition. In the presented study, a modified wet deposition sampler (WDS) was used for sampling both wet and dry deposition samples with the same instrument by which wet deposition reservoir of the WDS is opened and dry deposition reservoir is closed when rain starts. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009. In the samples taken from BUTAL which is known as an urban area with heavy traffic, ??PCB dry deposition fluxes were determined as 18?±?10 ng/m²??day, and wet deposition fluxes for dissolved and particle phase were measured as 480?±?1,185 and 475?±?1,000 ng/m²??day, respectively. The dissolved and particle-phase PCB concentrations in rain were 10?±?13 and 13?±?14 ng/l, respectively. The contribution of wet deposition to total PCB deposition was determined as 52%. PCB concentrations in the ambient air were measured to be 370?±?200 and 20?±?20 pg/m³ for gas and particle phases, respectively. Washout ratio was determined by proportioning rain concentration to concentration in air. The washout ratios of the samples were between 1,675?C311,800 and 12,775?C2,511,120 for dissolved and particulate phases, respectively.     

Mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in striped bass (Morons saxatilis) from two nova Scotia Rivers

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) collected from the Annapolis and Shubenacadie Rivers in Nova Scotia, Canada, were analyzed for Hg in four tissues and for PCB's in two tissues. Average Hg concentrations in the muscle, liver, kidney, and gonad of 3.9 kg fish from Annapolis River were 0.77, 0.79, 0.26, and 0.07 μg g^?1, respectively, and the corresponding values for the much smaller, 1.5 kg, fish from the Shubenacadie River were 0.51, 0.27, 0.24, and 0.06 μg g^?1. The PCB concentrations in the muscle tissues of fish from Annapolis and Shubenacadie Rivers are 0.02 and 0.01 μg g^?1, respectively, while the concentrations in gonads are 1.4 and 0.04 μg g^?1 The observed lack of recruitment of striped bass in the Annapolis River may be related to high PCB concentrations in the gonad tissue.     

SEASONAL NITROGEN BUDGETS OF MATURE CITRUS TREES ON A SANDY ENTISOL

Approximately 30% of Florida citrus is grown on well-drained Entisols with low nutrient-holding capacity, which are prone to high nitrogen (N) leaching losses. However, increasing application frequency of N-fertilizer via multiple fertigations does not increase crop yield, whereas in agronomic crops, such an approach typically enhances N uptake efficiency. We assessed seasonal tree N tissue concentration dynamics as affected by N rate for mature fourteen-year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) trees on either Carrizo citrange (C. sinsensis L. Osbeck X Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) or Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. X P. trifoliata L. Raf.) rootstocks. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate in six split fertigation applications with N target values of 179 and 269 kg ha^?1yr^?1. Leaf, twig, and branch bark tissue N concentrations decreased through the spring to minima in May and June. This time period corresponds to a period of high N demand associated with both vegetative and reproductive growth. Tissue N concentrations increased from late spring minimums to fall and winter maximum concentrations. Reduction in branch bark and wood tissue N concentrations may have been due to a redistribution of N to leaf, twig, and fruit tissues in response to low N supply. The majority of the spring N should be supplied prior to May.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban and semi-urban soils of Havana,Cuba

Purpose

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Havana were quantified and analyzed in relation to possible emission sources to assess metropolitan soil contaminations in a highly dynamic, urban environment. The results of this study will serve Cuban legislators as a basis to develop environmental quality standards for organic pollutants in soils.

Materials and methods

Possible emission sources as, e.g., the vicinity to roads or industrial plants and the influence of the land use were related to the organic contaminants concentrations. Therefore, 28 topsoils in the Havana urban and semi-urban area were sampled at agricultural (n?=?12), organoponic (urban gardens in the capital, n?=?8), public park (n?=?7), and remediation (on-site bioremediation of an oil refinery, n?=?1) sites. Their PAH and PCB concentrations were measured with gas chromatography mass spectroscopy and the total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) concentrations with the chemo-thermal oxidation.

Results and discussion

The sum of the 16 PAH concentrations ranged from 0.04 mg/kg in agricultural and organoponic soils to up to 72 mg/kg in a public park at about 1.5 km distance from an oil refinery. The lowest sum of the seven PCB congener concentrations was also measured in organoponic soils (0.002 mg/kg) and the highest in an arable patch of land between the rail roads and a main road (0.1 mg/kg). Both, PAH as well as PCB soil concentrations in Havana were almost up to two orders of magnitudes higher compared to a soil monitoring in the neighboring province of Mayabeque, but overall in the typical range of urban soils reported by other studies. The pollutants showed no relationship between TOC and BC except for PAHs with BC. For PAHs, combustion was the main source.

Conclusions

A comparison of the pollutant concentrations with regulatory guidance values (RGV) of other countries revealed PCB concentrations in Havana soils far below these RGV. In contrast, some concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, the most carcinogenic PAH, in agricultural and park soils in Havana exceeded some RGV. Thus, some public parks pose a risk according to the Canadian quality guidelines when people have direct contact with these soils but not if they were consuming products thereof.

     

Dynamics and Distribution of Nutrition Elements in Bamboos

ABSTRACT

Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with a high production and wide utilization has been planted in large scale in southern China, but little information about bamboo nutrition is available. The objective of this study was to reveal the dynamics of nutrition with growing time and the distribution of nutrition in different organs. It was found that the nutrition concentration of the whole plant generally declined with time during the period of 1–6 weeks owing to a dilution effect with the result of quickly increasing the biomass. The leaf concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) changed regularly with high concentrations observed at age 1, 2, 4, and 6, and lower at age 3 and 5. While the concentration of N, P, and K in the branch and stem generally declined with the weeks, a rapid decrease occurred from weeks 1 to 2. The concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in bamboo leaf, branch, and stem appeared to be opposite to those of N, P, and K in corresponding plant parts. The elemental concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the leaves than in the branches and stems, while the storage of nutrition was greater (P < 0.05) in stem than in leaves and branch. A relative large total storage of nutrition, except P and Mg, were found in bamboo under an intensive management (IM) stand than those under extensive management (EM) stand. The total storage of different nutritions in the above-ground parts was in the order: K (243.0–285.6 kg ha^?1) > N (154.5–207.8 kg ha^?1) > P (10.4–12.2 kg ha^?1). The nutrition stored in the bamboo plant would be removed away from the soil in every other year by the means of harvest of the bamboo trunk which is the largest nutrition pool of the bamboo plant. Therefore, supplementary nutrients, especially N and K, are strongly recommended in order to keep the productivity of bamboo.     

Management practices to control premature senescence in Bt cotton

Commercial cultivation of Bt cotton produced higher boll load which led to stiff inter-original competition for photosynthates, resulting in early cessation of growth (premature senescence) due to more availability of sink and less sources. To overcome this problem, field experiment was conducted during 2011 and 2012 using five treatments of plant growth manipulation viz. no fruiting branch removal (F₁), removal of first fruiting branch (F₂), removal of first and second fruiting branch (F₃), removal of all squares from first fruiting branch (F₄), removal of all squares from first and second fruiting branches (F₅), and three potassium (K) application rates viz. 50 kg ha^?1 (K₁), 100 kg ha^?1 (K₂), and 150 kg ha^?1 (K₃). More nodes above white flower were recorded in F₅, followed by F₃, while minimum were recorded in F₁. Among potassium levels, maximum nodes above white flower were recorded in K₃ followed by K₂ and K₁ during both years of study. Plant height recorded at physiological cutout stage or at maturity stage showed that plants gained more height with removal of all squares from first tosecond fruiting branches with higher potassium dose. Leaf K increased with increasing applied potassium and also with square/branch removal. So early removal of squares/fruiting branches along with higher potassium dose helped in delaying canopy senescence in Bt cotton.     

The Effect of the Organic Matter Composition on POP Accumulation in Soil

The effect of different humic fractions on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in soils was tested in the field by means of 53 soil samples from a high-altitude grassland plateau in the Italian Alps. Three humic fractions (humin, humic acids, and fulvic acids) were characterized in parallel by quantifying 12 PCB congeners to establish a direct relationship between PCB levels and humic fraction concentrations. Humin (the most hydrophobic fraction) appears to be the most closely correlated with the amount of PCBs in soil (R ²?=?0.83), while fulvic acid shows the lowest correlation (R ²?=?0.49). The idea of preferential sorption of hydrophobic compounds in the humin fraction is discussed, and the humin carbon content (f _huminC) is proposed as an improved parameter for evaluating the potential for POP accumulation in soils, replacing total organic carbon (f _oc). Congener studies revealed that penta- and hexa-substituted-CBs show the optimal combination of physicochemical properties for equilibrating with the humin content in soil. Moreover, f _huminC/f _oc is conceptually equivalent to the empirical coefficients used in predictive K _sa equations. In our samples, the f _huminC/f _oc was 0.55, a value in between the empirical coefficients proposed in the literature. In predictive equations, the use of f _huminC instead f _oc avoids the necessity of using an empirical parameter for a ??generic?? condition by introducing an experimental parameter (f _huminC) that takes into account local conditions (organic matter composition).     

PCB in a River System During Sediment Remediation

Remediation of 150 000 m³ of sediment containing400 kg PCB was performed by suction dredging in asmall lake in Sweden in the summers of 1993 and 1994.Upon project completion calculations indicated that97% of the PCB was deposited in a landfill withsubsequent low transport to the surroundings, andthat 2.9 kg was left in the lake sediment.Concentrations of PCB that were measured weekly in thewater leaving the lake were 12 ng/L (geometric mean)during dredging, not exceeding 30 ng/L and notsignificantly higher than in investigations preceedingthe remedial action. The concentration of PCB wasnegatively correlated to water discharge andpositively correlated to water temperature. PCBtransport in the river was correlated to waterdischarge but not to the dredging activity. Duringdredging of the most contaminated part of the lake,the dredging area was screened off by a geotextilesilt curtain that reduced leakage of PCB to the riverdownstream.