钙对弱光胁迫下番茄叶片保护酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量的影响

 为明确Ca²⁺对番茄耐弱光特性的调控作用,以番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）耐弱光品系W为试材,研究了弱光（50%自然光强）胁迫条件下,钙和钙加IAA处理对叶片保护酶活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量的调控作用。结果表明：弱光胁迫下(实测光通量密度为556.8～656.6μmol·m^-2·s^-1)27mmol·L^-1的CaCl₂处理可显著降低番茄叶片MDA含量,提高SOD、CAT、POD的活性及可溶性蛋白含量,使这些指标达到正常光照下的对照植株水平;IAA进一步增强了Ca²⁺的这些作用。Ca²⁺的这些作用可能是其提高番茄植株弱光耐受性、防止植株弱光伤害的重要原因之一。     

不同钙肥对口感型番茄品质及脐腐病的影响

以口感型番茄农博粉18109为试验材料,采用设施内土壤栽培方式,共设置A、B 2种试验,A为基肥增施不同类型钙肥试验,B为基肥增施不同类型钙肥+叶面肥试验,研究不同钙肥对番茄品质及脐腐病的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,基肥增施过磷酸钙,番茄的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量分别增加和显著增加4.81%和8.87%;增施钙镁肥番茄的可溶性固形物、维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别显著增加8.20%、5.95%和8.49%。在配合喷施叶面肥（氨基酸钙）的情况下,与常规施肥相比,基肥增施硝酸钙,番茄果实的可溶性固形物含量显著提高9.23%;增施钙镁肥,番茄果实可溶性固形物、维生素C含量分别显著增加7.58%和7.70%,且裂果数显著降低了77.78%,未发现脐腐病果实,产量显著增加43.82%。此外,与常规施肥相比,基肥增施3种钙肥,显著提高了土壤中水溶性钾含量,配合补充叶面肥,土壤中水溶性钙的含量也分别显著提高131.75%、138.10%、146.03%。综上,选择最优处理B3作为口感型番茄生产中的施肥推荐量。     

有机无机肥配施对设施土壤耕层养分、番茄产量和品质的影响

以“粉红太郎”番茄为试材,设置了有机肥(M)和化肥(NPK)分别单施及化肥减量配施有机肥(1/2NPK+1/2M)3个施肥处理,研究了不同处理对北京房山设施番茄产量、品质及耕层土壤养分的影响,以期为设施番茄科学的高产施肥模式提供参考依据。结果表明：1)1/2NPK+1/2M处理下番茄收获产量表现最佳,与NPK和M处理相比,产量分别提高2.80%和8.59%。2)与NPK处理相比,1/2NPK+1/2M处理相关番茄品质指标有不同程度改善,可溶性糖和维生素C含量分别显著增加了41.75%和61.06%;可滴定酸和硝酸盐含量分别显著降低27.08%和19.43%。3)1/2NPK+1/2M处理改善了耕层土壤理化性质,相比NPK处理,有机无机配施在化肥减量50%情况下显著提升了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,增幅分别为42.72%、7.87%、26.31%和10.54%。4)番茄产量与耕层土壤中的有效磷、碱解氮与品质指标可溶性固形物呈显著正相关;与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关。综上,化肥减量配施有机肥可显著改善土壤理化性质,同时一定程度保证番茄产量和品质,适用于设施番茄施用的施肥模式,有助于实...     

木本泥炭促进设施番茄生长和改良土壤的效果

针对设施菜田土壤连作障碍、蔬菜品质降低等问题,以北京郊区春大棚番茄为研究对象,通过基施木本泥炭及其他添加物料作土壤调理剂,研究其对番茄产量、品质以及设施土壤改良效果的影响。结果表明:木本泥炭+苛性钾处理较常规施肥处理番茄产量显著增加16.73%,果实VC含量显著增加55.77%,同时明显增加了耕层土壤速效磷、钾养分含量,提高了p H值,而单施木本泥炭、木本泥炭+米糠菌剂处理与常规施肥处理均无显著差异。施用木本泥炭及其他添加物料均有降低土壤表层盐分累积的趋势。综上,施用木本泥炭及其他配合物料对设施番茄生长以及土壤改良有良好的促进作用,其中木本泥炭+苛性钾处理效果最佳。     

外源Ca2+ 和ABA 对高温下黄瓜花药中Ca2 + 、ABA及蛋白质合成的影响

 外源Ca^{2 +}能降低高温下黄瓜单核期花药的胞内Ca^{2 +}水平并提高花粉萌发率, 而ABA的作用与此相反。外源Ca^{2 +}和ABA处理能显著提高高温下黄瓜花药内源ABA的水平, 并产生新的蛋白质。以上结果表明, 高温下外源Ca^{2 +}可影响黄瓜花药内ABA信号系统, 继而可能改变基因表达, 并获得耐热性;外源ABA亦能影响黄瓜花药内Ca^{2 +}信号系统。     

钙- 钙调素对水杨酸诱导葡萄幼苗耐热性的影响及与抗氧化的关系

 研究了钙- 钙调素(Ca²⁺-CaM) 对水杨酸( SA) 诱导葡萄幼苗耐热性的影响, 以及抗氧化酶、MDA、CaM和Pro在这一过程中的变化。结果表明: (1) 外源SA可提高葡萄幼苗的耐热性, 而Ca²⁺可促进SA对耐热性的诱导。但是, Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、Ca²⁺通道抑制剂La³⁺以及CaM拮抗剂W7对SA诱导的耐热性产生抑制作用。高温热激后, SA或SA加Ca²⁺处理促进叶片内CaM的积累, EGTA、La³⁺或W7则抑制CaM的积累。(2) 高温下, SA通过维持高水平的SOD和CAT的活性, 降低MDA含量来抵抗高温造成的氧化胁迫; 外源Ca²⁺可促进SA对SOD和CAT的诱导, 而EGTA、La³⁺或W7则产生相反的作用。高温前后, 各处理叶片内的POD和APX的活性并没有明显的变化。(3) SA或SA加Ca²⁺处理可增加叶片中的Pro含量, 并在高温下维持较高的水平。高温后, 各抑制剂处理叶片中的Pro含量与对照无明显差异。结果表明, Ca²⁺可调控SA诱导的耐热性, 而且在此过程中, 要求细胞外的Ca²⁺穿过质膜进入胞内, 并有抗氧化酶和Pro的参与。     

茶树菇菌渣对设施土壤肥力及番茄产量、品质的影响

分析茶树菇菌渣与鸡粪配比施入土壤,考察对土壤肥力、番茄植株生长、产量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:①施用茶树菇菌渣能够改变土壤容重、pH、含盐量,并且随着菌渣用量增加均呈下降趋势。②茶树菇菌渣可以增加土壤孔隙度及最大持水量,提高土壤有机质含量,此外,施菌渣还可以增加土壤有效磷及速效钾的含量,但是土壤全氮含量有所下降。③施用茶树菇菌渣能够显著增加番茄的株高及单株叶片数,加快番茄生长。④茶树菇菌渣与鸡粪配施能够改善番茄果实的品质,增加单果重,从而提高设施番茄的产量,其中茶树菇菌渣75%+鸡粪25%的处理4较对照处理1增产11.26%,可溶性糖含量显著提高。     

外源乙烯对草莓果实微粒体Ca2+- ATPase活性和膜脂过氧化的调节

 以乳白期‘春星’草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch．‘Chunxing’)果实为试材，研究了经钙调素(CaM)拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP)、氯丙嗪(CPZ)各100 µmol·L^-1 和钙通道阻塞剂异博定(Verapamil)100 µmol·L^-1 预处理后再用乙烯(50 µL·L^-1 )处理的草莓果实中微粒体“Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性、O₂ 产生速率和MDA含量的变化。结果表明，外源乙烯对微粒体膜O₂ 产生速率无显著影响，处理早期提高微粒体膜Ca²⁺- ATPase总活性，对MDA含量影响不大；后期加速微粒体膜Ca²⁺- ATPase总活性下降，但仍保持较高的MDA含量和线粒体膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性。CPZ、TFP和Verapamil预处理降低了上述乙烯处理下Ca²⁺- ATPase活性和MDA含量，但对微粒体膜O 产生速率亦无显著影响，这说明细胞内Ca²⁺-和CaM 可能参与了乙烯诱导的膜Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性与膜脂过氧化水平的调节。     

土壤调理剂与有机肥配施对西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响

为探讨土壤调理剂与有机肥配施在盐碱地西瓜上的应用效果,设计常规施肥+土壤调理剂+有机肥(A)、常规施肥+土壤调理剂(B)、常规施肥+有机肥(C)、常规施肥(CK)4个处理。结果表明,与CK相比,单施及配施土壤调理剂和有机肥均能促进西瓜生长、提高西瓜果实产量和品质;A处理小区西瓜长势优于其他处理,对西瓜生长发育、产量和品质的影响与其他处理之间均达到显著性差异水平,主蔓长273.63 cm、667 m~2产量4 868.85 kg、中心可溶性固形物含量12.2%、边部可溶性固形物含量8.5%,较CK处理分别提高26.21%、27.24%、6.09%、4.61%;B、C处理对西瓜生长发育、产量和品质的影响与CK处理之间的差异也达到显著水平,但B、C处理之间差异不显著。综上所述,土壤调理剂和有机肥配施可有效促进西瓜生长发育,提高西瓜产量和品质,同时对西瓜田间长势和抗病性也有一定促进作用。     

钙调素拮抗剂与Ca2+对茄子幼苗抗冷性的影响

 研究钙调素(CaM) 拮抗剂W7〔N- (6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulfonamide〕和Ca²⁺对茄子幼苗抗冷性的影响, 结果表明: W7 浸种处理显著提高了低温胁迫下茄子幼苗叶片电解质渗透率和MDA 含量, 降低了SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白质含量; 而Ca²⁺浸种处理显著降低了低温胁迫下叶片电解质渗透率和MDA 含量, 提高了SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白质含量, 说明Ca²⁺-CaM信使系统在茄子幼苗抗冷调控过程中起着重要的作用。     

土壤含盐量对有机基质栽培番茄生长、光合 特性及产量的影响

以正常土壤中的有机基质栽培为对照（CK）,在含盐量分别为5‰（T1）、10‰（T2）、15‰
（T3）的土壤中,利用半隔离式有机基质栽培技术栽培番茄,研究了有机基质栽培条件下盐渍土中盐分的
迁移规律及对番茄的生理生化特性和产量的影响。结果显示：T1、T2 和T3 处理的基质下部土壤中的Na⁺
含量大幅降低,番茄叶片中Na⁺含量、株高、茎粗、干物质积累量、叶片净光合速率和产量等指标与对照
相比无显著差异。表明在含盐量低于15‰的土壤中,盐分未对半隔离式有机基质栽培的番茄产生明显影响。     

The effect of organic supplementation of solarized soil on the quality of tomato fruit

Soil solarization, used to control weeds and soil-borne pathogens in hot climates, has not yet been widely adapted as a commercial practice because of its lack of efficacy. Experiments were carried out in southern Italy over two growing seasons to study the effect of three levels (0, 0.35 and 0.7 kg m⁻²) of organic supplementation of the soil prior to solarization on soil mineral availability and fruit quality attributes. Soil temperature and chemical properties were monitored, together with changes in the physical characteristics and chemical composition of tomato fruits grown under commercial greenhouse conditions. Organic supplementation increased the soil temperature achieved through solarization by 3.9 to 5.5 °C. Organic supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the soil concentration of NO₃⁻-N, exchangeable K₂O, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the level of electrical conductivity in the soil extract. Physical characteristics of tomato fruits were improved by supplementation, with fresh and dry weight enhanced up to 11 and 21%, respectively, mesocarp thickness up to 19%, firmness up to 36% and skin redness (a^*/b^* ratio) up to 24%. As the supplementation rate was raised from 0 to 0.7 kg m⁻², the fruit content of reducing sugars increased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1.75 to 2.14 g per 100 g f.w., ash from 0.49 to 0.62%, soluble solid from 5.12 to 6.18 °Brix, titratable acidity from 0.16 to 0.19%, and ascorbic acid from 25.1 to 32.5 mg 100 mL⁻¹. We concluded that organic supplementation appears to be a valuable and environmentally friendly way to improve the mineral availability in the soil and improve fruit quality of tomato.     

土壤改良剂对龙眼的增产效应

连续3年定点试验表明:龙眼果园施用土壤改良剂有极显著的增产效果,增产量可达0.11～2.96kg/株。还能改善果实质量,增加单果重和果肉率,提高果肉维生素C、可溶性糖和固形物含量,并提高土壤pH值、代换性Ca和Mg含量,在肥力水平低的土壤上施用土壤改良剂能使土壤有效N、P2O5和K2O含量分别提高1.28、9.0、4.0倍。改良剂适宜施用量为6kg/株。     

How does your garden grow? Impact of residuals-based amendments on urban soil health,vegetable yield and nutritional density

This study combined field trials and a greenhouse study to measure the impacts of residuals-based soil amendments on soil health and vegetable yield and nutritional quality for three urban soils. Two biosolids based products and two food scrap-based materials were included. Amendment addition increased total C and N across all soils in the field trial. Reduced bulk density and increased infiltration rates were observed in two of the soils. Increases in permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX-C), a measure of biologically available C, were observed as a result of amendment addition. Plant yield in amended soils was similar to or less than fertilized controls for two soils. There was little to no yield in fertilized soil in the least productive soil. Organic amendment addition to this soil resulted in yields comparable to the highest measured yields in both the field and greenhouse trials. The greenhouse trial showed differences in amendment response with all amendments resulting in increased yield in the most disturbed soil in comparison to fertilizer addition. Plant nutritional quality varied by soil, amendment, crop and nutrient with no clear patterns. This study demonstrates the efficacy of residuals-based amendments for restoring health and productivity to disturbed urban soils.     

Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media: Effects on germination,biomass allocation,yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties

Commercial potting media often contain substantial amounts of peat that was mined from endangered bog and fen ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to assess (1) whether the amendment of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v/v) of vermicompost (VC) to a fertilized commercial peat potting substrate has effects on the emergence, growth and biomass allocation of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under greenhouse conditions, (2) whether possible impacts on seedlings can affect tomato yields and fruit quality even when transplanted into equally fertilized field soil, and (3) whether effects are consistent among different tomato varieties. Amended VC was produced in a windrow system of food and cotton waste mainly by earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. Vermicompost amendments significantly influenced, specifically for each tomato variety, emergence and elongation of seedlings. Biomass allocation (root:shoot ratio) was affected by VC amendments for two varieties in seedling stage and one field-grown tomato variety. Marketable and total yields of field tomatoes were not affected by VC amendments used for seedling husbandry. However, morphological (circumference, dry matter content, peel firmness) and chemical fruit parameters (contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, l-ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose) were significantly affected by VC amendments in seedling substrates; these effects again were specific for each tomato variety. Overall, vermicompost could be an environmentally friendly substitute for peat in potting media with similar or beneficial effects on seedling performance and fruit quality. However, at least for tomatoes, variety-specific responses should be considered when giving recommendations on the optimum proportion of vermicompost amendment to horticultural potting substrate.     

长季节无土栽培番茄根部施用植物生长调节剂对根系活力的影响

以番茄品种‘宝发008’为试材, 通过无土栽培试验系统研究了2, 4-D、烯效唑、水杨酸、云大-120、萘乙酸、爱多收6种植物生长调节剂( PGR) 对番茄生长的作用效应。结果表明, 经1 500倍云大-120、5 mg·kg^-1萘乙酸+ 3 000倍爱多收处理后, 番茄根系的氯化三苯基四氮唑( TTC) 还原强度提高到0.623和0.558 mg·h^-1 ·g^-1 , 与对照(0.259 mg·h^-1 ·g^-1 ) 相比差异达到极显著水平, 对番茄叶片净光合速率、茎秆生长量和果实产量也有影响。     

Effects of the application of ‘cash’ on the growth,fruit yield,and nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in reclaimed saline soil

Summary

The effects of ‘cash’ [a novel 2:5:1 (w/w/w) mixture of calcium sulphate, ground sunflower heads, and humic acid] as a soil amendment on the growth, fruit yield, and leaf nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on reclaimed saline soil (EC = 9.4 dS m^–1) were investigated. A glasshouse experiment was performed in a completely randomised design with six treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g ‘cash’ kg^–1 soil) each with four replicates. The results indicated that ‘cash’ increased both the shoot dry weight (DW) plant^–1 and the root DW plant^–1, the free proline contents of leaves, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The use of ‘cash’ also increased the number of fruit plant^–1, fruit yield pot^–1, and fruit vitamin C contents, although total soluble solids (TSS) contents were not affected. The contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the Ca:Na ratios of leaf tissues increased with all application rates of ‘cash’. Leaf phosphorus (P) contents showed no response to any applied level of ‘cash’. Leaf sodium (Na) contents declined gradually with an increase in the level of ‘cash’ applied to the soil. We concluded that ‘cash’ has a pronounced positive effect on the growth and fruit yield of tomato plants grown in reclaimed saline soil. ‘Cash’ therefore has the potential to be used as a soil amendment for vegetable crops such as tomato to overcome the adverse effects of salinity in newly-reclaimed soils.     

控水对日光温室樱桃番茄品质、产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了明确结果期水分调控对樱桃番茄产量和品质的影响，以千禧和红玉为试验材料，对不同土壤相对含水量（40%～50%、60%～70%、80%～90%）下日光温室冬春茬和秋冬茬樱桃番茄品质、产量和水分利用效率进行研究。结果表明，随着土壤相对含水量降低，樱桃番茄的果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、VC 含量显著提高，水分利用效率也明显提高；但叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量以及单果质量、产量随着土壤相对含水量降低呈现出先增加后降低的变化趋势。通过熵权法和TOPSIS 法相结合，综合分析樱桃番茄品质、产量和水分利用效率各项指标，得出樱桃番茄结果期最佳土壤相对含水量为40%～50%。