Breaking Strength of Pedicel as an Index of Grain-Shattering Habit in Autotetraploid and Diploid Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) Cultivars

Abstract

The grain-shattering habit was compared among diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.). In the first experiment, one diploid and one autotetraploid cultivar were grown in the field, and the number of grains shed naturally by wind or rain, and the number of grains detached by threshing the plants (by dropping from 1 m height onto a concrete floor, five times) were measured to evaluate grain shattering. The number of the naturally shed grains in the field was higher in the diploid than in the autotetraploid cultivar, although the number of grains detached by threshing was not different between the two cultivars. In another set of experiments, breaking bending strength and breaking tensile strength of pedicels were measured as indices of grain-shattering habit to examine the difference in shattering among two autotetraploid and four diploid cultivars (two summer types and two autumn types). They were grown in summer and autumn seasons to examine the environmental effect on grain shattering. Both breaking strengths were about two times higher in the autotetraploid cultivars than in the diploid cultivars. The breaking strength was well correlated with the diameter of pedicels. The values of grain-shattering resistance traits obtained in the autumn cropping season were higher than those obtained in the summer cropping season.     

Breaking Strength of Pedicel and Grain Shattering Habit in Two Species of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.)

Abstract

The grain shattering habit was examined in nine common buckwheat cultivars/strains (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and four tartary buckwheat strains (F. tataricum Gaertner). As indices of grain shattering habit, the breaking bending strength and breaking tensile strength of the pedicel and the pedicel diameter were measured. Thin longitudinal pedicel sections were also observed. The breaking strength showed significant differences among cultivars, but the stage of seed maturity influenced the grain shattering habit. The two breaking strengths were larger in common buckwheat than in tartary buckwheat, and these differences may be explained by the pedicel diameter. The abscission layer was not observed in the pedicel tissue of the buckwheat cultivars.     

Effect of planting density on lodging-related morphology,lodging rate,and yield of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Increase of planting density has been widely used to increase grain yield in crops. However, it may lead to higher risk of lodging hence causing significant yield loss of the crop. To investigate the effects of planting density on lodging-related morphology, lodging rate (LR), and yield of tartary buckwheat, an experiment was carried out with a split-plot randomized block design at the experimental farm of Chengdu University (Sichuan, China) in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Results showed that plant density significantly affected characteristics of stem and root. In each season, with the increasing of planting density, light transmittance, main root length, number of first lateral root, root volume, internode number, and first internode diameter decreased, the plant height, first internode length, abortion rate and LR increased. Increasing density caused decreased grains number per plant, the dry matter weight and yield displayed an acceleration first and then deceleration. The correlation analysis indicated that the internode number, first internode diameter, number of first lateral roots, and root volume were significantly negatively correlated with LR, but positively correlated with stem breaking strength and lodging resistance index. The LR was significantly positively correlated with plant height and first internode length. In both years, the D2 (9 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) and D3 (12 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) yielded more grains than in other treatments, and the effects of density on two cultivars showed the same trend. The results suggested that planting density could alter lodging-related traits, lodging resistance, and yield of tartary buckwheat.     

MC812和郑单958子粒灌浆和脱水特性研究

以MC812和郑单958为试验材料,分析其子粒灌浆和脱水特性,研究不同基因型玉米品种子粒灌浆和脱水特性的差异。结果表明,百粒干物重在品种间存在显著差异,MC812平均百粒干物重较郑单958高2.64 g。与郑单958相比,MC812子粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间(Tmax)平均提前4.40 d,灌浆起始势(R0)高0.25,活跃灌浆期(P)长1.33 d。MC812灌浆渐增期的平均灌浆速率显著高于郑单958,灌浆缓增期则与郑单958相当。MC812生理成熟时子粒含水量略低于郑单958,但差异不显著。收获时的子粒含水量在品种间呈极显著差异,MC812收获时的子粒含水量则较郑单958低5个百分点。生理成熟后的脱水速率在品种间呈极显著差异,MC812分别较郑单958高0.15%/d。穗粒数、百粒重和产量在品种间呈极显著差异,MC812产量较郑单958高6.67%、穗粒数和百粒重分别较郑单958高8.56%和8.04%。     

春季不同时期低温对小麦光合特性和粒重形成的影响

为探讨春季低温导致小麦粒重下降的生理机制,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为材料,分别于倒二叶出生期、孕穗期和开花期对小麦进行人工气候室低温处理,研究不同时期低温对小麦光合生理特性、干物质积累和转运及强、弱势粒粒重形成的影响。结果表明,不同时期低温对叶片SPAD值的影响均表现为低温处理开始至结束后3 d持续下降,结束后6～9 d逐渐回升,两品种在低温处理结束当天和处理后3 d均以孕穗期低温处理下SPAD值降幅最大。不同时期低温处理显著降低叶片净光合速率和气孔导度,并影响花前干物质转运和花后干物质积累。与孕穗期、开花期低温处理相比,倒二叶出生期低温处理显著降低小麦花前干物质转运量,但提高花后干物质积累及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,千粒重降幅最小,扬麦16和徐麦30分别仅为4.49%和4.20%。不同时期低温处理下小麦强势粒粒重的降幅均小于弱势粒,倒二叶出生期低温处理下弱势粒粒重降幅显著低于孕穗期和开花期低温处理。相关性分析表明,低温胁迫下小麦平均千粒重和强势粒粒重相关性不显著(r=0.319,P>0.05),但与弱势粒粒重显著相关(r=0.691,P<0.05)。综上,春季低温胁迫主要通过影响小麦开花前后的光合作用和同化物向籽粒的转运,限制弱势粒的灌浆充实,最终导致粒重下降。     

离体穗培养条件下C、N供给对小麦穗粒数、粒重及蛋白质含量的影响

为探究C、N供给时期和供给水平对小麦籽粒建成及蛋白质含量的影响,以冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,采用离体穗培养的方法,设置了三个蔗糖浓度(C1:20 g·L~(-1);C2:40g·L~(-1);C3:80g·L~(-1))和四个硝酸铵水平(N1:0.57g·L~(-1);N2:1.14g·L~(-1);N3:2.28g·L~(-1);N4:4.56g·L~(-1)),比较分析了开花期和花后7d培养的小麦穗粒数、粒重及籽粒蛋白质含量对C、N供响应的差异。结果表明,1)开花期增加C、N供给可明显提高小麦穗粒数,C3的穗粒数相比于C1、N3的穗粒数相比于N1分别增加23.5%和8.2%,且弱势粒增幅显著高于强势粒,高氮(N4)下穗粒数显著下降,N4的强、弱势粒数相比于N3分别降低4.8%和29.6%;花后7 d增加C、N供给对穗粒数无显著影响;两个时期比较,以开花期培养的小麦穗粒数更高。2)开花期和花后7 d增加C供给均能显著提高小麦粒重,C3的粒重相对于C1分别提高84.9%和41.5%,且弱势粒增幅大于强势粒;开花期适当增加N供给也能提高小麦粒重,N3的粒重相对于N1增加10.2%,花后7 d适当增加N供给对粒重无显著影响,高氮(N4)下粒重显著下降,且以弱势粒降幅较大;两个时期比较,以花后7 d培养的小麦粒重较高。3)小麦穗粒重随培养基C、N浓度的增加而增加,但高氮下穗粒重显著降低,且穗粒重受粒重的影响较大。4)小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质积累量随C浓度的增加而持续降低,随N浓度的增加而持续增加。综上可知,离体穗培养条件下C、N供给水平对小麦穗粒数、粒重及蛋白质含量的调控作用明显,其中开花期增加C、N供给的增粒增重效果更显著,以弱势粒反应更敏感;另外,穗粒数与粒重、粒重与蛋白质含量的调控具有一定矛盾性,其平衡协调仍需进一步研究。     

Changes in seed growth,levels and distribution of flavonoids during tartary buckwheat seed development

We investigated the change in seed shape and weight as well as the accumulation and distribution of anthocyanins, melanin, and flavonoids during tartary buckwheat seed development. Pericarp dry weight increased slowly while the increase in flour dry weight was much greater. Increases in the dry weight of the embryo and endosperm were associated with change in seed shape. The highest anthocyanin content was observed in stage two while the highest melanin content occurred in stage five. There was a considerable decrease in total flavonoids, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in mature seeds relative to seeds that were still developing. Additionally, there were significant correlations (correlation coefficient > .900, p < .05) among the changes in rutin, quercetin and kaempferol between flour and the pericarp. In mature seeds, 95% of the flavonoids were present in flour.     

离子束诱变双胚苗水稻的谷粒性状及相关分析

为了挖掘无融合生殖种质并提供参考资料给一系法杂交水稻的选育,以离子束诱变所得同源四倍体双胚苗突变水稻品系、近亲系和介导后代为研究材料,对其农艺性状、谷粒性状、谷粒性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,与四倍体双胚苗品系相比,二倍体双胚苗品系的株型小、主穗颖花数多、谷粒小、谷粒容重高、谷粒容重对单粒重贡献最大;披碱草介导品系的株型大、主穗颖花数多、谷粒大、谷粒容重高、单粒质量高、谷粒体积对单粒重贡献最大;原始亲本在各项指标参数中都差异不明显。     

Carpel weight, grain length and stabilized grain water content are physiological drivers of grain weight determination of wheat

Among the yield components, grain weight is considered a conservative trait whose determination is still beyond our complete understanding. Crop physiology uses a whole approach to study this complex trait, which can provide helpful information to plant breeders and molecular biologists. This study emphasizes the understanding of pre- and post-anthesis determinants of final grain weight. A field experiment was carried out in two growing seasons evaluating two wheat cultivars contrasting in grain weight potential. Carpel weight at pollination, grain dimensions, grain water, dry matter and volume dynamics were assessed. Among grain dimensions, grain length was the trait, which explained final grain weight (r² = 0.78; P < 0.01 and r² = 0.94; P < 0.001 for the 1st and 2nd season, respectively) and it was the first trait to stabilize after anthesis. Water content of grains stabilized little later and also showed a strong association with final grain weight (r² = 0.93; P < 0.01 and r² = 0.98; P < 0.01 for the 1st and 2nd season respectively). Most importantly, carpel weight at pollination showed a positive and linear association with final grain weight (r² = 0.79, P < 0.01 and r² = 0.86 P < 0.01 for the 1st and 2nd season, respectively) irrespective of the cultivar and grain position. In addition, positive associations were also found between grain volume, water content, grain length, and carpel weight at pollination. Therefore, the associations between pre- and post-anthesis traits found in this study support the hypothesis that grain weight is determined before anthesis and fruit tissues (i.e., pericarp in cereals and sunflower) set an upper limit to grain weight.     

Studies on Agronomic Traits of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.): IV. Changes in growth,dry matter productivity and yielding ability related to domestication from wild to cultivated form

Abstract

The changes in growth, dry matter productivity and yielding ability in the course of domestication from O. breviligulata to African rice (O. glaberrima) were examined. Between the two rice species, differences were hardly detected in plant height, culm length and final leaf number, although O. breviligulata had a wider variation of these characteristics as compared with African rice. The shorter strains tended to produce more tillers at the maximum tiller number stage, and the high tillering capacity was correlated with a low percentage of productive tillers, although the strains having a small number of grains per head showed a high percentage of productive tillers, in both species. No significant difference was detected between the two species in straw weight at maturity, and the differences in straw weight among strains were attributed to the differences in days required from transplanting to heading and to plant height. No significant difference between the two species was observed in top and total weights. The grain number per head was conversely related with panicle number in both species. Although the percentage of ripened grain tended to be slightly lower in O. breviligulata than in African rice, this may be attributed partly to the difference in grain number per hill. Single grain weight in O. breviligulata was nearly equal to that in African rice. These results suggest that agronomic traits such as growth, dry matter productivity and yielding ability have been changed only slightly in the course of domestication from O. breviligulata to African rice.     

Contribution of flavonoids to the antioxidant properties of common and tartary buckwheat

The objective of this study was to characterize the flavonoid compounds found in the different grain parts of common and tartary buckwheat, and to determine the contribution of these flavonoids to the antioxidant properties of buckwheat. Eight flavonoid compounds were quantified and their antioxidant activity determined by FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Of the flavonoid compounds identified rutin was the most abundant, particularly in tartary buckwheat, in which it comprised approximately 90% of total flavonoid content. Flavan-3-ols were detected in common but not tartary buckwheat, and quercetin was detected only in tartary buckwheat. Flavonoid content—in particular, levels of rutin, orientin, and/or epicatechin gallate—was found to influence the total antioxidant activity of buckwheat. Results from this study indicate that antioxidant activity is not only closely associated with flavonoid content, but that different flavonoids contribute differently to the total antioxidant activity of common and tartary buckwheat.     

外源甘草根系分泌物对春小麦产量及品质的影响

为了研究不同甘草根系分泌物对后茬春小麦产量和品质的影响,以宁春55号、宁春50号和农麦4号三个春小麦品种为供试材料,于灌浆期分别喷施甘草根系分泌物草酸、乳酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和蒸馏水(对照组),采用随机裂区设计,分析喷施不同外源甘草根系分泌物对小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重等产量性状及籽粒中蛋白质和7种人体必需氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,3个春小麦品种在DIBP处理下的株高、穗长均显著增高,在草酸处理下的穗粒数和穗粒重均显著增高。在籽粒品质方面,3种外源甘草根系分泌物处理显著降低了宁春55号和宁春50号的籽粒蛋白质含量,乳酸和DIBP处理提高了农麦4号的籽粒蛋白质含量。12种氨基酸含量与蛋白质含量呈正相关关系;不同春小麦品种在相同处理下蛋白质和氨基酸含量的变化规律不同,其中,农麦4号在草酸、乳酸、DIBP处理下赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量均提高,在DIBP和乳酸处理下必需氨基酸占比显著提高。本试验结果对研究甘草根系分泌物对春小麦的影响以及甘草种植地后茬春小麦品种的选择具有积极意义。     

不同氮肥用量下苦荞灌浆特性及根系形态与充实度变化

以苦荞品种‘晋荞2号’为试验材料,设置不同的氮肥处理,研究了氮肥对苦荞灌浆特性、根系形态、农艺性状、充实度及产量的影响。结果表明:中浓度氮肥处理(MN)对晋荞2号籽粒增重效果最显著;籽粒灌浆过程中的实际百粒重、百粒重理论可能最大值(A)、灌浆起始势(R0)、生长速率为最大时的生长量(Wmax·G)及活跃生长期均以MN处理最高;根系长度、表面积、体积均以MN处理最高,根冠比以低浓度氮肥处理(LN)最高;‘晋荞2号’的农艺性状、充实度及产量各指标基本以LN、MN处理最佳。综上所述,中浓度氮肥处理更利于促进苦荞的灌浆进程,进而提高充实度及产量。本研究为苦荞的高产栽培提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

Is barley yield in the UK sink limited?: II. Factors affecting potential grain size

In the absence of serious post-anthesis stress, the potential supply of assimilates for grain filling in barley appears to exceed the storage (sink) capacity of the grains. The sink capacity is a function of the number of grains per unit land area and their potential size. In order to investigate the contribution of pre and early post-anthesis factors in the control of potential grain weight, regression analysis has been used to analyse data from field experiments conducted on winter barley crops cv. Pearl grown at six sites across the UK between 2002 and 2004. Crops were grown under a comparable husbandry regime with a full crop protection, growth regulator and fertilizer programme. The mean grain weight (MGW) varied from 35 to 46 mg at 100% dry matter over 17 site/year combinations. The variation in MGW between site/years was associated with differences in the rate rather than the duration of grain filling. MGW did not relate well to any measure of above ground growth or crop structure at ear emergence (Zadoks GS59). There was a significant positive linear relationship between MGW and the amount of radiation (PAR) intercepted per unit grain number between ear emergence and the start of rapid grain filling (r² = 0.32, P = 0.023), but not over the whole grain filling period. This is consistent with the view that MGW is determined by potential grain size. A multiple regression model comprising five explanatory variables accounted for a much larger proportion of the total variation in MGW (r² = 0.72, P = 0.013) than PAR interception on its own. There were significant positive associations of MGW with post-anthesis radiation use efficiency and PAR intercepted from GS59 to the start of rapid grain growth (RGG), and significant negative associations with the shoot number per plant, mean air temperature from GS39–59 and mean daily rainfall from GS59-RGG. The results suggest that both pre and post-anthesis conditions operate in concert to determine the potential grain weight of barley in temperate climates. The dry weight and water content of grains and ears followed a common pattern during grain growth for all site/years when the percentage moisture content was used as an index to normalise different rates of development. Use of the above data for predicting potential grain weight of barley prior to harvest is discussed.     

不同土壤肥力麦田小麦干物质生产和产量的差异

为明确不同土壤肥力下小麦干物质生产和产量的差异,于2019-2020年小麦生长季,选择了产量潜力分别为10 500 kg·hm^-2和9 000 kg·hm^-2的超高产土壤肥力和高产土壤肥力两种麦田,以济麦22为材料,比较分析了不同土壤肥力麦田小麦的群体动态、干物质生产、籽粒灌浆特性、穗部特征和产量构成的差异。结果表明,与高产土壤肥力相比,超高产土壤肥力增加了小麦拔节至成熟期的干物质积累量及成熟期干物质在籽粒中的分配量,促进了小麦开花前营养器官储存同化物在开花后向籽粒的转运量和开花后的光合物质同化量,提高了收获指数;超高产土壤肥力使籽粒在灌浆中后期维持较高的灌浆速率,延长了活跃灌浆期,提高了粒重。超高产土壤肥力通过增加单位面积的穗数和千粒重,实现小麦高产。     

植物生长调节剂对春玉米子粒建成及产量的影响

以德美亚1号和德美亚2号玉米品种为试验材料,采用大田试验方法,于7展叶期喷施植物生长调节剂激动素和烯效唑,以清水为对照,研究调节剂对玉米子粒建成及产量的调控效应。结果表明,喷施调节剂后第30~39 d,两个处理均显著增加子粒的鲜重、干重、体积和可溶性糖含量。喷药后第48 d,不同品种子粒淀粉含量和淀粉积累量呈不同的变化规律,德美亚1号激动素处理和德美亚2号烯效唑处理的调控效果较好。喷药后第30~48 d,德美亚1号和德美亚2号两个品种子粒转化酶活性呈上升-下降的变化趋势,不同品种间呈相同的变化趋势。植物生长调节剂均显著改善子粒的形态,加快子粒的新陈代谢,扩充子粒库容量,进而提高玉米产量。     

京科968的灌浆特征与产量性能分析

以京科968为材料, 采用春播、夏播2种播期, 设置45 000、60 000、75 000株/hm²共3种密度处理, 对其灌浆特征与产量性能进行分析。结果表明, 粒重与灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_max)、最大灌浆速率(G_max)、活跃灌浆天数(P)呈极显著正相关, 与达到最大灌浆速率的天数(T_max)、灌浆起始势(R₀)呈显著或极显著负相关。平均叶面积指数、穗数、产量与密度呈正相关;平均净同化率、穗粒数、千粒重与密度呈负相关;平均叶面积指数与穗数与产量都呈极显著正相关。     

行距配置对高产冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及淀粉和蛋白质积累的影响

为研究不同行距配置对小麦籽粒发育及淀粉和蛋白质积累的影响,以4个高产冬小麦品种为材料,在河南浚县农业科学研究所超高产攻关田研究了不同行距配置下小麦籽粒灌浆特性及淀粉、蛋白质的积累动态.结果表明,高产小麦籽粒中可溶性糖含量下降与淀粉含量的增加趋势基本吻合,宽窄行种植模式(S1)籽粒中可溶性糖含量较高,且转化利用较快,促进了籽粒淀粉积累.从行距配置看.周麦22籽粒蛋白质含量以等行距种植模式(S2)较高,偃展4110和矮抗58均以S1较高,而豫麦49-198在两种种植模式下无明显差异.籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重和产量则表现为豫麦49-198、周麦22和矮抗58均以S较高,而偃展4110以S2较高.灌浆模型分析表明,灌浆持续天数和最大灌浆速率出现时间是行距配置影响粒重的主要因素.     

Genotypic variation in linear rate of grain growth and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield in wheat

Grain growth in wheat depends on current photosynthesis and stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). In semiarid regions with terminal drought, grain filling in wheat crops may depend more on stem WSC content than on current assimilates. Reduction in grain yield under drought is attributed to shorter duration of linear grain growth despite increased contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. The amount of stem reserves is measured either by changes in stem dry weight (indirect method) or by stem WSC content (direct method). Genotypic variation in the rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield has not been evaluated in wheat. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the relationship between the direct and indirect measurement of stem reserves during and across the grain-filling period and (ii) to measure the extent of genotypic variation in rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. Dry weight, WSC content and grain yield of the main stem were measured at 10-day intervals in 11 diverse wheat genotypes under well-watered and droughted-field conditions across 2 years. Drought reduced stem WSC content from 413 to 281 mg and grain yield from 4.6 to 2.5 t ha⁻¹. Stem WSC content and dry weight were positively correlated. Genotypic differences in linear rate of grain growth were significant in well-watered (ranging from 48.9 to 72.4 mg spike⁻¹ day⁻¹) and in droughted-field (ranging from 33.2 to 59.9 mg spike⁻¹ day⁻¹) conditions. Drought, on average, reduced the linear rate and duration of grain growth by 20 and 50%, respectively. Reduction in linear rate ranged from 13 to 43%. The amount of current assimilates and stem reserves contributed to grain yield was reduced, respectively, by 54 and 11% under drought. Genotypic differences in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield were significant in well-watered (ranging from 19.1 to 53.6%) and in droughted-field (ranging from 36.6 to 65.4%) conditions. The wheat genotypes responded differently to drought. Main spike grain yield was reduced by 43% under drought due to 26 and 11% reduction in grain weight and number of grains, respectively. Grain yield was correlated with linear grain growth under well-watered (r = 0.96) and droughted (r = 0.83) conditions. The genotypic variation observed indicates that breeding for a higher rate of linear grain growth and greater contribution of stem reserves to grain yield should be possible in wheat to stabilize grain yield in stressful environments.     

4个玉米品种氮素利用效率的比较研究

以郑单958、农大108、京单28、京科308为试验材料,研究了不同玉米品种产量、干物重、氮含量、氮利用效率的差异.结果表明:4个玉米品种产量、总吸氮量存在一定程度的差异,氮利用效率差异均不显著.植株干重、子粒氮含量、总吸氮量与产量显著相关,子粒氮含量对产量的直接影响最大.植株干重与子粒氮含量显著相关,植株干重越大子粒氮含量越高;子粒氮含量与植株干重对产量的影响不同品种之间存在差异;氮收获指数与产量呈负相关.