常见动物乳与人乳的营养成分比较分析

乳中富含多种人体所必需的营养成分,对机体的生长发育及免疫功能具有重要作用。除牛乳外,水牛乳、马乳、骆驼乳、山羊乳、驴乳、牦牛乳等特色乳也逐渐进入人们的视野。同时人乳是婴儿最天然的理想食品,是婴儿早期主要的营养物质来源,含有丰富的营养物质及生物活性成分。为了更好的比较7种常见动物乳及人乳的差异性和优势性,本文总结了其在乳糖、乳脂、乳蛋白、矿物质、维生素等营养物质成分方面的差异,发现牦牛乳的蛋白质含量最高,氨基酸种类丰富;马乳的乳糖含量最高;而骆驼乳的乳脂肪含量则较高,水溶性维生素含量也最高;驴乳相比于其他几种常见乳,则具有低脂高糖等特点。     

瘤胃微生物在奶牛乳脂肪合成中的调节作用研究进展

乳脂肪不仅是牛乳的主要成分之一,同时乳脂肪含量也是评价牛乳质量的重要指标.乳脂肪的合成涉及到日粮营养物质通过奶牛机体转化为乳营养成分的复杂生物学过程,受日粮配方、遗传背景、生理状态、瘤胃微生物等多方面的影响.瘤胃微生物可以通过自身合成的酶类对日粮进行降解,进而对乳脂肪合成前体物质的生成和利用起到一定的调节作用,乳脂肪前...     

饲粮组成对牛乳中乳蛋白及乳脂肪合成与调控机理影响的研究进展

牛乳中的营养物质对人类健康有着相当大的益处,乳蛋白和乳脂肪作为牛乳营养品质的物质基础,还与奶牛生产性能息息相关,受到人们的广泛关注。本文从牛乳中基本营养物质的种类和功能出发,重点介绍了饲粮组成的改变及添加植物提取物、微量元素、微生态制剂等对乳蛋白及乳脂肪合成与调控机理的影响,为科学合理地调整饲粮营养组成,提高牛乳中乳蛋白率和乳脂率提供理论依据。     

牦牛乳营养组分及功能特性研究进展

牦牛是一种稀有动物资源,主要分布在青藏高原地区。牦牛产奶量低,但牦牛乳营养丰富,蛋白质、脂肪和乳糖含量高于荷斯坦牛乳,且富含其他多种营养素。牦牛特殊的生长环境赋予牦牛乳耐缺氧、抗疲劳、抗氧化等生理活性。本文对牦牛的产奶性能以及牦牛乳营养组分和功能特性的研究现状进行阐述,为我国牦牛乳的开发应用提供理论参考。     

光诱导乳脂肪氧化的研究进展

脂肪是牛乳中重要的营养成分之一,其中的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸容易被氧化.随着市场上越来越多透明包装的出现,光诱导乳脂肪的氧化成为导致牛乳品质劣化及酸败的重要原因之一,这不仅影响牛乳风味,而且氧化产物对人类健康造成巨大威胁.本文综述乳脂肪光氧化的机理、主要影响因素及评价方法.为抑制乳制品光氧化、保证乳制品质量...     

Metabolic reactions of calves to the feeding with Laktosan or unpasteurized whole milk]

The acid-base and other metabolic reactions to nutrition with Laktosan produced by two feed plants and with unpasteurized whole milk after transport to a dairy plant were studied in calves up to the ninth week of age. Laktosan feeding reduces the metabolic component of the acid-base balance; the use of a lower-quality Laktosan mixture, containing drum-dried milk, gives a picture of metabolic acidosis lasting about 11 days. The changes are cuased by an increased intensity of dissimilation, by the release of metabolic H+, and, in part, by the loss of bases during diarrhoea. With the use of low-quality Laktosan, the utilization of the nutrients of the feed ration is much lower than the utilization of the nutrients of unpasteurized milk or high-quality Laktosan. The use of high-quality Laktosan causes much lower acid-base changes, far from reaching pathological values. At the same time, the utilization of nutrients is higher than with the use of unpasteurized milk. This milk which cannot be considered microbially or chemically undamaged offers no advantages from the health-condition and economic point of view. The facts, revealed by the study, emphasize the high health and economic importance of the production of calf feed mixtures. At the same time the results show that enither milk nor Laktosan feeding provides enough magnesium for the calves to grow. Other metabolic aspects of different calf nutrition are discussed.     

Milk substitutes and the hand rearing of orphan puppies and kittens

Growth in puppies and kittens during the suckling period is briefly reviewed. The nutrients required for this are discussed, as is their provision in bitch and queen milk. The use of milk substitutes in the rearing of orphan puppies and kittens is considered. The composition of a variety of milk substitute diets is determined, and the nutritive value of each product assessed.     

The Effects of Mixed Fruit Flavor Meal on Epithelial Cell Growth and Cycle as well as Milk Composition in Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cell

Introduction Milk favored by consumers because milk contain a large number of nutrients,such as protein,amino acids,fat,lactose,a variety of vitamins,immune activity factors,essential minerals and trace elements and so on,and the proportion of these nutrients is very reasonable and easy to digest and absorb,so milk is nearly a perfect food.     

鲜牛奶营养评价与FOP标签方案

为指导消费者选购整体营养价值高的鲜牛奶,以及优化鲜牛奶供给结构,本文借鉴瑞典锁孔(Keyhole)标识、较健康选择标志、指引星标签、选择标识、NuVal评分标签的营养素度量法以及评价鲜牛奶的营养成分、信息显示形式等国外实践经验,构建富含营养素食物(NRF)9.3模型,对《中国食物成分表》(第6版第2册)收录的鲜牛奶(全...     

全混合日粮对奶牛生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

实验研究了不同精粗比全混合日粮对奶牛生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响。实验选用了30头奶牛,根据产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次相近的原则分为5组。试验结果表明,随着全混合日粮中精料比例的增加,奶牛产奶量、4%标准乳产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳糖量、乳固形物产量和乳非脂固形物产量可显著提高(P<0.05),日粮养分中除粗脂肪外,其余各养分的表观消化率均随着日粮精料比例的增加而增加(P<0.05)。     

营养素调控奶牛乳蛋白合成的研究进展

乳蛋白含有机体几乎所有的必需氨基酸,有较高的营养价值。随着蛋白质营养研究的深入,如何提高乳蛋白的产量,改善乳品质已成为当今研究的热点。本文从营养素角度,对碳水化合物、氨基酸及小肽三方面对奶牛乳蛋白合成调控的影响做综述。     

乳粥甜品强化营养素的可行性分析

以乳粥甜品为研究对象,研究了强化B族维生素、VA、VD、VE、牛磺酸、β-胡萝卜素的可行性.对乳粥甜品的制备原理和工艺进行了研究,并考察样品在室温、37、55℃贮藏环境中,强化营养素的稳定性,结果表明:各种营养素具有良好的稳定性,乳粥甜品是营养素强化的良好载体.市场调查表明乳粥甜品整体口味接受度较高,可以作为儿童青少年平衡膳食、补充能量的健康食品.     

巴氏杀菌乳特点及饮用价值综述

牛乳及其制品是健康膳食的重要组成部分,食用未经高温消毒或超高温灭菌的牛乳,由于病原菌的污染可能造成对人体的健康危害或致使营养损失过高.本文综述巴氏灭菌是保持牛乳营养、提高微生物安全性的有效方法,旨在说明巴氏杀菌乳更加适合饮用.     

母乳蛋白质组研究进展

母乳是人类及所有哺乳动物生命最初阶段的唯一食物,乳蛋白质是乳中最重要的营养物质,近年来随着蛋白质组学技术的发展及其在乳蛋白质研究中的应用,人类对乳蛋白质的组成、分泌调控及其中的过敏蛋白原等的认识越来越深入.本文对蛋白质组学在乳蛋白质的全面鉴定、乳蛋白质分泌调控以及乳中过敏原分析鉴定方面的研究策略和进展进行综述,以提高人类对乳蛋白质组相关生物学过程的认识.     

Endocrinology of milk production

The physiology of lactation includes development of the mammary gland from the foetal to the adult stage, further development during pregnancy and onset of lactation, with the accompanying metabolic and behavioural adaptation. At the onset of pregnancy the endocrine system undergoes dramatic changes. The growth of the mammary gland is stimulated by growth hormone and prolactin, adrenocortical steroids, oestrogens and progesterone, and that of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by gastrin, CCK and secretin. The onset of lactation is accompanied by increases in the blood volume, cardiac output, mammary blood flow and blood flow through the GI-tract and liver, aiming to provide the udder with nutrients and hormones for regulation of milk synthesis. Food intake and distribution of nutrients to the mammary gland are partially regulated by hormones as well as the repartitioning of nutrients away from body stores towards the udder. To improve milk production, administration of growth hormone has been practised, but also much discussed. Besides central mechanisms, local mechanisms within the mammary gland regulate initiation of lactation, maintenance, regulation of blood flow and mammary gland cell apoptosis. Most of the milk in a filled dairy cow udder is stored in the alveolar compartments. The milk ejection reflex must be activated to gain access to the udder milk, i.e. oxytocin contracts the myoepithelial cells. Recent studies show that vasopressin may also elicit milk ejection. More efficient oxytocin release is achieved if the cows are fed during milking. Beyond milk let down, oxytocin influences maternal behaviour and metabolism. Furthermore, it has been indicated that suckling or milking activates a vagal reflex, which may link the milk production to the endocrine system of the GI-tract. The question has been raised whether the mammary gland is a supporting or consuming organ.     

骆驼乳生物资源与营养价值

骆驼是一种独特的动物,其艰难的生长环境赋予了骆驼乳独特的营养价值与功能特性。本文对骆驼乳组分进行了详细分析,发现骆驼乳营养丰富——蛋白质特别是保护性蛋白、维生素和矿物质含量都明显高于牛乳;不饱和脂肪酸比例较高、不含过敏原β-乳球蛋白。目前我国对骆驼乳的研究还很有限,但随着消费者们对骆驼乳认识的深入,骆驼乳制品的全面发展将会进一步加快。     

特色乳的功能活性研究进展

与牛乳相比,特色乳的营养物质含量丰富,具有多种生物活性,如抗菌活性、抗肿瘤活性和缓解疲劳作用等,但消费者对特色乳的营养价值了解较少,其产量、市场占比与消费量均较低.目前特色乳研究主要集中在对营养成分的分析及单一的功能活性,忽略了特色乳中所有功效成分的整体效果,对特色乳的功能活性成分、生理作用及作用机制缺少系统研究.本文...     

The role of conserved forages in the nutrition of the dairy cow

Forages are universally popular ingredients in dairy rations because of (1) their agronomic properties, (2) their economy as sources of energy and essential nutrients, and (3) their physiological role in digestion. The contribution that forages make in support of milk production is limited by the cow's capacity for feed intake, especially in early lactation. While varying greatly from cow to cow, feed intake is more highly correlated to daily milk yield in mid-lactation than earlier. Factors affecting intake of forage are discussed. Early harvesting in combination with proper conservation are shown to maximize the potential of forage for supporting milk production.The effects of forage quality and quantity in mixed diets are discussed in relation to rumen fermentation and milk yield response. It is emphasized that although liberal grain feeding is needed to attain high milk yield, restricted forage allowance may seriously affect milk yield and milk composition. It is concluded that the importance of forages generally declines compared to concentrates with increased milk production but that liberal feeding of high quality forages is needed to maintain normal digestion and high milk yield under practical farm conditions.     

奶牛日粮营养物质的作用及其配比研究进展

论文综述了奶牛日粮中各种营养物质（碳水化合物、粗蛋白质、脂肪、维生素与矿物质）对奶牛健康、泌乳力及乳品质影响的研究结果,阐述了这些营养物质的营养功能与作用机制。这些资料可为合理配制日粮、改善泌乳牛养殖状况、提高产乳水平与乳质量提供参考。