阜新县土壤养分动态分析与施肥途径

1996年和1999年两次化验结果表明，阜新县土壤有机质平均含量为1．305％，全氮平均含量0．089％，碱解氮平均含量100．91mg/kg，速效磷平均含量10．15mg/kg，与1981年土壤普查时相比均为上升趋势；速效钾平均含量74．4mg/kg，呈下降趋势。耕地土壤碱解氮含量居中等水平，有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均为中下等水平，其中速效钾含量下降明显。应大力推广平衡施肥，纠正偏施氮肥、不减少或少施钾肥的习惯，增施有机肥，生产和研制配方专用肥。     

黄精栽培地土壤养分与药材质量评价研究

目的分析黄精栽培基地土壤养分分布规律,评价药材内在质量,为栽培生产优质高产黄精药材提供数据支撑和理论依据。方法采集黄精栽培地土壤与黄精药材各14份,用土壤养分速测仪测定土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾各项指标;用苯酚-蒽酮法测定黄精药材内多糖的含量。结果黄精栽培地土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷变化范围分别是6.75～8.50,6.52～18.77g/kg,8.08～69.80mg/kg,21.79～116.41mg/kg,41.09～201.47mg/kg,平均值分别为7.35、11.04g/kg、32.36mg/kg、63.53mg/kg、98.47mg/kg;黄精药材含量为6.13～12.17%,平均含量为9.09%。结论根据全国土壤分级标准,柳河县黄精种植地土壤养分状况总体表现为土壤呈中性,有机质、速效钾含量中等,速效磷含量极丰富,碱解氮含量明显缺乏,黄精多糖含量符合药典规定。吉林省柳河县适宜栽培黄精药材,但在栽培过程中应及时补充氮肥和钾肥。     

花垣植烟土壤养分含量及丰缺状况分析

为探明花垣县植烟土壤养分状况,2015年在花垣县共采集160个土壤样本,对其养分状况进行综合分析。结果表明:花垣县植烟土壤p H值平均为5.45,碱解氮163.78 mg/kg,有效磷38.64 mg/kg,速效钾244.07 mg/kg,全氮2.36 g/kg,全磷0.80 g/kg,全钾22.90 g/kg,有机质32.58 g/kg。花垣烟区土壤养分含量总体上较丰富,土壤有机质、氮素和磷素含量偏高,少数乡镇速效钾含量偏低,一半以上的乡镇植烟土壤为酸性和极酸性。不同植烟乡镇土壤养分特征有明显差异,如补抽土壤的碱解氮含量较高,有效磷和速效钾含量则较低;排碧土壤的碱解氮含量较高,有效磷和速效钾含量极高;道二土壤的碱解氮和速效钾含量适宜,有效磷含量偏高。针对花垣烟区植烟土壤养分丰缺状况,应当合理控制氮和磷的施肥量,采用有机无机肥配施的办法提高钾肥利用率,并适当调节烟区土壤p H值。     

湖北省秭归县茶园土壤养分概况

对湖北省秭归县具有代表性的茶园的43个土样进行了调查分析,测定了土壤p H、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮及全磷等理化及养分指标,结果表明秭归县茶园土壤各项指标变化范围分别为:p H值为4.10~5.96,有机质为8.01~113.93 g/kg,碱解氮为7.28~236.43 mg/kg,有效磷为0.23~139.79 mg/kg,速效钾为24.56~288.45 mg/kg,全氮为1.04~3.77 g/kg,全磷为0.21~1.48 g/kg。土壤p H水平表明秭归县茶园土壤非常适宜茶树的种植,但是土壤养分含量变异较大,样本中碱解氮及速效钾含量变异系数分别为36.25%与47.13%,有效磷含量的变异系数达92.32%,表明氮磷钾养分管理均存在参差不齐的现象。在今后秭归县茶园的养分管理中,应采取"巧施氮肥,增施磷肥,适量补充钾肥"的土壤养分管理措施。     

山西省曲沃县里村镇葡萄园土壤养分状况分析

[目的]调查曲沃县里村镇葡萄园的土壤养分含量。[方法]采用对角线式取样法取了213个样点并测定了样点的土壤养分含量。[结果]结果显示,葡萄园土壤p H、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷以及速效钾含量的平均值分别是8.29、15.09 g/kg及67.80、19.06和235.84mg/kg。对照全国第二次土壤普查分级标准,曲沃县里村镇葡萄园养分特征表现为有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量以及土壤的酸碱度适中,碱解氮含量较缺乏。[结论]在今后的葡萄园土壤养分管理中应该更加注重养分的平衡以及土壤中氮素的释放。     

植物物料及其生物炭对酸性土壤的改良

采用室内培养方法结合相关分析和逐步回归分析等方法研究了分别添加15 g/kg、45 g/kg和75 g/kg的椰壳、蔗渣和椰炭、蔗炭对酸性橡胶园土壤的改良效果。结果表明:同对照相比,添加植物物料及其生物炭均显著提高或提高了土壤pH、土壤有机质和速效钾含量,且随着添加量的提升而升高;添加椰壳和蔗渣均显著降低或降低了土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量;添加椰炭15 g/kg、45 g/kg和蔗炭15 g/kg均显著提升了土壤碱解氮含量,而其余椰炭和蔗炭处理降低了土壤碱解氮含量,但除15 g/kg椰炭和15 g/kg蔗炭处理外,其余椰炭和蔗炭处理均提升了土壤速效磷含量,且随着添加量的提升而升高。逐步回归分析表明,主要是植物物料及其生物炭带入土壤中的钠、碳、钙、镁等影响了土壤pH和速效钾、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量,且带入土壤中的钠、碳、镁越多,土壤pH、速效钾、有机质和速效磷含量越高,而钙与土壤碱解氮之间则呈反向变化。此外,利用回归分析方程,通过对生物炭得率及带入土壤中相关养分的总量计算可知,椰壳制作为生物炭对土壤pH、速效钾、碱解氮提升效果更好;蔗渣直接施用对土壤pH和速效钾的提升效果更好;椰壳和蔗渣均直接施用更有利于土壤有机质的提升。因此,生产中需根据土壤改良目的确定植物物料的施用方法和施用量。     

东至县水稻土养分状况分析

2006-2012年每年秋收后,东至县土壤肥料工作站都对全县稻田土壤进行取样化验,共采集土壤农化样3 780个。化验结果表明,东至县土壤有机质平均为26.78 g/kg、全氮平均为1.67 g/kg、有效磷平均为19.16 mg/kg、速效钾平均为88.42 mg/kg、pH值平均为5.23;与第二次土壤普查时的养分状况相比,目前东至县土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量均有所提高,增幅大小依次为有效磷速效钾全氮有机质,土壤pH值呈下降趋势。     

信阳地区农业用地土壤养分状况调查研究

[目的]对信阳不同利用形式农业用地土壤的养分进行分析测试研究.[方法]取耕作层土壤样品,测定土壤质地、pH、全量N、P、K含量和速效N、P、K含量.[结果]大部分土壤为壤质土,土壤pH均低于7.0,土壤呈偏酸性,有机质含量均低于20 g/kg,处于较低的水平.绿化带速效氮、磷、钾的平均含量分别为33.4、18.6、136.9 mg/kg;旱地土壤和稻田土壤速效氮平均含量分别为90.6和104.6 mg/kg,速效磷的平均含量46.5和42.3 mg/kg,速效钾平均含量90.6和104.8 mg/kg;茶园土壤速效氮、磷、钾平均含量分别为169.7、35.8、119.5mg/kg.[结论]可对信阳农业生产、土壤改良、合理施肥提供理论依据和实践指导.     

小粒咖啡不同海拔土壤肥力现状及变化特征

全国第二次土壤普查迄今30年,小粒咖啡的土壤肥力不断更新变化,为实现土地资源的有效利用并促进咖啡产业的可持续发展,探寻小粒咖啡的土壤肥力现状和变化特征尤为重要。2015—2018年间对小粒咖啡6个主产区采集的大量土壤数据进行分析,研究咖啡地土壤肥力现状,并与第二次土壤普查数据相对比,得出咖啡土壤肥力的变化特征及原因。目前,小粒咖啡土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的平均值分别为5.53、32.68 g/kg、128.77 mg/kg、18.01 mg/kg和138.31 mg/kg,主要分布范围分别为4.5～5.5、>40 g/kg、120～150 mg/kg、10～20 mg/kg和100～150 mg/kg。小粒咖啡土壤肥力在不同海拔高度的分布均存在显著差异,pH和碱解氮含量随海拔高度增加而降低,有机质和有效磷含量随海拔高度增加而增加,速效钾含量随海拔高度的增加呈先增加后降低。与第二次土壤普查相比,目前小粒咖啡土壤呈酸化趋势,有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量明显降低,而有效磷含量显著提高。宜耕区长期频繁耕作、大量施用化学肥料,小粒咖啡土壤肥力变化显著。建议小粒咖啡主产区应控制磷肥施用量,推进咖啡秸秆、果皮发酵还田的力度,加快小粒咖啡土壤肥力的提高并达到养分供需平衡。     

辽宁省黑土区土壤养分时空差异化及其与气象因子的关系

通过对2004-2019年辽宁省黑土地进行野外采样及分析，测定土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和pH值4个指标，利用GIS和统计分析方法，研究黑土区土壤养分指标时空特征及其与气象因子的相关性。结果表明，年际间，碱解氮含量整体上无明显变化，速效磷、速效钾含量和pH值呈增长趋势。空间上，碱解氮和速效磷含量呈东高西低分布，速效钾含量呈西南向东北升高分布，pH值呈东低西高分布。降水量对碱解氮的影响最大，风速对速效磷、速效钾和pH值的影响最大，且与速效磷和速效钾呈显著相关。风速对土壤养分的影响最大，应注重土壤养分的变化监测及风速的影响，严格控制氮磷钾肥的施用量，提升粮食综合生产能力。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.