What are the differences in yield formation among two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars and their F1 hybrid?

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in yield formation among two parents(P1 and P2) and their F1 hybrid of cucumber, biomass production and whole source–sink dynamics were analyzed using a functional–structural plant model(FSPM) that simulates both the number and size of individual organs. Observations of plant development and organ biomass were recorded throughout the growth periods of the plants. The GreenLab Model was used to analyze the differences in fruit setting, organ expansion, biomass production and biomass allocation. The source–sink parameters were estimated from the experimental measurements. Moreover, a particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO) was applied to analyze whether the fruit setting is related to the source–sink ratio. The results showed that the internal source–sink ratio increased in the vegetative stage and reached a peak until the first fruit setting. The high yield of hybrid F1 is the compound result of both fruit setting and the internal source–sink ratio. The optimization results also revealed that the incremental changes in fruit weight result from the increases in sink strength and proportion of plant biomass allocation for fruits. The model-aided analysis revealed that heterosis is a result of a delicate compromise between fruit setting and fruit sink strength. The organlevel model may provide a computational approach to define the target of breeding by combination with a genetic model.     

Genetic Analysis of Embryo, Cytoplasm and Maternal Effects and Their Environment Interactions for Isoflavone Content in Soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

Soybean seed products contain isoflavones （genistein, daidzein, and glycitein） that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. These effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key factor to the biological effect. Our objective was to identify the genetic effects that underlie the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. A genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in diploid plants was applied to estimate the genetic main effects and genotype x environment （GE） interaction effects for the isoflavone content （IC） of soybean seeds by using two years experimental data with an incomplete diallel mating design of six parents. Results showed that the IC of soybean seeds was simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects of maternal, embryo, and cytoplasm, of which maternal genetic effects were most important, followed by embryo and cytoplasmic genetic effects. The main effects of different genetic systems on IC trait were more important than environment interaction effects. The strong dominance effects on isoflavone from residual was made easily by environment conditions. Therefore, the improvement of the IC of soybean seeds would be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants than that on the single seed. Maternal heritability （65.73%） was most important for IC, followed by embryo heritability （25.87%） and cytoplasmic heritability （8.39%）. Based on predicated genetic effects, Yudou 29 and Zheng 90007 were better than other parents for increasing IC in the progeny and improving the quality of soybean, The significant effects of maternal and embryo dominance effects in variance show that the embryo heterosis and maternal heterosis are existent and uninfluenced by environment interaction effects.     

T-DNA插入产生的水稻小粒突变体的遗传分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the genetic characteristics of a grain shape mutant and its possible role in genetic improvement of grain yield in rice. [Method] On the basis of the collection of T-DNA tag lines, the progeny of homozygous plants carrying T-DNA insertion were screened for mutants with mutated phenotypes. The genetic analysis of the mutant and test for the linkage between the mutated phenotype and the T-DNA insertion were carried out to determine its genetic characteristics. [Result] In the present study, a grain shape mutant induced by T-DNA insertion in rice was identified, which showed small grain. Genetic analysis of the mutant showed that the two types of phenotype, normal and small grain in the segregating populations derived from the T-DNA heterozygotes, fit the ratio of 3∶1. Test for Basta resistance showed that all the mutants were resistant while the normal plants segregated for resistant and susceptible by the ratio of 2∶1. The results indicated that the mutant phenotype cosegregated with Bar gene. The small grain mutant caused by T-DNA insertion was confirmed by PCR amplification aiming at T-DNA. [Conclusion] The grain shape mutant is useful for isolation of the tagged gene and genetic improvement in rice.     

A Method for Accuracy of Genetic Evaluation by Utilization of Canadian Genetic Evaluation Information to Improve Heilongjiang Holstein Herds

The objectives of this study were to set up a new genetic evaluation procedure to predict the breeding values of Holstein herds in Heilongjiang Province of China for milk and fat production by utilizing Canadian pedigree and genetic evaluation information and to compare the breeding values of the sires from different countries. The data used for evaluating young sires for the Chinese Holstein population consisted of records selected from 21 herds in Heilongjiang Province. The first lactation records of 2 496 daughters collected in 1989 and 2000 were analyzed. A single-trait animal model including a fixed herd-year effect, random animal and residual effects was used by utilizing Canadian pedigree and genetic evaluation information of 5126 sires released from the Canadian Dairy Network in August 2000. The BLUP procedure was used to evaluate all cattle in this study and the Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) for milk and fat production of 6697 cattle (including 673 sires and 6024 cows) were predicted. The genetic levels of the top 100 sires originated from different countries were compared. Unlike the BLUP procedure that is being used in conjunction with the single-trait sire model in Heilongjiang Province of China now, the genetic evaluation procedure used in this study not only can be used simultaneously to evaluate sires and cows but also increase the accuracy of evaluation due to using the relationships and genetic values of the Canadian evaluated sires with more daughters. The results showed that the new procedure was useful for genetic evaluation of dairy herds and the comparison of the breeding values of these sires imported from different countries showed that a significant genetic improvement has been achieved for milk production of the Heilongjiang Holstein dairy population by importing sires from foreign countries, especially from the United States due to the higher breeding values.     

Dynamic Change of Genetic Diversity in Conserved Populations with Different Initial Genetic Architectures

Maintenance and management of genetic diversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) is very important for biological, socioeconomical and cultural significance. The core concern of conservation for farm AnGR is the retention of genetic diversity of conserved populations in a long-term perspective. However, numerous factors may affect evolution of genetic diversity of a conserved population. Among those factors, the genetic architecture of conserved populations is little considered in current conservation strategies. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of genetic diversity of conserved populations with two scenarios on initial genetic architectures by computer simulation in which thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci were chosen to represent genetic architecture of the populations with observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), observed and mean effective number of alleles (Ao and Ae), number of polymorphic loci (NP) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PP), number of rare alleles (RA) and number of non-rich polymorphic loci (NRP) as the estimates of genetic diversity. The two scenarios on genetic architecture were taken into account, namely, one conserved population with same allele frequency (AS) and another one with actual allele frequency (AA). The results showed that the magnitude of loss of genetic diversity is associated with genetic architecture of initial conserved population, the amplitude of genetic diversity decline in the context AS was more narrow extent than those in context AA, the ranges of decline of Ho and Ao were about 4 and 2 times in AA compared with that in AS, respectively, the occurrence of first monomorphic locus and the time of change of measure NP in scenario AA is 20 generations and 23 generations earlier than that in scenario AS, respectively. Additionally, we found that NRP, a novel measure proposed by our research group, was a proper estimate for monitoring the evolution of genetic diversity in a closed conserved population. Our study suggested that current managements of conserved populations should emphasize on initial genetic architecture in order to make an effective and feasible conservation scheme.     

Inheritance of Ear Tip-Barrenness Trait in Maize

The aim of this paper is to study the inheritance pattern of ear tip-barrenness trait in maize （Zea mays L.）. Ear tipbarrenness trait in maize can be classified into two types, tip-barren and tip-barrenless. Two inbred lines, lx01-3 （tipbarrenless type）, wx04-1 （tip-barren type）, and their F1, F2, BC1, BC2 generations were analyzed on their ear tip-barrenness types. Results showed that F1 was tip-barren type; the ratio of tip-barren type versus tip-barrenless type followed a 12.78： 1 ratio in F2 segregation population and a 2.75：1 ratio in BC1. Z2 test indicated that the trait of ear tip-barrenness type followed an inheritance pattern of 2 duplicate dominant genes. SPSS analysis indicated that the trait of ear tip-barrenness length is of abnormal distribution. Above results mean that： （1） The trait of maize ear tip-barrenness type is controlled by 2 duplicate dominant genes; tip-barren type is dominant over tip-barrenless type; （2） the trait of tip-barrenness length is a quantitative character controlled by polygene with major genes expected.     

一个水稻生物产量突变体的遗传分析(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the genetic model of a biomass mutant in Oryza sativa. [Method] In the process of screening and identification of Bar-transgenic rice,a biomass mutant was found in 10 lines of T1 progenies. The mutant was investigated for genetic analysis and agronomic traits by herbicide spraying and PCR amplification. [Result] The segregation ratio is consistent with mendelian law(3∶1). The mutant assumed not only higher plant height,wider straw and earlier florescence,but also more tillers,bigger spikes and resultantly higher biomass. PCR detections indicated that no co-segregation was observed between mutant traits and target gene(Bar) in the T-DNA inserted,proving that the mutant is not caused by the insertion of T-DNA containing target gene (Bar). [Conclusion] Our study may avail to understand the cloning of mutant gene and the mechanism of the mutant gene on biomass.     

Studies on the Developmental Genetics of Tiller Number in Three-line Indica Hybrid Rice

Following NC Ⅱ design, the developmental genetic behavior of tiller number (TN) in three-line indica hybrid rice was studied using additive-dominance developmental genetic models and the corresponding statistical methods. The results showed that dominance effects were predominant for TN. The expression of those additive effects were affected by environment and genotype interaction, but the expression of dominance effects were not affected. Heterosis was the strongest in the middle developmental periods of TN. Additive effects and dominance effects were selectively expressed throughout in the entire tillering developmental stage.Analysis of genetic correlation between TN at different stages and the productive panicles indicated that a close correlation appeared earlier in the populations with higher heterosis than in those with less heterosis. Utilization of heterosis at the middle tillering stage might enhance the final biomass but reduce the percentage of productive panicles.     

Genetic Analysis of a Biomass Mutant in Oryza sativa

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the genetic model of a biomass mutant in Oryza sativa. [Method] In the process of screening and identification of Bar-transgenic rice,a biomass mutant was found in 10 lines of T1 progenies. The mutant was investigated for genetic analysis and agronomic traits by herbicide spraying and PCR amplification. [Result] The segregation ratio is consistent with mendelian law(3∶1). The mutant assumed not only higher plant height,wider straw and earlier florescence,but also more tillers,bigger spikes and resultantly higher biomass. PCR detections indicated that no co-segregation was observed between mutant traits and target gene(Bar) in the T-DNA inserted,proving that the mutant is not caused by the insertion of T-DNA containing target gene (Bar). [Conclusion] Our study may avail to understand the cloning of mutant gene and the mechanism of the mutant gene on biomass.     

Linking a farmer crop selection model(FCS) with an agronomic model(EPIC) to simulate cropping pattern in Northeast China

In this paper, authors established a farmer crop selection model(FCS) for the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang of the Northeast China. With linking to the environmental policy integrated climate model(EPIC), the simulated results of FCS model for maize, rice and soybean were spatialized with 1 km×1 km grids to obtain cropping pattern. The reference map of spatial distribution for the three staple crops acquired by remote sensing imageries was applied to validate the simulated cropping pattern. The results showed that(1) the total simulation accuracy for the study area was 78.62%, which proved simulation method was applicable and feasible;(2) simulation accuracy for Jilin Province was the highest among the three provinces with a rate of 82.45% since its simple cropping system and not complex topography;(3) simulation accuracy for maize was the best among the three staple crops with a ratio of 81.14% because the study area is very suitable for maize growth. We hope this study could provide the reference for cropping pattern forecasting and decision-making.     

随机交配群体隐性致死纯合基因型出现的平方Logistic模型

从玉米的随机交配特点出发,借助数学理论分析杂种优势和白化苗之间的关系,推导出隐性纯合致死基因型出现的平方Logistic模型。该模型显示,杂种优势能确定群体的遗传结构及比例;认为突变产生的致死基因a,只要Aa存在杂种优势,aa在各代玉米苗期的比例呈现一个类似Logistic曲线的增长过程,直至平衡。aa在平衡状态的比例由AA与Aa的适合度之比决定。杂种优势能使群体的遗传多样性得以长久保持。     

10个热带、温带玉米群体育种潜势分析

[目的]研究热带温带玉米群体产量性状的产量配合力、杂种优势和杂优模式。[方法]采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,对10个热带(亚热带)、温带玉米群体的配合力及杂种优势进行评价。[结果]墨黄1号、新墨1号和墨白962及豫综5号、辽旅综和WBM-C4的一般配合力较高,在育种利用上有较优的利用潜势;墨白961×豫综5号、新墨1号×WBM-C4、墨白964×辽旅综、墨白962×EP7和墨黄1号×SUWAN-1的特殊配合力较高,具有潜在杂优模式;供试群体各组合群体平均优势在5.9%~39.6%、超亲优势在3.8%~21.6%。统计表明,亲本群体组合F1基因型值与其平均优势相关关系不密切(r=0.200 8),亲本群体间的遗传差异与群体平均优势呈极显著正相关(r=0.786 7**)。[结论]该研究对热带温带玉米群体的进一步改良和有效利用提供参考依据。     

杂种优势的进化意义探析——以适合度对随机交配群体遗传多样性的贡献为依据

从群体遗传的角度将杂种优势与近交衰退的定义进行类比,认为杂种优势应该用适合度来综合衡量。建立数学模型,推导出随机交配群体3种基因型RR、Rr、rr在不同适合度下的平衡状态,揭示杂种优势是群体中复等位基因存在的先决条件。发现杂种优势通过提高杂合个体的适合度,避免淘汰不同类型的基因,从而保护群体的遗传多样性,使群体具有较强的自我调节和进化潜力;让个体意义上的适应与群体层次的适应协调一致,深化了达尔文的个体选择思想。     

杂种优势的进化意义探析——以适合度对随机交配群体遗传多样性的贡献为依据(英文)

Upon the analogy of definition of heterosis and inbreeding depresstion in terms of population genetics,the heterosis is thought to be evaluated overall with fitness.By establishing a mathematical model,the equilibrium status of three genotypes of random mating population(i.e.RR,Rr and rr) under different fitness,which exposes that heterosis is the precondition for multiallele to exist in the population.The heterosis protects the genetic diversity and makes the population owning a stronger self-control and e...     

杂种优势的进化意义探析——以适合度对随机交配群体遗传多样性的贡献为依据

学术界是从生产的角度出发理解杂种优势的,认为杂种优势就是指杂种F．代个体性状表现优于纯合基因型的情形。这实际上只是看到了杂种优势的现象,进一步分析会发现,杂种优势性状的共同点是有利于自然选择,即提高杂合子的适合度,这才是其本质。也即杂合子在穗长、穗粗、健壮等方面的优势只是适合度在性状上的表现,适合度才是基因型在自然选择中显示其生存优势的指标。该研究模型基于这一界定,使其可用数学表述,并以之为逻辑起点,     

用SRAP分子标记鉴定玉米自交系的遗传多样性

以48个玉米自交系为材料,利用SRAP分子标记技术对其进行遗传多样性及杂种优势群进行划分。结果表明:48个玉米自交系可分为六大类群,分析结果与系谱来源基本一致。分类后类间平均遗传相似系数均小于类内平均遗传相似系数,同时生产上推广组合的亲本大多来自不同的大类,结果表明SRAP标记的聚类结果是比较合理的,对于玉米杂种优势群的划分具有参考价值,可以用来结合田间配合力对杂种优势群和杂种优势模式进行进一步的探讨。     

黑龙江省早熟玉米自交系的遗传分析及应用评价

为了全面了解黑龙江省早熟玉米自交系间遗传关系,并合理准确地划分杂种优势群和构建杂种优势模式。通过采用黑龙江省5 个主要早熟玉米优良自交系按双列杂交设计,研究配合力的结果表明：5 个自交系以及配制的组合在7 个农艺性状上都存在极显著差异。杂交组合遗传参数分析：在超亲优势率上,以合344 为母本的杂交组合的穗粗性状的超亲优势率均为正值,表现出较强的杂种优势,在中亲优势率上,以合344 为母本的组合的优势率为正值,通过分析表明合344 同其他类群自交系之间均表现出较高配合力。其中合344×扎461 与合344×南5 组合的单株产量的中亲优势率均超过10%,增产效果明显。黑龙江早熟玉米杂种优势模式,Lancaster类群×塘四平头类群杂优模式：Lancaster类群×Reid类群杂优模式,Lancaster类群×外杂选类群杂优模式。其结果对黑龙江省早熟玉米有效利用提供理论依据和实践。     

The Quadraplex Tetraploids Hybrids and Duplex Tetraploids Hybrids Are Responsible for Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression in Maize

The maize quadraplex tetraploids and duplex tetraploids were developed using Kato's protocols. The phenotype of heterosis and inbreeding depression over generations in their parents and progenies of F1, F2 and F3 were investigated.The results indicated that different duplex tetraploids have different genetic backgrounds, but they acquire maximum heterosis at same traits, such as the leaf length, leaf width, culm circumference and days to flowering. P.N. rises much faster from the F2 to F3 segment than the A.W. does for the plant height in duplex tetraploids. In comparing duplex and quadraplex over a generation the quadriplex is showing the greatest heterosis in plant height, leaf height, leaf width and days to flowering. Most of the examples achieve the maximum heterosis at Qu F2, with the exception of culm circumference,which achieves greatest heterosis at PNAW F1. Meanwhile, this experiment shows that quadraplex tetraploids has distinct additional favorable alleles that are not contained in duplex tetraploid, this is demonstrated by the heterosis found in crosses between the two duplex tetraploid. This finding helps explain quadraploids superiority and unique breeding behavior, in which, the progressive heterosis and inbreeding depression in maize are due mainly to linkage disequilibrium.The severe inbreeding depression in duplex tetraploids is due mainly to the rapid loss of complementary chromosomes or genes interactions in the first few generation of inbreeding. Correspondingly, the progressive heterosis in quadraplex tetraploids is due mainly to a progressive increase in complementarities of homologous chromosomes or genes interactions.Greater complementarities of homologous chromosomes or genes interactions in tetraploids maize alse helps explain recent molecular biology research indicating that some of traits in quadraplex tetraploids are more responsive to genetic diversity than in duplex tetraploids. In addition, the dosage effect of polyploid in relation to the genetic basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression were discussed also.     

4个热带玉米群体在温带的利用研究

将4个热带玉米群体与4个温带玉米骨干自交系,按NC-Ⅱ设计组配成杂交种,通过配合力分析,获得了选育优良株型性状和产量性状的强优势组合,进而构建出杂种优势利用模式。对不能形成杂优模式的热带群体,可利用它的优良农艺性状对我国玉米骨干自交系进行个别性状的改良,同时对4个热带群体的利用价值和方法进行了评价。     

四川部分玉米强优势组合及其亲本自交系的RAPD分析

以四川大面积推广的 8个杂交种及其亲本自交系为材料 ,利用RAPD分子标记技术进行遗传差异分析 ,结果表明 :①利用RAPD分子标记技术可以从分子水平上检测出玉米自交系的遗传多样性 ;②根据聚类分析 ,可将 15个自交系分为热带改良群体、改良Reid群、M 0 17亚群和自 330亚群 4类 ,分类结果与真实系谱基本一致 ;③可将 8个杂交种分为 4个杂优模式 ,即改良Reid群× 330亚群、自 330亚群×M 0 17亚群、改良Reid群×Mo17亚群和苏湾群体×改良Reid群。