土壤原生生物的生态功能及其影响因素

【目的】土壤原生生物是指土壤中除植物、动物和真菌以外的所有真核生物,具有明显的系统发育和功能多样性特征,是地下生态系统的关键组成部分之一。与原核生物(细菌与古菌)和真菌相比,原生生物在土壤食物网中的作用常被忽视。本文系统论述了土壤原生生物的多样性及其生态功能,并综述了土壤养分、水分、pH、温度、重金属、微塑料等因子对土壤原生生物的影响,旨在阐明原生生物对土壤养分转化、土壤食物网和植物健康的生态作用及对主要环境因子的响应。【进展】土壤原生生物的数量、大小与形态各异,且营养级类群多样性丰富,它们可作为光合藻类、微生物捕食者、植物与动物的寄生者,在土壤食物网中扮演重要角色。光合型原生生物除潜在提高土壤氧浓度外,对陆地生态系统的碳储存具有重要贡献。消费型原生生物可通过捕食改变微生物群落,推动土壤微生物环,抑制植物病害,并提高植物性能。寄生型原生生物常被认为对宿主具有负面效应,如改变动物多样性,并引起植物病害。然而,寄生型原生生物对推动养分(如磷)循环也有贡献,且对植物的叶际细菌具有生防功能。总的来看,原生生物推动了陆地生态系统物质循环与能量流动向更高营养级的转移,并在土壤食物网中占据中心位置,...     

PLFAs稳定同位素技术及其在土壤微生物学中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)是微生物细胞膜的重要组分,可作为活体微生物的生物标记物。稳定同位素技术与生物标记物相结合为揭示微生物种群结构及其功能提供了一种有效的方法,可用来阐明复杂土壤生态系统中微生物源有机质代谢途径以及个别微生物种群特征,将特定微生物种群与相应生物化学过程相联系。介绍了PLFAs稳定同位素分析技术,包括气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比例质谱(GC-c-IRMS),气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)以及核磁共振(NMR),并描述上述方法在土壤微生物学中的应用以及其优缺点。     

13C标记磷脂脂肪酸分析在土壤微生物生态 研究中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)是微生物细胞膜的重要组成成分,不同微生物群落可通过不同生化途径合成不同的PLFA,因此可选择某些PLFA作为微生物群落结构变化的生物标志物。PLFA与稳定性同位素~(13)C标记(~(13)C-PLFA)技术结合,不仅能够确定原位土壤环境中微生物群落组成,而且能够定向发掘土壤生态系统中参与碳源代谢过程的微生物群落,提供复杂群落中土壤微生物相互作用的信息,具有广阔的应用前景。其基本原理为:将富集~(13)C稳定同位素的基质加入土壤中,土壤中的某些微生物群落利用基质~(13)C合成PLFA,提取并纯化土壤微生物的PLFA,利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比例质谱(GC-C-IRMS)测定其~(13)C丰度,通过对比分析,从而获取微生物群落组成与其功能的直接信息。本文在介绍了~(13)C-PLFA原理的基础上,综述了该技术在光合同化碳的根际微生物利用、土壤有机质分解的激发效应、甲烷氧化、有机污染物降解、外源简单碳源和外源复杂碳源的微生物利用等方面的应用,对此项技术的优缺点进行了分析并展望了其未来应用。     

15N同位素稀释技术和示踪技术在森林土壤N素研究中的应用

森林土壤N素形态、N库动态及其运移转化特征备受关注。采用稳定性~(15)N同位素稀释技术和示踪技术测定森林土壤总N转化速率和~(15)N回收率,可以揭示森林土壤N素特别是无机N的运移转化规律和持留机制。由此可见,稳定性~(15)N同位素技术在森林土壤N循环研究中的作用举足轻重。基于此,介绍~(15)N同位素稀释技术测定土壤总N转化速率的基本原理和~(15)N同位素示踪技术研究土壤N素运移规律的基本思路,并简要列举了稳定性~(15)N同位素技术和示踪技术在森林土壤N素转化、运移和持留机制研究中的应用实例,同时指出此法的不足和应用前景。     

沈阳城市河流生态系统健康评价研究

考虑反映城市河流生态系统的水量、水质、河岸带、水生生物与物理结构等5个方面的因素,构建了城市河流生态系统健康评价指标体系。城市河流生态系统健康评价模型采用模糊综合评判模型,各指标权重利用层次分析法确定。根据评价指标的选择原则,选取8个评价指标,提出了5级评价标准,对浑河沈阳段2009年的河流生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明：浑河沈阳段处于不健康状态。通过对比模型计算,验证了该模型的可靠性。     

磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环中的应用

磷是土壤生态系统中的重要组成元素,开展土壤磷循环研究对提高磷肥利用效率和降低磷的生态环境风险具有重要意义。磷酸盐氧同位素技术已经被证明是一种示踪环境中磷生物地球化学行为的有效方法。本文系统综述了磷酸盐氧同位素技术的研究进展和未来发展方向。详细介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素的技术原理、样品处理和测定方法;阐述了无机磷和有机磷的氧同位素特征及时空分布特征;从评估土壤磷微生物利用状况和示踪土壤磷循环两个方面探讨了磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环研究中的应用前景,分析了磷来源、环境条件、生物活动和样品前处理过程对土壤磷酸盐氧同位素特征的影响,最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向。以期为磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤学和环境科学领域的发展和应用提供新的视角和科学指导。     

茹河流域固原二期工程水土保持生态价值评价

根据茹河流域固原二期水土保持工程项目实施后的生态系统特征和生态系统服务的内涵,选取土壤保持、涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化空气、保护生物多样性等5项指标,运用市场价值法、费用替代法、影子工程法、机会成本法等对该工程项目的生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估。结果表明,项目实施以来,生态系统总服务价值5a累计增加了85 293.09万元。在生态系统各项服务功能价值的贡献中,保持和改良土壤价值量最大(48.86%),几乎占生态服务总价值的1/2,其次是保持和涵养水源价值量(30.16%)、固碳释氧价值量(14.96%)、维持生物多样性价值量(3.70%)、净化空气价值量(2.31%)。研究表明,茹河流域固原二期项目的实施,在保护环境、治理水土流失等方面具有显著作用。     

2001-2015年青藏高原草地碳源/汇时空变化及其与气候因子的关系

净生态系统生产力(NEP)是估算区域植被碳源/汇的重要指标。以青藏高原为研究区,基于光能利用率模型,利用遥感数据、气象数据和基础地理数据测算了2001—2015年草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP),同时,应用土壤呼吸模型估算了逐月平均土壤呼吸量(Rs),进而估算青藏高原草地净生态系统生产力(NEP)。研究揭示了2001—2015年青藏高原草地生态系统NPP,NEP时空格局及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)2001—2015年,青藏高原草地生态系统整体表现为碳汇,平均净碳汇总量为1.82×1014 gC/a;(2)2001—2015年青藏高原草地生态系统NEP呈波动增加趋势,年平均值为120.8gC/(m2·a),年平均增长率为0.7gC/(m2·a);(3)研究区草地NPP与温度、降水相关性不显著,NEP与降水、温度均呈负相关。     

不同烘干方式对茶叶中稳定同位素特征及其产地溯源的影响

茶叶中稳定同位素特征检测和溯源技术是政府职能部门市场监管和保护地理标志产品的重要手段,为评估不同烘干方式对茶叶中稳定同位素特征的影响,考察茶叶产地溯源的有效性及判别模型的稳定性,本试验通过元素分析仪联用同位素比质谱(EA-IRMS)测定5种烘干方式(烘箱直接杀青烘干、微波杀青扁形机烘干、微波杀青烘箱烘干、扁形机杀青直接烘干和扁形机杀青摊晾烘干)下西湖龙井茶(龙井群体种)中4种稳定同位素比值(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N、δ~2H和δ~(18)O),采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和椭圆置信区间(EJCR)测试探讨不同烘干方式下西湖龙井茶中单个和多个稳定同位素比率的差异性。单因素方差分析结果表明,不同的烘干方式可能导致茶叶中单个稳定同位素比率出现较大变化,但多因素椭圆置信区间测试表明5种烘干方式西湖龙井茶间并不存在显著性差异。基于此,建立西湖龙井茶与山东、重庆产区茶叶δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N、δ~2H和δ~(18)O的线性判别分析(LDA)模型,2 000次随机循环,3个产区茶叶判别准确度均高达90.0%以上,充分验证了溯源的有效性及判别模型的稳定性。本研究结果为茶叶原产地保护提供了理论基础与应用可行性。     

放牧干扰对若尔盖高寒湿地不同水生生物δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N的影响

为了解畜牧业发展对若尔盖湿地水生生物类群的影响,本试验设置了A(对照组),B(影响组I),C(影响组II)3个样点,应用稳定同位素技术并结合多维尺度(MDS)等方法研究了若尔盖湿地影响组与对照组之间不同水生生物类群δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值。结果表明,初级生产者POM(颗粒有机物)样品(主要成分为藻类)δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值分别为-26.39‰~-21.17‰,3.68‰~6.61‰;浮游动物(枝角类)δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值分别为-25.69‰~-23.43‰、3.19‰~9.53‰;软体动物泉膀胱螺δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值分别-28.00‰~-22.30‰、5.19‰~9.27‰,钩虾为-28.57‰~-26.87‰、7.36‰~8.06‰;鱼类样品中高原鳅δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值分别-30.83‰~-27.01‰、6.41‰~10.02‰,黄河裸裂尻为-26.89‰~-25.95‰、10.24‰~10.89‰。其中不同组间POM样品和浮游动物δ~(13)C值变化不明显,而其δ~(15)N值变化极显著。因此,若尔盖湿地食物网中,氮稳定性同位素信号能较灵敏地反映放牧干扰信息,与软体动物、鱼类相比,POM、浮游动物更适合作为该区域环境评价的指示物种。放牧干扰已经对若尔盖湿地POM、浮游动物等产生了一定的影响,因此,控制若尔盖湿地放牧规模和减少动物粪便的流入量,对于保护若尔盖湿地生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。     

Biodiversity in soil ecosystems: the role of energy flow and community stability

In a series of community food webs from native and agricultural soils, we modeled energetics and stability, and evaluated the role of the various groups of organisms and their interactions in energy flow and community stability. Species were aggregated into functional groups based on their trophic position in the food webs. Energy flow rates among the groups were calculated by a model using observations on population sizes, death rates, specific feeding preferences and energy conversion efficiencies. From the energetic organization of the communities we derived the strengths of the mutual effects among the populations. These interaction strengths were found to be patterned in a way that is important to community stability. The patterning consisted of the simultaneous occurrence of strong top down effects at lower trophic levels and strong bottom up effects at higher trophic levels. These patterns resulted directly from the empirical data we used to parameterize the model, as we found no stabilizing patterns with random but plausible parameter values. Also, the impact of each individual interaction on community stability was established. This analysis showed that some interactions had a relatively strong impact on stability, whereas other interactions had only a small impact. These impacts on stability were neither correlated with energy flow nor with interaction strength. Comparison of the seven food webs showed that these impacts were sometimes connected to particular groups of organisms involved in the interaction, but sometimes they were not, which might be due to different trophic positions in the food webs. We argue that future research should be directed to answer the question which energetic properties of the organisms form the basis of the patterning of the interaction strengths, as this would improve our understanding of the interrelationships between energetics, community stability, and hence the maintenance of biological diversity.     

Bacteria and microbial-feeders modify the performance of a decomposer fungus

We studied whether the presence of a bacterium can affect the functioning or stability of simple fungal-based decomposer food chains. We constructed microcosms with 60 g washed mineral soil and four different food webs: (1) a fungus (Cladosporium herbarum) alone; (2) a fungus and a fungal-feeding nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.); (3) a fungus and a bacterium (Escherichia coli); and (4) a fungus, a bacterium, a fungal- and a bacterial-feeding nematode (Aphelenchoides sp. and Acrobeloides tricornus). Glucose was supplied as the sole carbon source. One replicate set of microcosms was kept at −2°C for the sixth and seventh week as an experimental disturbance. The microcosms were destructively sampled 10 times for food web effects (non-disturbed controls) and three times for freezing treatment. Fungal biomass growing alone was less efficient (i.e. it had higher respiration rate per unit biomass) than the other food webs. This did not, however, result in the greatest C loss in the long term, because the fungal biomass declined when growing alone. Presence of the bacterium increased the decomposition of dissolved organic carbon as much as the presence of the fungal-feeder, but their effects were not additive. Ammonium nitrogen concentration of the medium was higher in systems containing bacteria. Nematode populations and the bacterial biomass were not sensitive to the disturbance of freezing. Although the freezing disturbance decreased total fungal biomass in the absence of the bacterial energy channel, dissolved organic carbon decomposition was only incidentally retarded. In spite of their distinct role in the system functioning, the bacteria did not significantly alter the stability properties of the system. Thus, our results contradict some recent food-web based decomposition models, which predict that the effects of parallel energy channels on decomposition are additive. We discuss nutrient limitation and the dependence of fungal properties on the food-web configuration as explanations for the contradiction of theory and data. We did not find evidence supporting a hypothesis that an additional energy channel should stabilize flow through a food web, and hence decomposition. This is explained by high resilience of the reference system with a fungus alone, and by redundancy, i.e. the fact that the fungal-feeding nematode induced similar changes in the fungus than the bacterium.     

侵蚀区植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳稳定性的研究进展

探究土壤有机碳(SOC)的组成、来源和稳定性机制是深入认识陆地碳汇功能和应对气候变化的关键。"增加土壤碳汇"与"稳定现存土壤碳汇"都是提升陆地生态系统碳固持能力的重要方面,地位同等重要。与"增汇"研究成果丰硕相比,"稳汇"研究相对薄弱。侵蚀区进行植被恢复可以显著促进SOC积累,但由于侵蚀区存在碳素坡面侵蚀损失,其碳素积累效率低于其他生态系统类型区这一重要环节,导致目前有关侵蚀区及其水土保持植被恢复过程中SOC动态变化、稳定性及固持长期有效性等问题尚不清楚,微生物介导的SOC稳定机制尚未充分揭示。通过简要概括侵蚀区植被恢复过程中土壤碳素的积累效益和影响因素,综述植被恢复对土壤SOC及其活性组分稳定性的影响;在简要介绍土壤微生物在调控土壤碳素稳定性重要作用的基础上,梳理了基于微生物"碳泵"理论的土壤有机碳稳定性研究进展,特别是指出了随着植被恢复进程,侵蚀区土壤微生物介导的SOC动态变化,总结现有研究的不足。指出今后需要从研究对象(重点是西南石漠化区和南方红壤丘陵区)、研究内容(土壤微生物介导的SOC稳定状态和机制)、研究手段(借用微生物碳泵的理念,野外典型样地调查与室内培养手段相结合)和研究土层(20 cm以下深层次土壤)4个方面加强研究,以期对相关领域起到一定程度的推动作用。     

Potential drivers of spatial structure of leaf-litter food webs in south-western European beech forests

Spatial heterogeneity – in terms of topography, and macro- and microclimatic conditions, among others – results in habitat diversity, which in turn may promote species diversity. Thus, the spatial structure (i.e. spatial variance partitioning at different scales and spatial arrangement of drivers of abundance) of the different feeding guilds within food webs may reflect relevant differences in the way populations interact and how these interactions affect ecosystem processes. Our study focuses on the spatial distribution of animals living in the leaf litter layer of beech forests in the National Parks of northern Spain, across sites which differ in precipitation. Using Generalised Linear Mixed Models we estimated the spatial variance components at different scales and for three feeding guilds in leaf litter food webs: saprophagous and microphytophagous mesofauna, saprophagous macrofauna and zoophagous macrofauna. We found that the only consistently significant source of variation for the three feeding guilds was that at the level of “among valleys within Parks”, which, among other potential explanations, could reflect meso-climatic differences among valleys. We also studied which factors may control spatial variation in these food webs through a model selection approach. Controlling for all other relevant factors, we still found strong differences in abundances among National Parks. Also, invertebrates were more abundant in micro-sites located at the base of slopes – where nutrients and water accumulate – than in micro-sites located on the slopes – which, due to surface runoff, are drier and accumulate fewer nutrients. Also, as found in beech forests of Central Europe, limestone sites have higher abundances of fauna than siliceous sites with lower pH. The macro- and micro-scale dependence of these food webs on water availability could have important consequences for the persistence of these forests under global warming.     

基于生态服务功能提升的高标准农田建设的分区方法

耕地生态服务功能与生产功能同步提升是"新时代"高标准农田建设主要目标,而面向生态服务功能提升的高标准农田分区及调控设计是生态型农田建设有效实施的根本前提。论文以榆中县为例,首先运用生态系统服务功能与权衡交易综合评价模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs,InVEST)对研究区生境质量、土壤保持、碳固持和食物供给四种生态系统服务功能进行评估,分析各类生态系统服务空间分异规律,明确各研究单元低值生态服务类型;其次,对影响区域生态系统服务功能的障碍因素进行识别,将其划分为可调控与不可调控2种类型;第三,通过构建高标准农田建设措施与生态系统服务功能间的关系框架,结合可调控的障碍因素,确定不同区域高标准农田建设主导方向,进而提出生态型高标准农田建设分区方法及调控措施。研究指出,生态型高标准农田建设分区可以有效促进"田、水、路、林"各项工程措施的生态效应发挥,是实现生态服务功能和生产功能同步提升、目标融合的有效模式,可以为生态文明建设的理论思考和实践创新提供重要依据。     

我国湿地碳循环的研究进展

湿地生态系统的碳循环正成为全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的一大热点,在稳定全球气候变化中占有重要地位,其重要性主要表现在湿地土壤是陆地重要的有机碳库,土壤碳密度高,能够相对长期地储存碳,是多种温室气体的源和汇。目前湿地碳循环的研究主要集中在碳循环的影响因素方面,对我国湿地土壤有机碳储存的变化及其空间分布规律的特点研究较少。本文通过文献综述,研究我国不同气候区湿地土壤有机碳的储存变化及空间分布规律,对于了解湿地土壤有机碳的储存特点及其与陆地生态系统碳循环的关系,评价和保护湿地生态系统都具有重要的科学意义。     

Baiting of rhizosphere bacteria with hyphae of common soil fungi reveals a diverse group of potentially mycophagous secondary consumers

Fungi and bacteria are primary consumers of plant-derived organic compounds and therefore considered as basal members of soil food webs. Trophic interactions among these microorganisms could, however, induce shifts in food web energy flows. Given increasing evidence for a prominent role of saprotrophic fungi as primary consumers of root-derived carbon, we propose that fungus-derived carbon may be an important resource for rhizosphere bacteria. To test this assumption, two common saprotrophic, rhizosphere-inhabiting fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and Mucor hiemalis, were confronted in a microcosm system with bacterial communities extracted from the rhizospheres of a grass and sedge species, Carex arenaria and Festuca rubra. This showed a widespread ability of rhizosphere bacteria to attach to and feed on living hyphae of saprotrophic fungi. The identity of the fungi had a strong effect on the composition of these potentially mycophagous bacteria, whereas plant species identity was less important. Based on our results, we suggest that food web models should account for bacterial secondary consumption since this has important consequences for carbon fluxes with more carbon dioxide released by microbes and less microbial carbon available for the soil animal food web.     

The formation of terrestrial food webs in glacier foreland: Evidence for the pivotal role of decomposer prey and intraguild predation

We investigated the structure of invertebrate food webs at three glacier foreland sites of an age of 2-34, ca. 60 and ca. 120 years in the European Alps at 2250-2450 m asl. The trophic structure was investigated by analyzing stable isotope ratios of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹³C/¹²C. The results suggest that the formation of terrestrial food webs during early primary succession heavily relies on prey out of the decomposer system with Collembola being most important. The diet of decomposers likely is based predominantly on allochthonous humus material blown in by wind and deposited by the retreating glacier. Irrespective of the successional stage the animal community consisted mainly of generalist predators with a number of species occurring at each of the successional stages. The results suggest that terrestrial food web formation is associated with a prolongation of food chains caused mainly by predator species switching their diet to include other predators, i.e. by intraguild predation. This suggests that generalist predators, such as cursorial spiders, carabid beetles, harvestman and centipedes, switch prey and include other predators if these are becoming more abundant, i.e. if ecosystems become more productive. Intraguild predation results in complex food webs with high linkage density which likely affects food web functioning and stability.     

Carbon fluxes in soil food webs of increasing complexity revealed by C labelling and C natural abundance

Soil food webs are mainly based on three primary carbon (C) sources: root exudates, litter, and recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM). These C sources vary in their availability and accessibility to soil organisms, which could lead to different pathways in soil food webs. The presence of three C isotopes (¹²C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C) offers an unique opportunity to investigate all three C sources simultaneously. In a microcosm experiment we studied the effect of food web complexity on the utilization of the three carbon sources. We choose an incomplete three factorial design with (i) living plants, (ii) litter and (iii) food web complexity. The most complex food web consisted of autochthonous microorganisms, nematodes, collembola, predatory mites, endogeic and anecic earthworms. We traced C from all three sources in soil, in CO₂ efflux and in individual organism groups by using maize grown on soil developed under C₃ vegetation and application of ¹⁴C labelled ryegrass shoots as a litter layer. The presence of living plants had a much greater effect on C pathways than food web complexity. Litter decomposition, measured as ¹⁴CO₂ efflux, was decreased in the presence of living plants from 71% to 33%. However, living plants increased the incorporation of litter C into microbial biomass and arrested carbon in the litter layer and in the upper soil layer. The only significant effect of food web complexity was on the litter C distribution in the soil layers. In treatments with fungivorous microarthropods (Collembola) the incorporation of litter carbon into mineral soil was reduced. Root exudates as C source were passed through rhizosphere microorganisms to the predator level (at least to the third trophic level). We conclude that living plants strongly affected C flows, directly by being a source of additional C, and indirectly by modifying the existing C flows within the food web including CO₂ efflux from the soil and litter decomposition.     

农田生态系统碳循环模型研究进展和展望

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统碳循环过程中最活跃的碳库。研究农田生态系统碳循环,对温室气体减排及研究全球气候的变化都具有极其重要的意义。农田生态系统碳循环研究是一个非常复杂的过程,碳循环模型是研究农田生态系统碳循环最有效的手段。该文综述了农田生态系统碳循环的最新研究进展,总结了农田生态系统碳循环的流动过程,介绍了碳素在不同碳库以及碳库不同组分之间迁移转化的规律,梳理了从1960年至今的农田生态系统碳循环模型并进行了分类,阐述了国际主要模型以及中国自主开发的碳循环模型的应用情况。未来农田生态系统碳循环的研究方向为:1)探索农田生态系统碳循环机制;2)从空间时间上完善对碳循环过程的研究;3)考察氮循环、水循环、微生物与碳循环的关系;4)利用碳循环模型来估算不同的管理实践下碳在不同农田的再分配;5)开发利用碳循环模型,为政府制定相关政策提供相关数据参考。