朱溪河小流域土地利用景观格局定量分析

朱溪河小流域属全国水土流失重点治理小流域,研究流域内的土地利用景观格局,对流域生态修复具有重要意义。基于“3S”技术,应用FRAGSTATS 3.3软件,分别从斑块类型水平及景观水平,对朱溪河小流域土地利用景观进行定量分析。结果表明:整个流域多样性指数和均匀度指数偏低,居民点及工矿用地、耕地、园地等受人类干扰程度较大的景观类型的破碎化程度较高,但无明显破碎化现象,流域景观比较完整。     

西笤溪流域不同土地利用类型营养盐输出系数估算

各种土地利用类型营养盐输出系数是建立非点源污染模型的重要参数。以位于太湖地区的西苕溪流域为研究区,利用G IS技术进行子流域划分并选择了11个典型小流域,通过对2004年Spot遥感影像解译获得流域土地利用数据,于2004年分3次监测了各个小流域出口的TN、TP浓度。基于以上数据,定性分析了小流域土地利用结构与营养盐输出关系,表明随着耕地面积比例增大或林地面积比例减小,营养盐输出水平增大;在此分析基础上,建立了小流域不同土地利用类型（耕地、林地）面积比例与TN、TP浓度的定量关系,并进而计算获得西苕溪流域耕地的TN、TP输出系数分别为4.747 3 m g/L,0.089 6 m g/L,林地的TN、TP输出系数分别为0.271 3m g/L,0.007 5 m g/L,为流域尺度的营养盐输出负荷估算提供重要参数。     

川中丘陵地区农业生产与面源污染状况调查及特征分析——以李子口小流域为例

以李子口小流域为例,研究川中丘陵地区的农业生产情况和农业面源污染状况,调查发现该流域农业生产用肥以农家肥为主,耕地类型以早地为主,畜禽养殖以散养为主,该流域水质各项指标状况较好,但是总氮严重超标。分析认为,肥料施用结构和用量的不合理、耕地类型以旱地为主、耕作作物以小麦蔬菜等旱作植物为主、该区域水土流失严重是造成李子口小...     

嵩山旅游区小流域治理工程及其布设

<正> 嵩山旅游区小流域位于嵩山南麓,属淮河水系颖河支流,流域内有中岳庙、嵩阳书院、大塔寺、会善寺、少林水库、永太寺和少林寺等著名旅游景点及登封县城。流域全长20km,宽10km,总面积200km~2,境内共有28个行政村,130个自然村,总人口3.06万人,其中农业人口2.36万人,人口密度为153人/km~2,现有耕地3.47万亩,水域面积4500亩,林地13.8万亩,宜林荒地2.95万亩,森林覆盖率23.8％。     

川中不同类型小流域土壤侵蚀特征分析

以川中小流域为研究对象,2004年第5期小流域竣工验收报告为基础数据,以流域土地利用方式面积比例为指标进行聚类,将小流域分为不同类型,然后分别建立以不同类型小流域的土壤侵蚀量为因变量,用地面积为自变量的多元线性回归方程。从而比较区域内部小流域之间的差异,分析不同类型小流域的土壤侵蚀特征,以期更有针对性地为小流域综合治理提供理论和实际依据。研究表明:（1）根据其主要土地利用方式,研究区小流域分为4类;（2）不同类型小流域,水土流失主要及最大来源、侵蚀模数等特征有显著差异。     

晋西黄土区森林植被对流域径流的影响

以晋西黄土区吉县蔡家川流域为研究对象,通过利用MATLAB软件的系统聚类分析方法,对蔡家川嵌套流域中主沟道及6个小流域进行流域地形地貌属性相似性分析和分类的基础上,分析研究了在地形地貌特征相似流域类型中不同土地利用及森林覆盖率对流域径流过程的影响。分析结果表明,在流域地形地貌特征相似的条件下,森林植被具有减小流域雨季径流总量的作用,流域径流量及径流过程不仅受该流域的森林覆盖率影响,而且整地措施良好的人工林地调节径流、减少雨季洪水径流总量的效果更加明显。     

基于 SWAT模型的小流域面源污染负荷时空分异研究--以重庆市万州区陈家沟小流域为例

以三峡库区陈家沟小流域为研究区,通过实地监测调查和资料收集建立空间和属性数据库,采用2006、2007年监测数据建立SWAT模型,并进行模型参数率定,利用2008、2009年的监测数据进行模型验证。应用验证后的SWAT模型模拟分析研究区面源污染负荷的时空分异规律以及不同土地利用类型污染负荷的差异性,结果表明：空间上,小流域内不同子流域的污染负荷存在差异;时间上,污染负荷分布与降雨周期、农药化肥施用时间密切相关;不同土地利用类型面源污染负荷存在差异,耕地负荷最大,林地最小。针对面源污染负荷的时空分异性,综合考虑土地利用方式和小流域生态、经济要求,提出了小流域面源污染防治措施配置建议。     

东北农牧交错带小流域土地利用与土壤性状耦合关系研究

以通辽市巴尔敦沟小流域为研究区,对该流域内不同土地利用类型的土壤性状进行对比研究,结果表明:（1）耕地土壤容重和土壤孔隙状况最好,林牧复合次之,林地和牧草地相差不大,农林复合最差。随土层深度的增加,土壤容重呈上升趋势,土壤孔隙度则呈下降趋势。（2）耕地0-80 cm土层土壤平均自然含水量和土壤最大贮水量最高,农林复合和林地次之,相差不大,牧草地最低。（3）不同土地利用类型土壤全量元素含量综合而言:耕地最高,牧草地次之,农林复合居中,林牧复合略差,林地最低。（4）不同土地利用类型土壤速效元素含量综合而言:耕地最高,林地次之,林牧复合和牧草地差异不大,农林复合最低。（5）不同土地利用类型的有机质含量牧草地和耕地较高,其他土地利用类型没有显著差异。综合分析表明,该小流域内耕地的物理和化学性质最好,农林复合类型的物理化学性质较差。     

漓江流域岩溶与非岩溶农业小流域水体硝酸盐源解析

为研究岩溶与非岩溶小流域水循环和氮循环的差异，该研究选取漓江流域青狮潭水库灌区内以农业为主的睦洞岩溶小流域和金龟非岩溶小流域为研究对象，利用水的氢氧同位素和硝酸盐的氮氧同位素结合贝叶斯同位素混合模型（Bayesian Model Stable Isotope Analysis in R，SIAR），对比两个小流域水体硝酸盐的污染源以及迁移过程。结果表明：水体硝酸盐污染的时空分布受流域水文地质及其伴生的地形地貌、土壤特性和土地利用类型的影响，以耕地为主且土壤层分布不连续的睦洞小流域水体硝酸盐的浓度均值（0.19～15.84 mg/L）、水的氢氧同位素（分别为-44.08‰～-19.63‰和-7.24‰～-1.55‰）以及硝酸盐的氮氧同位素（-1.65‰～53.98‰和0.04‰～13.74‰）值域都宽于以林地为主且土壤层相对较深厚的金龟非岩溶小流域；空间分布上，睦洞小流域北部补给区裸露岩溶石山果园下渗的氮肥和中部密集村庄下渗的动物粪便/生活污水在中部构造盆地区分散排泄不畅，造成G4～G7采样点井水的NO3￣浓度均值（11.96～15.84 mg/L）以及氮氧同位素丰度值（分别为0.65‰～28.23‰和2.46‰～14.43‰）偏高；时间尺度上，睦洞小流域碳酸盐岩风化形成的浅薄土壤层持水能力差且渗透性强，导致旱季土壤N和雨季动物粪便/生活污水对水体NO3ˉ的贡献率小于同季节的金龟小流域。研究结果可为岩溶与非岩溶区水环境治理提供科学依据。     

黄河上游西柳沟流域土壤侵蚀对土地利用变化响应

为科学认识土地利用变化对流域土壤侵蚀的影响,研究基于黄河上游西柳沟流域1980年、2015年两期土地利用变化和相应的土壤侵蚀强度变化,研究了土地利用变化对流域土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)西柳沟流域草地、林地和耕地3种主要的土地利用类型转出面积大小为草地>林地>耕地,耕地主要转化为草地,林地大部分转为未利用土地,草地大部分转为耕地和未利用土地;(2)西柳沟流域1980年、2015年平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为1946.56,1 873.55 t/(km²·a),其中草地土壤侵蚀模数最大,其次为林地,土壤侵蚀量主要来自于草地;(3)西柳沟流域35年间微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀占主导,土壤侵蚀程度总体上呈降低的趋势,具体表现为草地的部分面积向林地和耕地分别转化了4.47,17.54 km²,说明土地利用结构的改变是影响流域土壤侵蚀变化的关键因素。研究成果以期为黄河上游小流域水土流失治理提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.