苹果对炭疽菌叶枯病抗性遗传的研究及其分子标记筛选

利用两个对炭疽菌叶枯病高抗的苹果品种（系）‘富士’和‘QF-2’及两个高感品种‘金冠’和‘嘎拉’为亲本配制了4个杂交群体‘富士’ב金冠’,‘金冠’ב富士’,‘嘎拉’ב富士’,‘富士’בQF-2’。以F1群体植株为试验材料,对苹果炭疽菌叶枯病的抗性进行鉴定评价和遗传分析。结果表明,4个群体中抗、感植株的分离比分别符合1︰1,1︰1,0︰1和1︰0的理论比值,初步推测苹果抗炭疽菌叶枯病性状受隐性单基因控制,抗病基因型为rr,感病基因型为RR和Rr。以‘金冠’ב富士’F1群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析（BSA）方法,通过对均匀覆盖苹果染色体组的500对SSR引物的筛选,获得了一个与抗病性状相关的分子标记S0506206-24,该标记与抗性基因位点的连锁距离为9.8 cM。     

‘金冠’苹果与其无锈芽变的果皮性状比较和防锈技术研究

 为了阐明‘金冠’苹果果锈形成的时间与原因,探索防止果锈形成的方法,以‘金冠’及 其无锈芽变品种‘丰帅’为试材,利用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察了果面果锈形成过程,测定了果皮色 素和次生代谢产物组分和含量。结果表明,花后4 周‘金冠’苹果果面尚无肉眼可见的果锈时,表皮细 胞蜡质层已经开裂、脱落;花后5 周表皮细胞角质层大量开裂,细胞壁木栓化;花后6 周,大量果锈出 现在果实表面。据此推断,花后4 ~ 6 周是‘金冠’苹果果锈形成的关键时期。另一方面,‘丰帅’果皮 叶绿素和类萝卜素含量显著低于‘金冠’,而总黄酮和绿原酸含量显著高于‘金冠’,特别是在花后4 ~ 6 周。花后4 周利用0.05 ~ 5 mmol · L-1 外源绿原酸处理,可以显著降低‘金冠’果皮果锈指数,且对果实 品质没有不良影响。因而,适当浓度外源绿原酸可望用于苹果防锈实践。     

梨种质资源对腐烂病抗性的室内评价

采用离体枝条分生孢子悬浮液和菌丝块接种测定了11 种梨种质资源共211 份材料对腐烂病的抗性。结果显示：不同种质资源对病菌的侵入和扩展的抵抗均存在差异,抗侵入的占17.5%,抗扩展的占35.1%;同一种质资源对病菌侵入与扩展的抵抗之间也有差异,对病菌侵入和扩展抵抗一致的占30.3%,不一致的占69.7%;所有供试材料中对病菌侵入和扩展均为高抗（HR/HR）的占1.4%,抗病（R/R）的占4.7%,中等（M/M）的占12.3%,感病（S/S）的占10.9%,高感（HS/HS）的占0.9%;通过综合抗性评价发现,‘大香水’、‘杜梨’、‘江岛’、‘康德’、‘龙泉酥’、‘苹果梨’、‘山梨’、‘云红1 号’、‘早玉’和‘长十郎’为抗病（R/R）材料,‘新高’、‘武豆9 号’和‘荆杜3 号’为高抗（HR/HR）材料,‘新星’和‘新黄’为高感（HS/HS）材料。     

转新疆野生樱桃李psoRPM1 基因烟草抵抗南方根结线虫

 从新疆野生樱桃李（Prunus sogdiana）抗南方根结线虫单株中分离克隆得到一个能响应南方 根结线虫侵染的抗病基因psoRPM1,利用农杆菌介导方法将其导入烟草中,并对其抗性进行了鉴定。结 果显示,构建的pCAMBA1305.1 表达载体能成功地将psoRPM1 基因导入高度感病的烟草‘W38’中,并 获得了9 株转基因单株。对转基因单株进行抗性鉴定,结果显示转入psoRPM1 基因后使烟草‘W38’对 南方根结线虫的抗性由高度感病变为中度抗病。这一结果预示着psoRPM1 基因可能是一个新的与抗根结 线虫相关的基因。     

中晚熟苹果新品种‘华苹’

‘华苹’是以‘金冠’与‘惠’杂交育成的优良中晚熟苹果新品种。平均单果质量177 g。果实长圆形,果皮鲜红色,果面光洁,外观美丽,果肉黄白色,肉质松脆,汁液多,风味酸甜、微香,品质好。果实硬度7.1 kg · cm^-2,可溶性固形物含量12.84%,可溶性糖9.60%,可滴定酸0.64%,维生素C 0.056 mg · g^-1。在辽宁省辽西地区4月上中旬萌芽,5月上旬开花,9月下旬果实成熟,果实发育期140 d左右。较抗寒和抗枝干轮纹病,适宜在‘金冠’种植区发展。     

抗寒苹果新品种‘紫香’

 ‘紫香’是以‘红海棠’为母本,‘赤阳’为父本人工杂交选育而成的抗寒苹果新品种。果实短圆锥形,平均单果质量45 g,最大74 g;果面底色浅黄,阳面浓红色,外观美;果肉乳白色,细脆多汁,风味酸甜适口,芳香味浓。丰产,稳产,在黑龙江省东南部地区8月下旬至9月初成熟。植株抗逆性和适应性较强,对苹果黑星病和褐斑病有较强的抗性。     

苹果新品种‘彩虹1号’

‘彩虹1号’苹果是以‘礼泉短富’为母本、‘金冠’为父本杂交选育成的中熟新品种。果实近圆形,果形指数0.84,平均单果质量260 g;果面光洁无锈,底色黄色,全面着鲜红色;果肉黄白色,质地细,口感松脆,汁液多,味酸甜,有浓郁芳香味;果实硬度为10.2 kg ? cm-2,可溶性固形物14.6%;果实发育期140 d左右,在青岛地区9月中下旬成熟。树体萌芽率高,成枝力强,成花容易,短枝结果为主,连续结果能力强,丰产稳产,高抗炭疽菌叶枯病。在适宜‘富士’苹果种植的区域均可推广。     

晚熟苹果新品种‘山农红’

‘山农红’苹果是从‘国光’芽变中选出的新品种。果实中等大小,扁圆形,平均单果质量182.9 g,大者可达260 g;果面光滑,底色黄绿,充分着色时全果面鲜红色,着色指数明显高于‘国光’;果肉黄白色,质地细密而脆,果汁中多,酸甜适口,含可溶性固形物14.5%,味浓,有芳香,品质上等;在山东牟平10 月中下旬成熟,果实发育期180 d 左右。盛果期产量118.8 t · hm-2,抗性与‘国光’相近。     

苹果炭疽病发病规律研究

苹果自谢花后的幼果至采收前的成熟果病菌皆可侵入。苹果炭疽病菌具有潜伏浸染特性;幼果期侵染的病菌,有的致病效快,在果面出现麻点型病状,以后随果实生长和气温升高,多数能扩展成果腐型;有的长期潜伏,需经过10-11个月以上的潜育期之后才发病。 病害潜育期,随果龄及温度等条件而异,前期较长,后期较短,中期显著短。病菌侵染数量,以5月中、下旬至6月下旬,和7月中旬至8月中旬较多,进入9月以后迅速下降。 研究表明,苹果果实发育阶段不同,对于炭疽病菌的抵抗能力各异,即幼果期果实具有机扩展的能力,但不抗侵入,成熟期果实则相反。 据国外报道:幼…     

红富士苹果摘袋后的主要病害及防治技术

1.小红点病是斑点落叶病菌侵染果面,使果实表面形成小红点。苹果摘袋后,果皮细嫩,对病害抗性低,感病机率更大。因此,防治小红点病,应以杀灭斑点落叶病菌的水剂杀菌剂为好,不提倡喷粉剂杀菌剂,以免污染果面,影响上色。同时,重视及加大套袋之前对斑点     

Resolving the Parentage of the Apple Cultivar ‘Meran’

In the mid-1970s, a new apple variety named ‘Meran’ was discovered in South Tyrol (northern Italy), which harbours the largest continuous apple growing area in Europe. The cultivar was registered for varietal protection and patented in several countries, and was declared to be a cross of the varieties ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Morgenduft’ (synonym ‘Rome Beauty’). The parentage of ‘Meran’ has, however, been questioned, and the present study aimed to assess the descent of this cultivar by the combined use of molecular genetic and bioinformatic tools. Five accessions of ‘Meran’ were collected from three different European germplasm collections and analysed at 14 variable microsatellite DNA loci. Subsequently, computer software was used to allocate the most likely parent pair from a set of cultivars representative for the apple growing area of South Tyrol in 1975. The molecular genetic data clearly excluded ‘Morgenduft’ as a gene donor to ‘Meran’ and provided strong evidence that ‘Meran’ is a cross of the cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’, confirming previous assumptions based on morphological traits of the tree and fruit.     

苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性变化特性及其与果实软化的关系

 以‘富士’和‘金冠’苹果果实为试材, 研究了β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal) 和脂氧合酶(LOX) 在果实发育、成熟和软化过程中的变化规律及采后乙烯调控对其活性的影响。结果表明: 在果实发育后熟过程中, 金冠果实β-Gal活性显著高于富士, 在果实后熟软化期间这种差异尤为突出; 而富士和金冠果实LOX活性呈相似的变化规律, 虽然花后富士的活性高峰显著高于金冠, 但之后其活性下降迅速,并一直低于金冠。采后苹果果实β-Gal和LOX均受乙烯调控, 乙烯抑制剂1-MCP极显著地抑制β-Gal和LOX的活性, 而乙烯利对二者活性起促进作用, 但因品种耐藏性不同其促进效应不同。综合来看, 苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性表现相似的变化规律, 并且β-Gal在果实贮藏初期受乙烯的调控作用较LOX显著, 因此认为在苹果果实软化早期β-Gal的作用可能大于LOX。     

论我国苹果品种的更新问题

‘国光’、‘金冠’、‘红星’、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’等是我国主要栽培的苹果品种:其中‘国光’在辽宁省占比重60%—70%,在山东及黄河故道地区占30%—40%,虽然‘国光’在辽东半岛和胶东半岛适应性强、产量高、耐贮藏,但果个小,着色差在国际市场上缺乏竞争力,而且在黄河故道地区裂果严重,急需进行更新,‘金冠’、‘红星’贮藏性差、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’品质不良,作者根据苹果发展趋势和我国具体条件提出一套更新品种组合.认为‘红富士’、‘华冠’(‘金冠’ב富士’)和‘华帅’(‘富士’ב新红星’)应是我国今后主要更新的品种,三者在生产中所占比重应在80%—90%,后两个品种,一个可代替‘金冠’,一个则代替‘红星’.     

黄色苹果新品种‘华月’

‘华月’苹果是以‘金冠’为母本,‘华富’为父本杂交育成的新品种。果实圆柱形,平均单果质量230g;果皮黄色,阳面带红晕;果肉肉质,似‘富士’风味。晚熟,抗寒,高抗苹果早期落叶病、果实轮纹病。     

The Growth of Apple Central Fruits as Affected by Thinning with NAA,BA and Naphthenic Acids

Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L^?1 NAA, 200?μL L^?1?BA and 2.63?mg L^?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.     

Influences of gibberellins A4, A4+7 and A4+iso-A7 on apple fruit quality and tree productivity. II. Other effects on fruit quality and importance of fruit position within the tree canopy

Post-bloom gibberellin sprays increased fruit length:diameter (L/D) ratio and juice soluble solids but did not influence flesh firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples grown in a maritime (Québec) or desert (Okanagan Valley, B.C.) climate. Irrespective of GA treatment, ‘exterior’ fruit at both Canadian locations was larger, yellower, exhibited less russet, and contained more soluble solids at harvest than ‘interior’ fruit. Fruit shape (L/D ratio) was not influenced by position of the fruit within the canopy. Correlation analyses showed that surface russet development is poorly related to seed set, fruit size and other measures of fruit quality. However, a correlation matrix examining the degree of interrelatedness of all fruit size, fruit development and fruit quality indices revealed other relationships that may provide clues to understanding the relationship between fruit growth and quality development of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple.     

Pre-harvest drop control of ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’ apple (Malus domestica) as affected by the synthetic auxin 3,5,6-TPA

Summary

‘Red Delicious’, the main apple cultivar grown in Israel, and ‘Jonathan’, grown on a smaller scale, are prone to substantial pre-harvest drop. Spraying both cultivars with the synthetic auxin 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl-oxyacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA) reduced pre-harvest fruit drop and increased yield. Application of 40 mg l^–1 3,5,6-TPA 2 weeks before anticipated harvest (WBH), or 30 mg l^–1 3,5,6-TPA at 4 and 2 WBH gave the best results, and were as effective as 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TP) which was the commercial product commonly in use until being withdrawn. There were no negative effects on fruit quality at harvest, or during 8 months of storage. Therefore 3,5,6-TPA can be recommended for routine use on ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’ apples in Israel.     

苹果叶片受斑点落叶病菌侵染过程中细胞Ca2+定位及MdCPK的表达

以苹果感病品种‘红星’和抗病品种‘红玉’为材料,研究了苹果与斑点落叶病菌（Alternaria alternata apple pathotype）互作过程中超微结构,细胞Ca2+分布,以及在钙信号转导途径中具有重要作用的钙依赖蛋白激酶基因（CDPK）的表达,探讨钙信号在苹果防御斑点落叶病菌侵染中的作用。结果表明,在未接种状态下,叶肉细胞结构完好,叶绿体呈卵圆形沿细胞边缘排列,Ca2+主要分布在细胞间隙和液泡中,‘红玉’细胞间隙Ca2+密度比‘红星’大。接种斑点落叶病菌8 h,‘红星’叶肉细胞中的Ca2+沉淀主要分布在胞质中,而液泡等细胞器中减少;‘红玉’的Ca2+沉淀主要集中在胞质和筛管分子中,液泡和细胞间隙中减少,且趋向于在细胞壁外围和液泡膜上沉积。接种18 h,‘红星’叶肉细胞间隙Ca2+沉淀密度增加,而‘红玉’中的Ca2+沉淀主要集中在叶肉细胞的胞质和液泡,以及筛管分子中。接种24 h,‘红星’叶肉细胞结构已发生形变,质膜发生裂解,筛管壁木质化加厚,Ca2+沉淀主要分布在液泡中;‘红玉’叶片细胞结构完好,Ca2+沉淀主要分布在液泡和胞质中。接种36 h,‘红星’叶肉细胞受到菌丝入侵,结构和形态遭到破坏,在未受损叶肉细胞中Ca2+沉淀主要集中在液泡中,在受损的细胞中Ca2+沉淀无序地散布在受损细胞周围及细胞间隙;此时‘红玉’叶肉细胞中Ca2+沉淀主要集中在胞质和液泡中,并且能够保持Ca2+动态平衡。在接种后不同阶段,‘红星’和‘红玉’叶片中MdCPKs基因呈现不同的表达特点：大多MdCPKs在‘红玉’中的表达量在24 h达到最高值;‘红星’中在36 h达到表达峰值,且表达量也比‘红玉’中低得多。上述结果表明,钙信号响应斑点落叶病菌侵染,在抗病苹果品种‘红玉’中,Ca2+内流是细胞质Ca2+上升的主要来源;在感病品种‘红星’中,细胞器Ca2+释放是细胞质Ca2+的主要来源。‘红玉’苹果MdCPKs基因响应病菌侵染比‘红星’苹果早而且强烈。     

Studies on the hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.): III. A potential rootstock for ‘Golden Delicious9 apple and ‘Williams’ pear

Seedlings of the hawthorn Crataegus azarolus L. were budded with ‘Williams’ pear and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple and followed for compatibility, growth control, precocity and suckering. Four years of observations indicated that the hawthorn is compatible with ‘Williams’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, conferring growth control and precocity; and producing suckers profusely. On the other hand, bud break in ‘Williams’ started 10 d earlier and gave longer shoots than ‘Golden Delicious’. Delayed symptoms of incompatibility and long-term reciprocal influences require further study.