超临界正己烷中松香酸一元醇酯高压氢解还原反应

在超临界正己烷条件下,采用Cu-Zn催化剂进行了系列松香酸一元醇酯的氢解还原反应。考察了反应条件对反应结果的影响。结果表明:适宜的工艺条件为松香酯15 g,Cu-Zn催化剂用量为松香酯质量的10%,m(松香酯)∶m(正己烷)为1∶3,温度为270℃,压力10 MPa,反应时间11 h;该条件下松香甲酯、松香丁酯和松香辛酯的转化率分别为87.9%,75.0%和69.9%,选择性分别为93.4%,92.4%和92.8%,得率分别为82.1%,69.3%和64.9%;FT-IR和GC-MS分析结果表明,松香酯经氢解还原反应后酯基被还原为羟基,还原产物主要成分为二氢海松醇、二氢枞醇、四氢枞醇和脱氢枞醇等。     

PS-10对松香的浅色化作用机理初探

研究了浅色剂PS-10对松香的浅色作用机理。对反应前后松香物理指标及其化学组成分析发现：随着PS-10用量增加、反应温度升高或反应时间延长，松香颜色变浅。加入PS-10反应后松香的枞酸型树脂酸含量由70．6％下降至18．8％，去氢枞酸从7．3％增加至30．6％，二氢树脂酸从0增加至12．2％。结果表明，PS-10对松香歧化反应起了催化剂的作用。同时，PS-10在松香脱色过程中，发挥了抗氧剂的作用，它的抗氧活性表现在酚羟基和硫原子上，酚羟基具有捕捉游离基的功能，而硫醚可以分解氢过氧化物，因而表现出分子内协同作用。     

松香酰谷氨酸的合成及表面活性

松香酸与三氯化磷反应制得松香酰氯，收率85％以上。松香酰氯与谷氨酸钠进行缩合反应合成了松香酰谷氨酸，通过正交试验优化的合成条件为：松香酰氯与谷氨酸摩经为1：0．8，反应温度25－30℃，PH7-8，反应时间2．5h，以丙酮与水体积比1：1为混合溶剂，收率84％，并对松香酰谷氨酸双钠的表面活性进行了测定。     

酸功能化离子液体磺烷基咪唑对甲苯磺酸盐催化合成松香甲酯的研究

制备、表征了酸功能化离子液体1-（3-磺酸）丙基-3-甲基咪唑对甲苯磺酸盐（（HS03-pmim）pTSA），并用于催化合成松香甲酯的反应研究，详细考察了甲醇用量、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响，得到较佳的工艺条件：甲醇15g，离子液体2．5g，松香5g，反应温度200℃，反应时间4h。在该条件下，所得产物松香甲酯的酸值为17．4mg／g；并对离子液体（HSO3-pmim）pTSA的重复使用性能进行了考察，分出的离子液体在不经处理直接重复使用5次时，所得产物松香甲酯的酸值为20．1mg／g，具有较好的可重复使用性。     

纳米级固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2催化合成乙酸芳樟酯的研究

首次采用纳米级固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2为催化剂合成乙酸芳樟酯，考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、乙酐与芳樟醇摩尔比(酐醇比)等因素对反应的影响。结果表明，反应温度30℃、反应时间6．5h、催化剂用量为原料质量的2．5％、酐醇比为2．5：1时，芳樟醇转化率为93．2％，产物中乙酸芳樟酯含量为53．78％，总酯含量为76．89％。通过与其它催化剂对比发现，本实验反应时间较短，催化剂可重复使用，有较好的应用潜力。     

加压条件下制备系列松香一元醇酯

以固体酸ZnO为催化剂,在加压条件下使松香与不同碳链长度的一元醇酯化反应,制备松香甲酯、正丁酯和正辛酯,探讨反应温度、反应压力、催化剂用量、原料配比及反应时间等对酯化反应的影响。结果表明:适宜的酯化反应工艺条件:①松香甲酯化反应:反应温度220℃,反应压力5.5 MPa,催化剂用量1%,醇酸比25∶1,反应时间5 h;②松香丁酯化反应:反应温度220℃,反应压力3.5 MPa,催化剂用量1%,醇酸比8∶1,反应时间5 h;③松香辛酯化反应:反应温度210℃,反应压力2.0 MPa,催化剂用量1%,醇酸比4∶1,反应时间5 h。加压条件下可以显著促进松香与一元醇的酯化反应,反应时间比常压下大大缩短,酯化率明显提高,压力对酯化反应影响效果与一元醇的碳数成正比,即辛醇>丁醇>甲醇。工业上常用的固体酸ZnO催化剂可用于松香与系列一元醇的加压酯化反应。     

酸功能化离子液体磺烷基咪唑对甲苯磺酸盐催化合成松香甲酯的研究

制备、表征了酸功能化离子液体1-(3-磺酸)丙基-3-甲基咪唑对甲苯磺酸盐((HSO3-pmim)pTSA),并用于催化合成松香甲酯的反应研究,详细考察了甲醇用量、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,得到较佳的工艺条件:甲醇15 g,离子液体2.5 g,松香5 g,反应温度200 ℃,反应时间4 h.在该条件下,所得产物松香甲酯的酸值为17.4 mg/g;并对离子液体(HSO3-pmim)pTSA的重复使用性能进行了考察,分出的离子液体在不经处理直接重复使用5次时,所得产物松香甲酯的酸值为20.1 mg/g,具有较好的可重复使用性.     

松香酸二乙醇酰胺醚羧酸盐的合成工艺

以松香酸为原料,采用二步合成法合成松香酸二乙醇酰胺,再通过羧甲基化法合成松香酸二乙醇酰胺醚羧酸盐.采用单因素实验重点考察了羧甲基化过程中溶剂、反应温度、反应时间、投料比、催化剂加入量以及碱化时间对羧酸盐产率的影响,得到较佳合成工艺为:n(松香酸二乙醇酰胺)∶n(NaOH)∶n(ClCH2COONa)=1.0∶3.0∶3.2,苯作溶剂,碱化时间2h,碱化温度80℃,反应温度85℃,反应时间4h,产率达71％,且重现性较好.     

非贵金属催化剂催化松香歧化反应研究

采用非贵金属为催化剂活性组分，用醇盐水解法制备氧化物负载金属活性组分为纳米粒子的新型催化剂。用F／MnOx催化剂催化思茅松脂松香歧化反应，在松香：催化剂：溶剂质量比为100：2．5：1、反应温度270℃、反应时间3h、通N2条件下，得到歧化松香脱氢枞酸含量48％以上，酸值152mgKOH／g以上，软化点高于79℃，不皂化物含量低于8％，色泽号(罗维邦)低于2。     

PS-10对松香的浅色化作用机理初探

研究了浅色剂PS-10对松香的浅色作用机理.对反应前后松香物理指标及其化学组成分析发现随着PS-10用量增加、反应温度升高或反应时间延长,松香颜色变浅.加入PS-10反应后松香的枞酸型树脂酸含量由70.6%下降至18.8%,去氢枞酸从7.3%增加至30.6%,二氢树脂酸从0增加至12.2%.结果表明,PS-10对松香歧化反应起了催化剂的作用.同时,PS-10在松香脱色过程中,发挥了抗氧剂的作用,它的抗氧活性表现在酚羟基和硫原子上,酚羟基具有捕捉游离基的功能,而硫醚可以分解氢过氧化物,因而表现出分子内协同作用.     

二乙醇胺基木质素非离子表面活性剂的制备及表征

依据酸沉淀法对碱木质素进行了分级,分级后pH值4 ～ 6的木质素与环氧氯丙烷、二乙醇胺反应,制备了木质素基非离子表面活性剂.通过红外光谱、含氮量的测定对产物的结构进行了表征,通过表面张力测定对产品的表面活性进行了分析.结果表明:木质素基非离子表面活性剂固含量为32.6%,含氮量为1.99%,红外光谱分析可确定在木质素上引入了环氧氯丙烷和二乙醇胺,水溶液表面张力降低到53.27mN/m,表明二乙醇胺基木质素非离子表面活性剂(DLNS)具有良好的表面活性.另外通过与十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)复配后浊度的测定,表明产品在SDS与DLNS的体积比为20: 3 ～ 20: 20范围与SDS复配,浊度较低,复配效果较好.     

气相色谱法测定工业用二乙醇胺中的杂质

利用HP-5毛细管柱，甲醇为溶剂，三甘醇为内标，氢火焰离子检测器检测，分别对工业用二乙醇胺中杂质-乙醇胺和三乙醇胺进行分离，进而测定其含量。实验结果表明，本方法回收率为93．17％-101．50％，相对标准偏差为1．54％-2．15％。此方法简便、快速、灵敏，并具有较好的准确度和精密度，适用于对工业用二乙醇胺中杂质的质控分析。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.