马蔺ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

以内蒙古呼和浩特市近郊野生马蔺DNA为模板,采用均匀设计,通过5因素5水平和5因素3水平两轮均匀优化试验,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的一些因素(Mg2+、dNTP、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶和模板DNA浓度等)进行优化筛选,建立了适合马蔺的最佳ISSR-PCR反映体系:在25μl反应体系中,包括2.5μl 10×PCR Buffer、2.0mmol/L Mg2+、2.5μmol/L dNTP、1μmol/L引物1、.5U TaqDNA聚合酶、50ng模板DNA。在此基础上对扩增程序中的循环次数、退火温度进行筛选,获得的扩增程序为:94℃预变性3min;然后进行40个循环(94℃变性45s,52.3～60.5℃退火30s,72℃延伸1.5 min);循环结束后,72℃延伸5min。     

鸭茅SRAP反应体系的建立与优化

为了为鸭茅分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据,研究采用L16(45)正交试验设计,对相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)-PCR反应体系中的4种主要参数(Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物)进行了分析。结果表明:建立的鸭茅SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U、Mg2+1.5 mmol/L、dNTP 250μmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L,总体积为25μL。最佳PCR循环条件为94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性1 min,35℃复性1 min,72℃延伸1 min,共5个循环;94℃变性1 min,52℃复性1 min,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;最后72℃延伸10 min;4℃保存。     

正交设计优化星星草ISSR-PCR反应体系研究

采用正交设计法优化适合于星星草的ISSR体系,对影响ISSR-PCR的多个因素,包括引物浓度、Taq酶的用量、Mg2 和dNTP浓度进行了比较、优化;同时又对DNA模板浓度,PCR扩增程序中的退火温度及循环次数进行了筛选.结果确定了星星草ISSR PCR反应体系的最佳方案为:PCR扩增程序,94℃预变性5min;进行40个循环的94℃变性45s,55℃复性45 s,72℃延伸2 min;72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存.20μl反应体系包括10%buffer 2μl、模板DNA60ng、dNTP 100μmol/L、TaqDNA聚合酶1.5U、引物0.8mmol/L、Mg2 2.0mmol/L.     

东方蜜蜂ISSR反应体系的建立及优化

以东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)为材料,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的因素如模版DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物的浓度及退火温度进行了研究.确立了适合东方蜜蜂ISSR扩增的反应体系:25IX L反应体系中最适含量为:10×PCR buffer 2.5μL,2.5mmol/L MgCl2,0.2 mmol/L dNTPs,1UTaqDNA聚合酶,0.4 pmol/μL引物,20～40 ng模板DNA.PCR反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性1 min,52.3℃(引物UBC811优化后的退火温度,退火温度随引物不同而定)退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,35个循环,72℃再延伸5 min,在4℃保存.优化体系的建立为进一步利用ISSR分子标记技术进行东方蜜蜂遗传多样性研究奠定了基础.     

白羊草ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交试验与单因素、双因素设计结合的方法,对白羊草ISSR-PCR反应体系的Mg2+、dNTP、模板DNA、Taq DNA聚合酶及引物5种主要因素进行优化。确立了白羊草最佳反应体系及扩增程序:25μL体系中dNTP 0.2mmol/L、Taq酶1.0U、引物0.6μmol/L、Mg2+2.5mmol/L、DNA模板30ng、10×PCR Buffer 2.5μL;扩增程序:94℃预变性5min,94℃变性45s,50～60℃(退火温度随引物不同而定)退火60s,72℃延伸90s,共35个循环,72℃后延伸5min。     

紫花苜蓿ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

通过优化影响紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)ISSR-PCR的主要参数,建立适于紫花苜蓿的ISSR反应体系和扩增程序。在20μL体系中各反应物的最适含量为:15 ng模板DNA,0.2 mmol/L dNTP,0.4μmol/L ISSR引物,0.8 U Taq DNA聚合酶,2μL 10×PCR Buffer,1.5 mmol/L MgCl₂,2.5%去离子甲酰胺。PCR扩增程序为:94℃预变性4 min,94℃变性30 s,62℃(62℃~58℃)退火45 s,72℃延伸1 min 45 s,共11个循环,每个循环退火温度降1℃;94℃变性30 s,52℃(52℃~48℃)退火45 s,72℃延伸1 min 45 s,共24个循环;72℃延伸5 min,25℃保温。     

多花胡枝子基因组DNA提取与RAPD反应体系优化

以多花胡枝子干种子、萌发种子及开花期叶片三种材料提取基因组DNA,其中开花期叶片用CTAB法提取、干种子和萌发种子用SDS法提取的DNA均用于RAPD研究。结果表明,叶片基因组DNA的RAPD扩增最佳反应体系是:DNA模板用量为75ng,Mg²⁺浓度2.1mmol/L,dNTP浓度200μmol/L,随机引物浓度为0.2pm/μL,10×buffer2.5uL,TaqDNA聚合酶1.5个单位,反应总体积25uL;扩增反应程序:94℃预变性3min;94℃变性30s,36℃退火30s,72℃延伸1min,循环45次,72℃延伸10min。     

小叶锦鸡儿SSR-PCR体系优化及应用

为建立适宜小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）SSR PCR的反应体系,利用正交试验设计L16(45),对模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度进行五因素四水平优化筛选,确立最佳反应体系和扩增程序。即在25 μL反应体系中包括：40 ng模板DNA,3 mmol/L Mg2+,300 μmol/L dNTP,0.6 μmol/L引物,1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,1×Buffer。扩增反应程序为：94℃10 min;94℃ 45 s,65℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min,10个循环,每循环的复性温度递减1℃;94℃ 45 s,55℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min,30个循环;72℃ 10 min,4℃保存。应用该优化体系对小叶锦鸡儿种质资源及不同引物进行了检验及筛选。本研究表明,该体系的建立为今后利用SSR标记对小叶锦鸡儿属遗传多样性研究、遗传图谱构建及种质资源鉴定等研究工作提供依据。     

早熟禾ISSR反应体系的优化

以早熟禾基因组DNA为模板.利用正交设计,对影响ISSR反应体系的主要因素(Mg2+、dNTP、Taq酶)从4个水平上进行筛选和优化,建立了适合早熟禾的最佳ISSR反应体系:25μl反应体系中1.25U Taq酶、1.5mmol/L Mg2+,10×PCR Buffer 2.5μl、0.4 mmol/L dNTP、1μl引物、1μl DNA模板.扩增程序为:94℃预变性3min;94℃变性30s,56.4℃退火30s,72℃延伸1min,循环35次;72℃延伸7min,4℃保存.在此反应体系下,可以得到重复性好、稳定且多态性高的条带.     

燕麦ISSR反应体系的建立与优化

以10个燕麦品种的基因组DNA为模板,从退火温度、TaqDNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物5个方面对ISSR分子标记体系进行摸索并设计优化试验,建立了一套燕麦ISSR优化反应体系,即:25μl反应体系中,18.3μlddH2O,2.5μl 10×buffer,2.0μmol/L Mg2+,250μmol/L dNTP,1.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶,0.3μmol/L引物,10ng DNA模板。反应程序为:94℃预变性3 min;94℃变性30s,55℃退火30s,72℃延伸1 min,34个循环;72℃延伸5 min,4℃保存。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.