农田暴雨径流侵蚀泥沙流失及其对氮磷的富集

利用室内模拟降雨径流试验(降雨强度72mm/h),研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征及其对氮磷的富集作用。结果表明,侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异,<0.25mm团聚体占侵蚀泥沙重量的81%,而在原土壤中只有16%;>0.25mm的团聚体只有19%,远远低于原土壤中的84%。颗粒态氮磷分别占径流流失氮磷的94%和91%以上,而78%的颗粒态氮和69%的颗粒态磷是通过小于0.25mm团聚体流失的;44%的颗粒态氮和32%的颗粒态磷是通过<0.045mm团聚体流失的。侵蚀泥沙氮磷富集系数随时间而下降,并与侵蚀泥沙累积流失量之间呈显著的对数线性相关。侵蚀泥沙中<0.25mm团聚体,尤其是氮磷含量较高的<0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙对氮磷富集的原因。     

坡面覆沙后侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特性

侵蚀泥沙颗粒大小的分布在一定程度上影响着侵蚀泥沙的搬运和沉积,了解侵蚀泥沙的分选作用将有助于解释泥沙的侵蚀和沉积过程。该文以覆沙坡面为研究对象,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,选取坡度12°、雨强1.5 mm/min的黄土坡面上分别覆盖0.5、1.0、1.5 cm的沙层进行试验。结果表明:坡面覆沙后,坡面粗颗粒物质大部分在产流开始0~10 min内便被冲刷带走;侵蚀泥沙颗粒主要以粉粒为主;坡面覆沙后,在细沟间侵蚀阶段,径流优先搬运大于0.054 mm的颗粒,在细沟侵蚀阶段和细沟侵蚀及细沟间侵蚀的组合阶段,径流搬运的泥沙颗粒以小于0.054 mm的颗粒为主;同时,在产流前期(0~10 min)侵蚀泥沙颗粒主要以大于0.054 mm的颗粒为主;而在产流后期(10 min以后)侵蚀泥沙则主要以小于0.054 mm的颗粒为主。坡面覆沙后,黏粒以团聚体的形式存在,粉粒以单粒的形式存在,而沙粒以细颗粒聚集体的形式存在。该文为进一步研究泥沙沉积后风蚀对水蚀的影响提供数据支撑。     

三峡库区紫色土坡地土壤颗粒流失特征

选取20°长期耕作紫色土坡面径流小区进行模拟降雨试验,分析坡面土壤的颗粒组成及其变异,比较侵蚀泥沙颗粒组成的过程变化及其与坡面土壤颗粒组成的差异。结果表明,紫色土具有较宽变幅的颗粒组成,0.002～0.25mm的颗粒含量最高,坡面土壤存在较大的异质性;降雨初期侵蚀泥沙中<0.05mm的单粒和微团聚体含量都在65%以上,富集率分别为1.30,1.44,整个泥沙中的富集率分别为1.12,1.10,是侵蚀泥沙的主体,这其中又主要是0.002～0.05mm的粉粒和微团聚体;泥沙中<0.01mm的物理性粘粒及>0.25mm的水稳性团聚体富集率分别为1.10,1.16;随着降雨时间延长,单个泥沙样的颗粒组成逐渐接近雨前表土。     

侵蚀产沙系统模型概述

根据目前国内外侵蚀产沙模型的研究现状，系统地阐述了流域从降雨到地表径流、沟间地产沙输移，细沟侵蚀产沙输移和泥沙的演进计算过程。     

北方土石山区植株密度对坡面流粒径分选的影响

为研究和阐明植株密度对坡面流粒径分选的影响,通过野外10°草地坡面恒流放水冲刷试验,定量研究3种植株密度(0株/m~2,20株/m~2,60株/m~2)在不同流量下(1m~3/h,2m~3/h,3m~3/h)的坡面流粒径分选性规律,从水动力学和侵蚀方式演变角度分析了植株密度对坡面流粒径分选性的影响。试验结果表明:(1)苜蓿草地侵蚀泥沙中细粉粒组分含量最多,其次是粗粉和细砂组分含量,而粗砂和粘粒组分含量最少。固定流量下,随着植株密度的增加,各粒径组分百分比及平均重量粒径(MWD)随时间的波动性增加,在侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒组分(粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒,粒径50μm)富集比ER相应增加,而粗颗粒组分(细砂、粗砂,粒径50μm)富集比ER有所减少。固定植株密度条件下,随着流量增加,各粒径组分百分比及MWD随时间的波动性减小,侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒组分富集比ER相应增加,而粗颗粒组分富集比ER增加,细颗粒组分富集比基本大于1,而粗颗粒组分富集比基本小于1。MWD与细颗粒含量呈负相关关系,与粗颗粒含量呈正相关。(2)细沟阶段侵蚀泥沙MWD明显大于片蚀阶段,而粒径分选过程的波动性较小。(3)水流剪切力τ及水流功率ω的增加导致片蚀阶段的缩短和细沟阶段的延长(除植株密度为60株/m~2),水流剪切力τ及水流功率ω的增加导致水流侵蚀力的增加,进而水流分离、输移粗颗粒增加。     

工程堆积体坡面侵蚀泥沙分选特性与运移机制研究

为揭示工程堆积体陡坡坡面在径流驱动下侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选特征及搬运机制,设计了3种上方来水流量(10,20,30 L/min)下的野外模拟径流冲刷试验,对杨凌弃土工程堆积体陡坡坡面(32°)侵蚀泥沙的颗粒分布特征进行分析。结果表明:侵蚀泥沙(分散前)中黏粒、细粉粒较原始土壤明显增加,易产生侵蚀;径流对团粒破碎作用影响侵蚀泥沙黏粒含量,当径流功率＜1.71 N/(m·s)时,黏粒含量与径流功率呈负相关,＞3.89 N/(m·s)时则呈正相关;侵蚀泥沙中细粉粒、粗粉粒主要以单粒的形式搬运,而黏粒以及砂粒多以团粒的形式搬运;侵蚀泥沙中黏粒表现为富集,砂粒表现为贫化;泥沙颗粒粒径决定其主要搬运形式,＜0.11 mm的泥沙颗粒以悬移/跃移搬运为主,＞0.11 mm的泥沙颗粒以滚动搬运为主;滚动搬运的贡献率随径流搬运能力的增强呈先增大后减小。研究结果将有助于揭示工程堆积体坡面水蚀过程机理,为提高工程堆积体陡坡坡面水蚀模型预测精度提供科学依据。     

农业土壤侵蚀泥沙的颗粒特性

模拟强度暴雨,分析了中南部和中西部集中种植作物的22种土壤侵蚀的泥沙(当土壤颗粒分散前后时的)颗粒特性.由于团聚体的作用,未分散泥沙往往粗于原生土壤颗粒.分散时,原始泥沙颗粒的大小分布,一般与分散土壤的那些颗粒相似;富含粉粒的土壤,其未分散的泥沙颗粒最小,富含砂粒的土壤较粗糙,而富含粘粒的土壤泥沙最粗糙;中等含量到富含粘粒土壤的大部分泥沙是由砂粒团聚体组成,这些粗糙团聚体含有较多的可蚀性粘粒.因而,分离粗糙泥沙的处理实践,对减少粘土颗粒的养分流失和污染有很大的可能性.     

中国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙粒径分布特征

通过天然降雨试验,研究我国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙团粒和单粒粒径分布以及泥沙各级团粒的机械组成特征。2013—2014年汛期(6—9月),监测红壤、紫色土、黄绵土、褐土和黑土径流小区的降雨产流事件,收集侵蚀泥沙样品,利用湿筛法和吸管法测定其团粒和单粒粒径分布;同时,筛选出泥沙各级团粒样品,进一步测定其单粒粒径组成。结果表明:(1)侵蚀泥沙粒径分布是土壤质地和降雨强度综合作用的结果,团粒粒径分布更适合作为表征泥沙输移的指标;(2)5种土壤的侵蚀泥沙皆表现出粉团(0.002~0.05mm)和黏团(0.002mm)的明显富集;(3)在泥沙单粒粒径分布方面,除红壤的粉粒(0.002~0.05mm)和黏粒(0.002mm)有轻微富集外,其余4种土壤的各级单粒均无明显富集;(4)红壤侵蚀泥沙粉团(0.002~0.05mm)中的黏粒含量最多,其余4种土壤侵蚀泥沙机械组成和各级团粒的机械组成均与原土接近。     

黄土坡面细沟间和细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献的定量分析

细沟间和细沟侵蚀剥离和输移土壤的机制不同导致有机碳输移存在差异,然而因研究手段限制,这两种侵蚀方式对有机碳输移的贡献、影响等研究有待深入。本文利用模拟降雨与7Be示踪技术,在定量化分析细沟间和细沟侵蚀对黄土坡面侵蚀产沙贡献的基础上,进一步分析其对有机碳输移的贡献及影响。结果表明5°小区以细沟间侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率为86%,大于5°的小区以细沟侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率介于61%～71%之间,在降雨过程中甚至可达96%。降雨过程中坡面侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.16±0.15,细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.50±0.50,富集可导致有机碳流失率增加0.008～0.028 g·m^-2·min^-1。坡度大于5°的小区细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献率介于55%～62%之间,低于对侵蚀产沙的贡献,但仍占主导地位。坡面侵蚀产沙量可解释有机碳流失量变化的97%,细沟间侵蚀产沙可解释细沟间有机碳流失量变化的89%。侵蚀过程中剧烈的细沟侵蚀可导致细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳的富集比增大。     

坡度和雨强对崩岗崩积体侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征的影响

不同侵蚀条件下崩积体的侵蚀产沙特性是阐明崩积体侵蚀机理的关键。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒的变化特征。结果表明:随着雨强和坡度的增大,泥沙粗颗粒含量及粗颗粒的富集率均增加;侵蚀物质随降雨过程逐渐变粗,后趋于稳定,大雨强条件下细沟侵蚀阶段表现为对供试土壤的"整体搬运";侵蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径(Mean weight diameter,MWD)随雨强的增大而增大,1.00 mm min-1和1.33 mm min-1雨强下,细沟间及细沟侵蚀泥沙的MWD随坡度变化均存在临界坡度(30°~35°之间),其他雨强条件下则无此种情况;雨强对侵蚀泥沙MWD的影响大于坡度。     

Size characteristics of sediments eroded from three soils in China under natural rainfall

Purpose

The particle-size distribution of runoff sediment is important in understanding, characterizing and modeling the transport behavior of sediment and sediment-associated chemicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the particle-size distribution of sediments eroded from three soils in China under natural rainfall.

Materials and methods

Each of the three soils was packed to a depth of 30 cm in a 20?×?2.1 m runoff plot. Sediments yielded in nine natural rainfall events were analyzed for their particle-size distribution prior to and following dispersion.

Results and discussion

The sediment size measured in the undispersed condition was always larger than the one determined after chemical dispersion, indicating that part of the sediment was eroded in aggregated form. The degree of sediment aggregation depended on the clay content and the organic matter content of the sources. The mean sediment size quantified by mean weight diameter linearly increased with sediment yield for the two soils with relatively high clay content. The rate of increase was greater in the undispersed condition than that in the dispersed condition for these two soils. Comparing sediments to the corresponding source soil, the results of mean weight diameter and enrichment ratio both revealed that aggregate-size distribution was more sensitive to soil erosion than the primary particle-size distribution. Small aggregates, rather than the primary particles, were selectively eroded in the rainfall events.

Conclusions

These findings support the use of both dispersed and undispersed sediment-size distributions for the characterization of sediment transport and the associated sediment-bound nutrients and contaminants.

     

Runoff and soil loss from bench terraces. 2. An event- based erosion process model

Despite widespread bench terracing of rainfed hillsides in upland West Java, soil loss rates remain high. This paper reports measurements of sediment yield from terrace risers and beds and from terrace units made during three consecutive rainy seasons. The results demonstrate that soil loss from the terraces occurs in two stages: rainfall‐driven transport by splash and shallow overland flow (wash) from the terrace riser and bed to a central drain is followed by a combination of onward wash transport of fine sediment and entrainment by runoff of coarser sediment deposited in the drain. A model (TEST: Terrace Erosion and Sediment Transport) was developed, describing these processes as a function of vegetation and soil surface cover and the presence of a layer of deposited sediment. The model was calibrated using some of the measured sediment yield data and subsequently tested by simulating the remaining data. The results were satisfactory and modelled fractions of sediment transported by splash, wash and flow‐driven runoff transport generally compared well with observed fractions of fine and coarse particles in eroded sediment from the various plots.     

雨型和坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响

为揭示降雨和坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响,以不同坡长野外观测试验小区为对象,结合82场降雨资料,以降雨量(P,mm)、最大30 min雨强(I₃₀,mm/h)和降雨侵蚀力[R,MJ·mm/(hm²·h)]为降雨特征指标,利用系统聚类法进行雨型划分(A雨型：大雨量、高雨强、高侵蚀力;B雨型：中雨量、小雨强、中等侵蚀力;C雨型：低雨量、中雨强、中低等侵蚀力),分析了11场降雨事件中侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征。结果表明：(1)研究区侵蚀泥沙粒径特征受不同雨型影响,有效黏粒和最终黏粒含量在C雨型下最高,有效砂粒和最终砂粒含量在B雨型下最高,而有效粉粒和最终粉粒含量分别在A和C雨型下最高。(2)坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响存在临界坡长效应(14 m),小于临界坡长时,黏粒级和粉粒级颗粒含量随坡长增加而降低;超过临界坡长后,黏粒级和粉粒级颗粒含量随坡长增加而增加,该效应在最终粒径下更为显著。(3)有效砂粒输移形式受雨型和坡长影响较大,在B雨型下主要以团粒形式输移,在A,C雨型下达临界坡长时以单粒形式输移。侵蚀泥沙的有效粒径颗粒比原坡面土壤细,而最终粒径颗粒则...     

水蚀风蚀交错带小流域淤地坝泥沙沉积特征

淤地坝泥沙沉积特征是小流域土壤侵蚀及坝地内泥沙运移沉积过程的信息载体。通过对水蚀风蚀交错带典型坝地内不同剖面中泥沙沉积旋回厚度及粒径组成变化的分析,初步探讨了坝地内泥沙沉积空间分布特征及对小流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙运移沉积过程的响应。结果表明:坝地泥沙沉积旋回厚度从坝尾到坝前呈现不均匀变化,但沉积旋回厚度总体呈逐渐变薄的趋势,沉积旋回中沙层厚度普遍大于粘层厚度;坝地内不同剖面沉积旋回泥沙主要由细砂粒组成,其平均含量为59.8%,其次为粉砂粒（23.4%）,黏粒（11.2%）和粗砂粒（5.6%）含量较少;从坝前到坝尾各个剖面中沉积泥沙颗粒组成粗化度逐渐增大,且沉积旋回中沙层的粗化度变化大于粘层的变化。初步揭示了淤地坝沉积泥沙从坝尾到坝前的沉积规律,可以为以后相关工作的开展提供参考。     

植被覆盖和雨强对附着在沉积物上的养分流失, 泥沙颗粒组成及体积分形维数的影响

Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.     

Changes in bedload transport rate associated with episodic sediment supply in a Japanese headwater channel

We conducted field monitoring of bedload transport rate associated with experimental sediment release in a natural channel to clarify behavior of the supplied sediment on mixed size bed. Observation of bedload rate at two sites along the 30 m channel reach revealed that downstream migration of finer particles delay compared with coarser particles. Ratio of the bedload sediment that deposited during the migration was higher for finer sediments. These behaviors of the mixed size particles were clear during passage of the sediment wave without changes in water discharge. Flashing peak of discharge that caused artificially by opening of the dam gate did not destroy channel bed structure including steps and pools formed by coarser sediments, and only small amount of bedload was mobilized. Both reach scale channel features including steps, pools, and riffles as well as fine scale features (i.e., armour coat) likely increased critical shear stress of particles and decreased bedload rate during our experiment. Extreme sediment supply induced two types of sediment deposition; (1) filling the pools in reach sales and (2) the intrusion of fine particles into the coarser sediment that formed an armour layer. The all grain size fractions can deposit as type (1) when shear stress of stream water is not enough to entrain bedload particles, while deposition type (2) occurs when finer sediment pass over channel bed on which armour coat is well-developed. Deposition of finer sediment into coarser sediment that forms armour coat is affected by grain size distribution of bed surface sediment. Thus, impact of the sediment supply on downstream channel depends on both bedforms and grain size distribution of bed surface sediment over which the supplied sediment pass.     

Primary particle size distribution of eroded material affected by degree of aggregate slaking and seal development

Primary particle size distribution (PSD) of eroded sediment can be used to estimate potential nutrient losses from soil and pollution hazards to the environment. We studied eroded sediment PSDs from three saturated soils, packed in trays (20 × 40 × 4 cm), that had undergone either minimal aggregate slaking (MAS) or severe aggregate slaking (SAS) prior to a 60 mm simulated rainstorm (kinetic energy, 15.9 kJ m⁻³; droplet diameter, 2.97 mm) and collected runoff at regular intervals. The degree of aggregate slaking was controlled by the rate at which soils were wetted to saturation. The PSDs of eroded materials and of parent soils were determined using a laser particle size analyser. For each soil, PSD frequency curves of eroded sediments and parent soils were generally of a similar shape but most eroded sediments had larger clay contents than their parent soils. In the SAS treatment, cumulative clay enrichment in the eroded materials was inversely related to the parent soil clay content, these being 28.5, 26.6 and 22.8% richer in clay than their parent soils for the loam, sandy clay and clay, respectively. Generally, total clay loss was greater from soils with SAS than from those with MAS because of erosion rates; however, clay enrichment of sediments, compared with parent soil clay contents, was mostly greater in samples with MAS. Greater clay enrichment took place during the early seal development stage in the loam, but could not readily be associated with specific stages of seal development for the clay. In the sandy clay, the relation between seal development and clay enrichment in the eroded material depended on the initial degree of aggregate slaking. The observed large preferential loss of clay by erosion in cultivated soils re-emphasizes the need to employ erosion control measures.     

Modeling desorption kinetics of a persistent organic pollutant from field aged sediment using a bi-disperse particle size distribution

Purpose  

With the predicted climate change, it is expected that the chances of river flooding increase. During flood events, sediments will resuspend and when sediments are polluted, contaminants can be transferred to the surrounding water. In this paper we discuss a numerical intraparticle diffusion model that simulates desorption of dieldrin from a suspension of contaminated porous sediment particles with a well-characterized particle size distribution. The objective of this study was to understand the desorption rate (flux) of dieldrin from a suspension of field-aged sediment at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of the aqueous phase and to elaborate the effect of particle-size distribution on mass transfer.