不同浓度钾处理对艳丽草莓生长和果实品质的影响北大核心

研究钾肥的合理使用浓度对不同栽培模式下的草莓生产均具有重要的实践意义。以艳丽草莓为试材,分别在半促成和促成栽培模式下,调查不同浓度K_(2)SO_(4)溶液处理对植株生长、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:在半促成栽培模式下,6mmol/L浓度处理对草莓植株的株高、冠径生长效果最好;10mmol/L浓度处理对叶柄长、叶面积、单株产量和果实品质促进效果最好,果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、最大单果重及3种可溶性糖含量均高于对照及其他处理。在促成栽培模式下,6~12 mmol/L浓度处理均不同程度促进了草莓植株的生长,8 mmol/L浓度处理对单株产量增加效果最好,8~10 mmol/L浓度处理对果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量及最大单果重提高效果最好,10 mmol/L浓度处理对果实3种可溶性糖含量提高效果最好。     

根域容积对柑桔果实品质及土壤养分、微生物和酶的影响

为了开发柑桔根域限制栽培技术,以5年生枳砧宫川温州蜜柑为试材,分别采用50L、100L、150L根域容积进行栽培,以大田栽培为对照,研究了根域容积对柑桔树体营养、果实品质及土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,根域限制使叶片光合速率受到不同程度抑制,100 L及150L根域容积处理春梢叶片的叶面积显著增大,而50L处理与对照差异不显著。根域限制使春梢叶片K含量不同程度降低,而100L根域容积处理叶片N、P元素含量有所增加,成熟期果实N、P、K元素含量则大多低于对照。根域限制可不同程度增加土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效磷及铵态氮的含量,减缓土壤pH值的上升,尤其以150L及100L处理效果更明显。根域限制后,土壤微生物数量未增加甚至减少,而150L及100L处理的脲酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性显著上升。根域限制显著提升了果实的果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖及可溶性固形物含量,提高了品质,尤其以150L及100L处理提高品质更明显。     

遮断紫外线薄膜覆盖对葡萄树体生长发育、果实产量以及品质的影响

用紫外线（UV）遮断薄膜覆盖的大棚进行无加温避雨栽培‘Morgen schon’葡萄,探讨了遮断紫外线对葡萄树体生长、果实发育、品质和产量的影响。由于紫外线的遮断,叶片的气孔数增多、光合速率变快,单位重量叶面积（SLA）变大,光合速率提高,新梢伸长生长旺盛,树体各器官的干物重增加;单位树冠投影面积的果实产量增加（比对照多0.4～0.9 kg/㎡）,果实品质没有显著差别,但成熟采收期延迟3个月左右。     

不同栽培模式对‘艳丽’草莓生长发育及果实性状的影响

为探究不同栽培模式对草莓营养生长及果实性状的影响,以草莓品种‘艳丽’为试材,分别进行促成栽培和半促成栽培,调查不同栽培模式下草莓植株的物候期、生长指标、生理指标、果实产量和果实品质。结果表明:促成栽培模式下草莓开花期、结果期均比半促成栽培模式早60 d左右;而半促成栽培模式下草莓株高、叶面积、地上部分与地下部分干鲜重,都不同程度高于促成栽培模式,生长更旺盛,果实单株产量比促成栽培模式下高21.83%,一级序果平均单果重二者差异不明显;果实品质方面,促成栽培模式好于半促成栽培模式。     

反光膜对山区夏黑葡萄栽培的品质影响

以5年生夏黑葡萄为试材,研究在山区葡萄果实转色期至成熟期铺设银色反光膜对葡萄叶片、果穗和果实品质的影响。结果表明,不管是大棚栽培还是露地栽培,在夏黑葡萄果实转色期铺设银色反光膜均能改善葡萄叶幕下的微环境:降低根系土壤温度,提高叶片温度;增强地面反射光强,增加叶片厚度,提高叶片温度和叶片的叶绿素和氮含量,促进光合作用;提升果实的可溶性固形物含量,降低有机酸含量;降低空气湿度,减少病害发生。就铺设银色反光膜的果实品质增效而言,避雨栽培比露地栽培好。     

山葡萄新品种“雪兰红”单株留果量对果实品质和产量的影响

以山葡萄新品种“雪兰红”为试材,研究了其单株留果量对果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明:随着单株留果量增多,果穗上“小青粒”、果实总酸含量和产量大幅度增高,果穗果粒重量和出汁率大幅度降低.其中单株保留30个果穗产量低无栽培效益,保留90个果穗试验树产量高负载量大,新梢和芽眼成熟度差,导致试验树第2年早春萌芽率低,出现“歇树”和部分植株死蔓,比试验当年减产50.2％.单株保留50～70个果穗,表现果穗紧凑“小青粒”少,果实含糖酸和产量适中,试验当年和第2年稳产.因此,通过试验可以确定,建园株行距1.0m×3.0m单株保留2个主蔓小棚架,单株适宜留果量为50～70个.     

根域限制抑制葡萄树体生长、降低果实品质

据《果树学报》2014年第2期《根域限制对“巨峰”葡萄树体生长、果实品质及内源脱落酸含量的影响》（作者郭蕾萍等）报道,为探讨在根域限制栽培条件下,内源ABA的变化及其与葡萄树体生长及果实发育的关联.以根域限制栽培的3年生“巨峰”葡萄为试材,     

普绿通植物免疫蛋白对有机栽培彩椒的影响

以"黄贵人"彩椒为试材,采用二因素随机区组设计,探究了普绿通植物免疫蛋白对早春日光温室有机栽培条件下彩椒的长势、产量、果实品质及抗病性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比所有处理组在植株长势、产量、果实品质及抗病性方面均有提高。其中苗期施用+定植后叶面喷施+灌根(T2)、苗期不施用+定植后叶面喷施+灌根(T02)处理在单株产量、小区产量、折合667m2产量上显著高于其它处理(P0.05),增产率分别为64.38%、50.20%;维生素C含量分别增加了10.75、9.12mg/100g,显著高于其它处理(P0.05),可溶性固形物含量分别增加了3.04%、2.26%;对蓟马的防效在第7天时分别达到96.9%、90.3%,显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。试验表明,普绿通植物免疫蛋白对提高彩椒植株长势、产量、果实品质及抗病性方面具有重要影响,有机彩椒栽培生产中推荐T2、T02施用方式。     

不同设备加温对大棚栽培藤稔葡萄果实品质及效益的影响

以大棚栽培的6年生藤稔葡萄为试材,进行不同设备加温试验,探讨加温对葡萄物候期、果实品质及效益的影响.结果表明,与不加温(对照)相比,送风加温和熏烟加温处理使萌芽期分别提前34、31天,成熟期分别提前28、15天,使成熟期提早到5月底至6月上旬;单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、着色指数等品质指标均有不同程度提高;每667 m2效益在2万元以上,增效十分明显,且送风加温效果明显优于熏烟加温.     

根域限制栽培对弗雷无核葡萄果实品质的影响

以弗雷无核葡萄为试材,进行根域限制栽培与非根域限制栽培的对比试验,研究限根栽培对葡萄果实品质的影响.结果表明,根城限制栽培明显提高了果实品质.从开花后20 ～50天,果实的总糖含量一直高于对照；维生素C含量显著地高于对照；有机酸含量在开花后20～42天高于对照,之后42 ～70天降幅较大而低于对照:蛋白含量总体高于对照.     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

大棚葡萄栽培生长结果习性调查

调查了大棚栽培的7个葡萄品种的物候期、生长和结果习性、果实经济性状、抗病性和芽眼生产力.结果表明:矢富罗莎、无核白鸡心和红双味3个品种,适宜在大棚内栽培;兴华王、京秀、绯红和里扎马特4个品种表现较差,大棚种植时难度较大.     

Effect of water deficit on Merlot grape tannins and anthocyanins across four seasons

Tannins and anthocyanins impart important sensory attributes and potential health benefits in wine. The effect of water deficits (WDs) on fruit growth, anthocyanins, and skin tannins was investigated in field grown Vitis vinifera L. ‘Merlot’ berries across four seasons (2004, 2005, 2007, and 2008) by imposing deficits from the onset of ripening until maturity. WD reduced berry weight and increased the concentration of anthocyanins all four seasons, and increased the concentration of tannins three of four seasons. Under WD, anthocyanin concentration at harvest (mg/g of berry fresh weight) was 53.0–61.6% greater than in Controls (C), and anthocyanin content (mg/berry) was 28.7–35.3% greater than in C. By contrast, WD increased tannin concentration (mg/g of berry fresh weight) at harvest by 12.6–36.9% compared to C in 2004, 2005, and 2008, and did not influence the concentration in 2007. Tannin content (mg/berry) at harvest was unaffected except in 2004 when it was 25.7% greater than in C. Thus, water deficits consistently increased anthocyanin concentration by increasing content per berry and reducing fruit growth, but increased tannin concentration less and only by reducing fruit growth, except in one year where the tannin content was increased. These results demonstrate that management of vine water deficit during ripening is a much more effective tool to increase anthocyanins than tannins in Merlot grapes.     

节水灌溉对葡萄及葡萄酒质量的影响

 研究了不同灌溉方法对葡萄生长发育、浆果品质和葡萄酒质量的影响。结果表明, 节水灌溉显著改善了土壤结构, 增加了深层土壤的根系密度; 提高了果汁糖含量, 降低了酸含量和全盐含量, 改善了pH 值; 提高了葡萄酒的感官质量, 酒体丰满, 香气浓郁, 滋味更好; 年灌溉用水量3825 ~ 4800m3# hm^-2, 比常规灌溉节水36%。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄适宜树形调查

对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄直立龙干形、倾斜龙干形、多主蔓扇形和斜干水平形4种树形进行产量和质量的比较研究.结果表明:“霞多丽”品种直立龙干形前期667 m2产量高,斜干水平形树形新梢生长健壮、长势一致,冬季修剪、埋土防寒容易,但前期667 m2产量不如龙干形;随着单株产量的提高、浆果可溶性固形物含量下降.“威代尔”与“赤霞珠”品种多主蔓扇形株产高于倾斜龙干形,但浆果可溶性固形物含量低于后者.单壁篱架、倾斜龙干形株产低,而667 m2产量高,浆果可溶性固形物含量也高,有利于酒质提高和植株抗寒越冬,并便于越冬埋土防寒.     

葡萄的“高垂”整形(续)

<正> 二、多主蔓扇形改造高宽垂整形试验 试验一(1981～1985) 1981年于郑州市岔河园林场,在行株距为3×1米的金后品种上改造0.7亩,共4行155株。以该园的18亩和27亩两个小区为对照1和2.     

Gewurztraminer Grapevines Respond to Length of Water Stress Duration

Abstract

Gewurztraminer grapevines planted in 1989 were subjected to one of three durations of water stress (deficits imposed at postbloom, lag phase, veraison) in combination with three vineyard floor management strategies (clean cultivated, total herbicide, permanent sod). Data were gathered on vine performance, fruit composition, and water relations from 1991-96. Yield per vine, cluster weight, and berry weight were reduced linearly with duration of water deficit. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential were likewise reduced with increased duration of water stress. Titratable acidity decreased and pH increased with duration of water stress, but °Brix was unaffected. Decreasing duration of water stress increased free volatile terpenes (FVT) at harvest, as well as increased potentially volatile terpenes (PVT) at both veraison and harvest. Maintaining a permanent sod tended to reduce all yield components, especially berry weight, but basic fruit composition was unaffected. FVT were highest at both veraison and harvest in berries from clean cultivated plots; however, PVT concentration was highest in berries from permanently sodded plots. Permanent sod treatments displayed lowest transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Monitoring physiological response (particularly stomatal conductance) of the plant to reduced soil moisture provides a reliable indication of when to relieve irrigation deficits, as opposed to relying on soil moisture monitoring and/or visual assessment of water stress.     

Cluster Management to Improve Berry Quality in Young ‘Alborz’ Table Grape in the Intermountain West Region,USA

Cluster management in table grapes is an essential cultural practice for production of high quality table grapes. This issue has not been studied in the Intermountain West region in the United States. Thus, the objective of this project was to study the effects of cluster removal, cluster shortening, and vine girdling on yield and quality attributes of ‘Alborz’ table grape during 2012–14 growing seasons. Vines that did not receive cluster removal and cluster cutting (NoClRemNoClCut) tended to have a higher yield but smaller berry weight than those with other cluster managements every year. Vines receiving cluster removal, cluster shortening, and a trunk girdling (ClRemShort&Gird) regime tended to have larger berries and cluster weight than those with other treatments. However, girdled vines were more susceptible to cold damage. Vines receiving cluster removal and cluster shortening had slightly larger berries, better appearance, and marketability than those without cluster removal and without cluster shortening.     

葡萄园生草对葡萄与葡萄酒质量的影响

大多数研究认为,葡萄园生草可有效控制植株的生长势,减少夏季和冬季修剪量,促进根系向土壤深层发展,生草能降低葡萄叶片营养元素含量和葡萄果实产量,可调节葡萄园温度和湿度,改善葡萄园微气候,减少病虫害,提高果实品质,使果实含酸量降低,含糖量和糖酸比升高,同时提高了红葡萄酒中花色素苷、多酚含量及pH,使酒体颜色加深,结构感增强,从而提高葡萄酒的质量。今后应进一步加强葡萄园生草对葡萄与葡萄酒质量影响机理的研究。     

中早熟葡萄新品种‘红枫’

‘红枫’葡萄是以‘巨星’为母本,以‘丰宝’为父本杂交育成的中早熟新品种。果穗圆锥形,单穗质量760 g。果粒圆形,紫红色,单粒质量7 g,皮薄,果肉软,多汁,可溶性固形物15.5%,酸0.46%,风味佳,品质优。在山东潍坊地区7月下旬成熟。丰产,抗性强。