汾河上游流域分布式水文模型的构建

根据汾河上游流域的水文特性,采用以坡度、坡向为主要因素,按照集水区自然分水线划分子流域的流域离散方法,将SCS产、汇流模型与马斯京根法结合用于计算该地区的径流过程,建立了适于该地区,基于流域尺度的次降雨-径流分布式水文模型.选用该地区的典型流域--岚河流域与分布式模型耦合,进行模拟.经实测资料与模拟结果的分析比较,结果表明,该模型具有一定的精度,径流量合格率及汇流合格率分别达到70%和80%,且计算流量过程与实测流量过程吻合较好,所建模型基本适用于该地区的降雨一径流计算.     

分布式水文模型亚流域合理划分水平刍议

不同的亚流域划分对流域径流和泥沙负荷模拟的影响源于地形、土壤、土地利用以及气候特征输入的空间分布不均匀性。假设当亚流域划分充分考虑流域输入数据空间分布不均匀性时,流域模拟的输出结果趋于稳定,并应用分布式水文模型——SWAT作为研究工具,在GIS技术支持下,选择两个面积不同的流域采用不同的亚流域划分数量进行流域径流和泥沙负荷模拟。模拟结果表明,当亚流域划分数量达到一定水平时,增加亚流域划分对模型输出结果的影响较小,这在一定程度上证实了上述假设。在此基础上,以简化模型输入数据和输出结果分析处理工作且保证模拟精度为原则,对分布式水文模型亚流域划分的合理划分水平进行了探讨。     

基于能量转换的地貌单位线计算方法及应用

该研究基于能量转换原理构建汇流模型,针对中小河流汇流参数确定困难、汇流计算准确度低的问题,分析流域内水质点能量的空间分布,采用将重力势能转化为动能的方式估计地表水流速度,计算空间流速场并提取地貌单位线。采用分辨率30 m×30 m的数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）数据,将湖南省竹溪坡流域划分为57个计算单元,分别采用能量转换法和坡度雨强法提取了地貌单位线。构建了研究区的分布式模型,其中产流计算采用新安江模型,坡面汇流采用地貌单位线模型,河网汇流采用马斯京根法,对竹溪坡流域36场降雨径流过程进行模拟。采用统计方法分析汇流参数,对参数的取值范围进行了评估。结果表明,与坡度雨强法相比,基于能量转换方式的洪水模拟结果中,峰现时间误差不超过1 h的场次比例由30.5%提高到83.3%,确定性系数不低于0.9的场次由9场提升至17场,平均确定性系数达到0.89,显著提高了模拟精度。通过对断面流速进行统计分析,评估竹溪坡流域汇流参数取值范围为[0.008, 0.014],当参数在此区间浮动时,确定性系数不低于0.9的场次比例为44%～50%,与率定得到的结果接近。该方法物理意义明确,参数可以通过率定或者测量方式确定,为无资料地区汇流规律研究提供了一种可靠思路。     

水文网络模型在分布式流域水文模拟中的应用

科学准确地利用水文对象之间的拓扑关系是描述水流空间分布的主要因素。选取合适的计算方法建立各要素之间的拓扑关系是进行水文网络模拟的关键。通过对流域内空间地理特征要素和流域水文网络拓扑关系进行分析,并对水文网络模型在分布式流域水文模拟中的应用进行了概述,然后以大凌河流域为例,利用水文网络模型对研究流域内的河网水系空间分布进行研究探讨。结果表明:研究流域内水流空间和时间分布可利用水文网络模型进行模拟分析,其结果与实际情况大致相符,可靠度和精确性良好。     

四川紫色土地区典型小流域分布式产汇流模型研究

针对日益加剧的四川紫色土地区水土流失情况，为定量分析紫色土地区小流域水土流失程度，选取四川省南部县鹤鸣观小流域为研究区，在蓄满产流模型的基础上，构建了适合紫色土地区小流域分布式产汇流模型。该模型以地块为计算单元，在每个地块上输入参数，然后依据流域产汇流机制计算每个地块的产汇流量，并用递归算法将计算结果推算到流域出口，得到流域径流总量。该模型能评价流域下垫面各因子空间分布不均匀性和人类活动的影响，模拟每个地块次降雨产汇流过程。在鹤鸣观小流域进行了模型的检验与应用，模拟过程与实测结果符合较好。该研究为四川紫色土地区水土保持治理提供了科学依据。     

分布式水文模型在陕西省冬小麦产量模拟中的应用

利用分布式水文模型和作物模型模拟了不同深度的土壤含水量,以及在连接分布式水文模型和不连接分布式水文模型两种方式下,利用作物模型分别对冬小麦叶面积指数、干物重增量和产量进行了模拟,最后采用连接分布式水文模型的作物模型模拟了全流域内冬小麦产量的空间分布。模拟结果经对比检验表明,分布式水文模型在土壤水分模拟方面准确性高于作物模型;连接分布式水文模型的作物模型对冬小麦生长过程和产量的模拟结果准确性均高于作物模型独立模拟的结果;连接分布式水文模型的作物模型在流域内对冬小麦产量的空间分布模拟结果也与农业试验站观测产量和社会统计产量基本一致,高产区、低产区分布与实际基本相吻合。这为分布式水文模型和作物模型耦合应用,以及通过引进分布式水文模型来推动作物模型和产量预报研究进一步发展提供了基本的试验支持。     

面向地表过程模拟的降雨径流模型开发与应用

降雨径流是流域地表过程的主要驱动力,是众多地表模型的基础。该文在充分考虑流域气象及下垫面等要素空间异质性的基础上,提出了一个面向地表过程模拟的、基于DEM的分布式次降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性将栅格划分为坡面单元和河网单元;模型考虑了降雨、植被截流和入渗等产流过程,利用运动波分级汇流的方式进行汇流演算。模型在江西躁口水流域进行了检验和应用。结果表明：该模型模拟的流量过程精度较高;模拟的径流深度及径流搬运力的空间分布符合水文规律。模型结构简洁、参数较少,具有较好的实用价值;为土壤侵蚀及非点源污染等以流路为基础的复杂地表过程研究奠定了基础。     

流域洪水模拟的分布式时变汇流方法及应用

在考虑流域降雨时空变化和流域地形对流域产、汇流影响的基础上,提出了一种流域洪水模拟的新方法——分布式时变汇流方法。该方法在分布式产、汇流模拟过程中,增加了时变因子,克服了传统方法中忽略降雨在时间上变化的影响。此外,该方法还充分利用了GIS和遥感技术,使得模型中的大多数参数均可从DEM、土壤类型图或遥感影像中获取,只需要率定少数敏感参数。尽管模型结构简单,却能反映降雨径流过程的物理机制。因此,它可用于无资料地区的水文预报,便于应用与推广。将该方法用于浙江省皎口水库流域的洪水模拟,结果显示该模型效率高,模拟的流量曲线与实测曲线吻合较好,并且模拟结果不受降雨强度大小的限制。对双峰型或多峰型洪水,该方法不仅能很好地模拟出各峰的形状,而且主次洪峰分明。     

网格大小选择对大尺度分布式水文模型水文过程模拟的影响

以都阳湖信江流域为研究区,分析了网格大小选择对大尺度分布式水文模型水文过程模拟的影响.研究结果显示,在同样参数条件下,1,2和4 km这3种不同尺寸网格对模拟的总径流量影响较小,但网格大小显著地改变着模拟水流在地表径流和地下径流间的分配;不同网格的模型计算的实际蒸发量的差别不显著;大网格的模型计算的地下水补给量大.经过率定后的3种不同网格的模型均能较好地模拟流域的径流过程,但2 km网格模型模拟的总体效果要好于1 km网格模型和4 km网格模型.研究表明,对于分布式水文模型,网格的精细并不一定提高模型的模拟效果,一定精度空间数据的翰人条件下,分布式水文模型存在一个合适的网格大小使得模型的模拟效果最佳.在流域水文模型的具体应用中,应考虑流域本身的尺度以及模拟的目的和精度要求,选择合适的网格大小,同时应结合模型机理,解释模拟结果.     

从幼儿到成年的流域水文模型及典型模型比较

本文将流域水文模型的发展过程分为幼儿期、少年期、成长期和成年期,并对各时期水文模型的特点、功能等进行了系统讨论.为便于突出不同发展阶段模型的特点、模块组成和计算方法,按集总式、半分布式、全分布式和模型集成系统将模型分类,对不同类型的典型模型进行了比较,其中集总式水文模型包括斯坦福(Standford)、流域水文模型IV(SWM.IV)、萨克拉门托(Sacramento)模型、水箱(Tank)模型、新安江模型、HEC-1模型、SWMM模型,半分布式模型包括HSPF模型、PRMS模型、HEC-HMS模型、TOPMODEL模型、SWAT模型,全分布式和模型集成系统包括MIKESHE、SHETRAN、IHDM、TOPKAPI、BASINS、HMS、WMS、SMS、MMS模型.鉴于水文模型在国际、国内正在成为流域水资源管理的重要工具,对模型发展及分类对比的分析,将有助干水文模型的进一步广泛应用.     

SWAT模型之初步探讨

由美国农业部农业研究中心（USDA-ARS）研发的分布式水文模型:水土评估工具（SWAT）,具有强大的物理机制。近年来,它被认为是最适合模拟在不同土壤、土地利用和管理大流域中,长期土地管理对于水、土沙、营养物质及农业化学物质的影响。介绍SWAT模型的原理及基础数据库之建立,并搜集SWAT模型应用研究之文献（1999-2008年）,以统计分析SWAT模型目前的研究现况,作为日后应用SWAT模型进行相关研究之参考。     

基于元胞自动机的城市地表积水模拟研究

[目的]对城市地表水文产汇流时空过程进行模拟研究,以期为城市排水防涝应急决策提供依据。[方法]针对城市地表覆盖破碎性和地形复杂性的特征,构建基于元胞自动机(CA)的城市地表积水模型,结合水力水文学原理定义元胞及其规则。[结果]与传统统计经验模型、物理模型相比,该模型避免了汇水区划分、水流路径确定、参数提取等数据预处理问题,以广州市番禺区富华东路段区域作为试验区进行参数率定及模型验证,根据规则更新每个元胞的状态参数可获得任意时刻地表积水量、径流量和水流。[结论]该CA模型可以准确模拟地表水流时空分布及其变化,模拟结果可靠、表达直观;通过雨水口不同排放量模拟和常用数学模型对比分析表明,CA城市地表积水模型在城市内涝模拟中具有良好的实用性及易操作性。     

Topographic modelling of soil moisture conditions: a comparison and verification of two models

Topography, as captured by a digital elevation model (DEM), can be used to model soil moisture conditions because water tends to flow and accumulate in response to gradients in gravitational potential energy. A widely used topographic index, the soil wetness index (SWI), was compared with a new algorithm that produces a cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index based on distance to surface water and slope. Both models reflect the tendency for soil to be saturated. A 1 m resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) DEM and a 10 m conventional photogrammetric DEM were used and results were compared with field-mapped wet soil areas for a 193 ha watershed in Alberta, Canada, for verification. The DTW model was closer to field-mapped conditions. Values of K_match90 (areal correspondence, smaller values indicating better performance) were 7.8% and 12.3% for the LiDAR and conventional DEM DTW models, respectively, and 88.5% and 86.7% for the SWI models. The two indices were poorly correlated spatially. Both DEMs were found to be useful for modelling soil moisture conditions using the DTW model, but the LiDAR DEM produced the better results. All major wet areas and flow connectivity were reproduced and a threshold value of 1.5 m DTW accounted for 71% of the observed wet areas. The poor performance of the SWI model is probably because of its over-dependence on flow accumulation. Incorporation of a flow accumulation algorithm that replicates the effects of dispersed flow showed some improvement in the SWI model for the conventional DEM but it still failed to replicate the full areal extent of wet areas. Local downslope topography and hydrologic conditions seemed to be more important in determining soil moisture conditions than is taken account of by the SWI. The DTW model has potential for application in distributed hydrologic modelling, precision forestry and agriculture and implementation of environmental soil management practices.     

采用改进Unet网络的茶园导航路径识别方法

针对目前在茶园垄间导航路径识别存在准确性不高、实时性差和模型解释困难等问题，该研究在Unet模型的基础上进行优化，提出融合Unet和ResNet模型优势的Unet-ResNet34模型，并以该模型所提取的导航路径为基础，生成路径中点，通过多段三次B样条曲线法拟合中点生成茶园垄间导航线。该研究在数据增强后的茶园垄间道路训练集中完成模型训练，将训练完成的模型在验证集进行导航路径识别，根据梯度加权类激活映射法解释模型识别过程，可视化对比不同模型识别结果。Unet-ResNet34模型在不同光照和杂草条件下导航路径分割精度指标平均交并比为91.89%，能够实现茶园垄间道路像素级分割。模型处理RGB图像的推理速度为36.8 帧/s，满足导航路径分割的实时性需求。经过导航线偏差试验可知，平均像素偏差为8.2像素，平均距离偏差为0.022 m，已知茶园垄间道路平均宽度为1 m，道路平均距离偏差占比2.2%。茶园履带车行驶速度在0～1 m/s之间，单幅茶垄图像平均处理时间为0.179 s。研究结果能够为茶园视觉导航设备提供技术和理论基础。     

Hillslope characteristics and particle size composition of surficial armoring on a semiarid watershed in the southwestern United States

Distributed process-based hydrologic models have been used to describe and predict the movement of sediment on small watersheds. However, to parameterize these models requires an understanding of the spatial variability of erosion processes and the particle sizes of the sediment being moved. In this study, a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and detailed sediment particle sampling allowed a comparison of hillslope characteristics and particle sizes of surficial armoring in a semiarid watershed. Individual particle size classes on hillslopes are correlated with the underlying sediment type, local slope, aspect, and area draining through a grid element. The strongest correlations are between the underlying sediment and overlying sediment. However, the distribution of the particle size classes is consistent with a hydrodynamic explanation for sorting. In particular, increased area draining through a grid node and increased slope are correlated with higher concentrations of the 16–64-mm particle size class. Both the coarsest and finest particle size classes are significantly correlated with the aspect of flow from a grid cell, with increased coarse particles and decreased fines on east-facing slopes. These spatial differences with aspect are attributed to dry season prevailing winds. These observations about process and spatial distribution are useful in predicting the spatial distribution of particles on the watershed for applications such as distributed hydrologic models.     

水文过程及模型研究主要进展

揭示水文过程,发展水文模型不仅在暴雨洪水预报及坝库工程设计等方面具有重要作用,而且也是研发土壤侵蚀物理模型必须的基础性工作。从入渗、产流和汇流等水文物理过程出发,综述了国内外水文过程与水文模型的主要进展,并指出,建立基于GIS的分布式水文过程模型是水文模型研究的趋势。     

Assessing Molybdenum Adsorption onto an Industrial Soil and Iron Minerals

Spatial accuracy of hydrologic modeling inputs influences the output from hydrologic models. A pertinent question is to know the optimal level of soil sampling or how many soil samples are needed for model input, in order to improve model predictions. In this study, measured soil properties were clustered into five different configurations as inputs to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulation of the Castor River watershed (11-km² area) in southern Quebec, Canada. SWAT is a process-based model that predicts the impacts of climate and land use management on water yield, sediment, and nutrient fluxes. SWAT requires geographical information system inputs such as the digital elevation model as well as soil and land use maps. Mean values of soil properties are used in soil polygons (soil series); thus, the spatial variability of these properties is neglected. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of spatial variability of soil properties on the prediction of runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus using SWAT. The spatial clustering of the measured soil properties was undertaken using the regionalized with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning method. Measured soil data were clustered into 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 heterogeneous regions. Soil data from the Castor watershed which have been used in previous studies was also set up and termed “Reference”. Overall, there was no significant difference in runoff simulation across the five configurations including the reference. This may be attributable to SWAT's use of the soil conservation service curve number method in flow simulation. Therefore having high spatial resolution inputs for soil data may not necessarily improve predictions when they are used in hydrologic modeling.     

Hydrology of a small Canadian High Arctic basin during the snowmelt period

Investigations were carried out in a small Canadian High Arctic basin to determine the influence of snowmelt on the hydrologic behaviour of the active layer and on basin discharge. The snowpack was characteristically thin but rapid melting in late June released a substantial amount of water to a thinly-thawed active layer, resulting in overland flow or standing water conditions. Owing to an uneven distribution of basin snow cover, the meltwater source area was highly variable both in time and in space, thus giving rise to different active layer hydrologic regimes in different parts of the basin. Slopes with a snowbank often had a high water table while the water table in the slopes bared of snow showed a gradual decline. Since streamflow represents a basinwide integration of these two active layer hydrologic regimes, there was a progressive reduction in daily peak flow accompanied by a prolonged lag time between daily discharge and snowmelt as the basin snow storage decreased. Spatially, inhomogeneity of snow cover also affected the downstream changes in discharge so that the ratio of discharge between two gauging stations depends on the relative magnitudes of snowmelt, evaporation and storage requirements of the two sub-basins. Rapid melting of an unevenly distributed Arctic snowpack therefore strongly influences the hydrologic behaviour of the active layer which in turn affects the streamflow regime.     

地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评

地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移规律是解决土壤盐渍化、地下水污染等环境与生态问题的基本理论基础,基于多孔介质水和溶质运移基本方程的数值模型是研究包气带物质运移的重要手段。通过深入分析土壤水和地下水之间的相互关系,强调在地下水埋深小于其极限埋深的情况下应把地下水作用耦合到包气带水和溶质运移模型中。该文概括总结了现有研究把地下水作用与土壤水模型相耦合的方法,并分析了各种方法的优缺点。在回顾现有土壤水分运动参数和溶质运移参数确定方法的基础上,归纳了包气带水和溶质运移模型从“点”尺度向“田块”尺度扩展的途径,随机方法仍将是今后的研究热点,并有望应用于实践。