产蛋鸡日粮氨基酸供给模式的比较研究

分别以美国NRC、日本、法国AEC和另 3个共计 6种氨基酸模式为标准 ,配制 6种除Met、Thr和Trp三种氨基酸含量不同外 ,其它营养素水平完全一致的日粮。设定代谢能为 1 1 .0 9MJ/Kg ,粗蛋白为1 6.4 %。随机安排 6组 4个重复 ,每个重复 36只海兰褐产蛋高峰期蛋鸡参加试验 ,比较各模式对母鸡生产性能的影响。饲养试验表明 :6种模式中以产蛋率和饲料转化率确定的最佳模式为 :Lys 1 0 0、Met4 8.5、Thr 69、Trp 2 6;以产蛋量和蛋重确定的最佳模式为 :Lys 1 0 0、Met 4 3、Thr 68.5、Trp 2 3。     

产蛋鸡低蛋白质饲粮中标准回肠可消化总含硫氨基酸与赖氨酸比例研究

本试验旨在研究在标准回肠可消化氨基酸(SID AA)模式下,产蛋鸡低蛋白质饲粮中总含硫氨基酸(TSAA)与赖氨酸(Lys)的适宜比例。选取整齐度为92%、30周龄京红蛋鸡540只,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只。试验采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,对照组为正常蛋白质组(16.5%粗蛋白质),TSAA/Lys为91%;试验组为低蛋白质组(13.5%粗蛋白质),TSAA/Lys分别为85%、88%、91%、94%和97%(饲粮中Lys含量固定,蛋氨酸添加量不同)。试验预试期1周,正试期10周。结果表明:1)在SID AA模式下,低蛋白质组各期平均日采食量、产蛋率、平均日产蛋量和平均蛋重均显著低于对照组(P0.05),全期产蛋率随TSAA/Lys升高呈先升高再降低的二次曲线变化(P0.05),TSAA/Lys为91%时产蛋率最高。除蛋黄颜色低蛋白质组较对照组显著加深(P0.05)外,其他蛋品质和蛋组分各指标2组之间均未见显著差异(P0.05);随TSAA/Lys升高,低蛋白质组哈氏单位呈二次曲线变化(P0.05)。与对照组相比,低蛋白质组蛋鸡血浆尿酸含量显著降低(P0.05),血浆尿素氮含量有降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10);低蛋白质组TSAA/Lys为88%～94%时产蛋鸡血浆总蛋白含量较高,且血浆尿酸和尿素氮含量处于较低水平。2)通过分别对产蛋率、料蛋比和平均日产蛋量拟合二次曲线,得出TSAA/Lys分别为90.15%、91.61%和90.31%时对应指标最佳,平均值为90.69%。综上,推荐低蛋白质SID AA模式下30～40周龄京红蛋鸡饲粮TSAA/Lys为90.69%。     

标准回肠可消化氨基酸模式下降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及氮平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究标准回肠可消化(SID)氨基酸(AA)模式下,降低饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)水平对海兰灰蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及氮平衡的影响。选取540只20周龄体重相近且健康的海兰灰蛋鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复18只鸡,预试期1周,正试期12周,采食等代谢能(11.82 MJ/kg)、等赖氨酸(Lys,SID Lys为0.831%)、相同AA模式、不同CP水平(18.0%、17.5%、17.0%、16.5%和16.0%)的试验饲粮。结果表明:SID AA模式下,降低饲粮CP水平可极显著降低平均蛋重和CP摄入量(P<0.01),显著降低鸡蛋浓蛋白高度(P<0.05),显著降低蛋鸡摄入氮和排出氮(P<0.05),有提高氮表观利用率的趋势(P=0.05);数据偏相关分析表明,饲粮中SID AA模式外的精氨酸、苯丙氨酸和亮氨酸水平下降与平均蛋重下降显著相关(P<0.05),与浓蛋白高度下降无显著相关(P>0.05)。结果提示,SID AA模式下,降低饲粮CP水平,除影响平均蛋重和浓蛋白高度外,对其他生产性能、蛋品质及血液生化指标影响较小,平均蛋重的下降与低CP饲粮中精氨酸、苯丙氨酸和亮氨酸不足有关;AA平衡的低CP饲粮,可在维持较高生产性能的同时减轻蛋鸡粪氮排出。     

不同生理阶段犊牛赖、蛋、苏氨酸平衡模式研究

应用部分扣除饲粮氨基酸(AA)的氮平衡试验法研究了中国荷斯坦犊牛不同生理阶段(2～3周龄和5～6周龄)赖(Lys)、蛋(Met)、苏氨酸(Thr)平衡模式。每个阶段各用12头犊牛进行N平衡试验。每个N平衡试验均设4个处理组,即氨基酸相对平衡的代乳品(PC)组(赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸含量依次为2.34%、0.72%、1.80%)、在PC基础上轮流将赖、蛋、苏氨酸扣除30%的其它3种代乳品(分别为PC-Lys、PC-Met、PC-Thr)组。每个处理设3个重复,每个重复1头牛。所有代乳品等能(17.8MJ/kg)等蛋白(22%)。试验结果表明,按单位代谢体重的N沉积与氨基酸摄入量计算,中国荷斯坦犊牛2～3周龄日粮模式为代乳品时,Lys、Met、Thr的平衡比例100:29:70;5～6周龄日粮模式为代乳品、开食料和羊草时,平衡比例为100:30:60;两阶段3种氨基酸的限制性顺序均为Lys、Met、Thr。     

肉仔鸡菜籽粕氨基酸标准回肠消化率的评定及预测方程的建立

本试验旨在分析湖南省6种不同地区菜籽粕的18种氨基酸含量,测定14和28日龄肉仔鸡对6种不同地区菜籽粕中氨基酸的标准回肠消化率,并建立赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸及苏氨酸标准回肠消化率的预测方程。试验共选取700羽体重和健康状况一致的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,根据日龄分别进行2个阶段的试验。第1阶段(7～14日龄):将420羽肉仔鸡随机分为7个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复6羽;第2阶段(21～28日龄):将280羽肉仔鸡随机分为7个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复4羽。2个阶段中的7个处理分别为6个不同地区的菜籽粕采用全替代法设计的试验饲粮组和1个无氮饲粮组。分别在14和28日龄收集试验鸡回肠食糜用于测定菜籽粕氨基酸标准回肠消化率并通过回归分析建立预测方程。结果显示:14和28日龄肉仔鸡对菜籽粕中18种氨基酸标准回肠消化率的平均值波动范围分别为63.26%～79.58%和66.22%～80. 34%。14日龄肉仔鸡对菜籽粕中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸标准回肠消化率的预测方程分别为Lys=-90.81+4.562CP(R~2=0. 792,P 0. 05)、Met=110.644-2.810CF(R~2=0.845,P0.05)、Trp=106.834-0.725NDF(R~2=0.989,P 0.05)和Thr=-79.357+4.284CP(R~2=0.715,P0.05); 28日龄肉仔鸡对菜籽粕中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸标准回肠消化率的预测方程分别为Lys=161.02-2.002NDF(R~2=0. 957,P 0. 05)、Met=144.269-1.521NDF(R~2=0.831,P0.05)、Trp=112.053-0.824NDF(R~2=0.999,P0.05)和Thr=99.983-2.566CF(R~2=0.712,P0.05)。上述预测方程中:Lys为赖氨酸标准回肠消化率; Met为蛋氨酸标准回肠消化率; Trp为色氨酸标准回肠消化率; Thr为苏氨酸标准回肠消化率; CP为粗蛋白质含量; CF为粗纤维含量; NDF为中性洗涤纤维含量。本试验通过分析粗蛋白质、粗纤维及中性洗涤纤维含量与氨基酸标准回肠消化率的相关关系,建立了14和28日龄肉仔鸡对湖南省菜籽粕中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸和苏氨酸标准回肠消化率的预测方程,可为菜籽粕在肉仔鸡饲粮中的高效利用提供便利。     

断奶羔羊4种必需氨基酸限制性顺序和需要量模型探索

本试验旨在采用氨基酸部分扣除法研究断奶羔羊的4种必需氨基酸的限制性顺序和需要模型。选取50日龄断奶湖羊公羊100只随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只羊。对照组为氨基酸平衡(PC)组,饲喂氨基酸平衡的开食料,4个试验组开食料在PC组的基础上分别扣除赖氨酸(PD-Lys组)、蛋氨酸(PD-Met组)、苏氨酸(PD-Thr组)和色氨酸(PD-Trp组),其余氨基酸含量保持一致。预试期为10 d,正试期为60 d。于羔羊60、90和120日龄称量体重,在120日龄每组随机选取6只羔羊进行屠宰。结果表明:1)60~120日龄和90~120日龄,PD-M et组羔羊平均日增重(ADG)显著低于其他各组(P0.05),饲料转化率(F/G)显著高于其他各组(P0.05);120日龄时,PD-Met组宰前活重、空体重、胴体重、眼肌面积、头重、蹄重及皮毛重均显著低于PC、PD-Thr和PD-Trp组(P0.05),但是5组间屠宰率(DP)、GR值和血液重差异不显著(P0.05)。2)以最佳ADG和F/G为评价指标时,60~90日龄和90~120日龄氨基酸限制性顺序为Met、Lys、Thr和Trp;而以最佳DP为评价指标时,120日龄氨基酸的限制性顺序为Trp、Thr、Lys、Met。3)以最佳ADG作为评价指标时,60~90日龄和90~120日龄Lys、M et、Thr和Trp的适宜比例分别为100∶44∶44∶8和100∶42∶38∶12;以最佳F/G作为评价指标时,60~90日龄和90~120日龄Lys、M et、Thr和Trp的适宜比例分别为100∶54∶45∶7和100∶47∶39∶12;以最佳DP为评价指标时,60~120日龄Lys、M et、Thr和Trp的适宜比例为100∶34∶38∶8。总之,饲粮必需氨基酸(Lys、Met、Thr和Trp)缺乏严重影响湖羊断奶羔羊的生长性能、屠宰性能和器官指数,特别是Met影响最为明显,其次是Lys,Thr和Trp影响较弱;不同评价指标(ADG、F/G和DP)和不同生长阶段得出的Lys、M et、Thr和Trp的限制性顺序和需要模型是不同的。     

不同基因型生长肥育猪可消化赖、蛋+胱、苏、色氨酸平衡模式研究

试验比较研究了平均体重(33.64±1.2)kg 的大白×长白生长猪与平均体重(32.5±0.8)kg 的雅南猪可消化赖、蛋 +胱、苏、色氨酸平衡模式。按照氨基酸(AA)部分扣除氮沉积比较法 ,分别用18头大长猪和18头雅南猪进行N平衡试验。每个N平衡试验均设6个处理组 ,即高蛋白基础饲粮组(BD)、低蛋白加合成氨基酸对照组(PC)、在PC基础上轮流将所研究的4种AA扣除25 %的其它4个试验组。每个处理设3个重复 ,每个重复1头猪。饲粮为玉米—豆粕—玉米蛋白粉型。所有饲粮等能(3.40McalDE/kg) ,基础饲粮CP与可消化Lys水平相应为161g/kg、5.28g/kg。试验期大长猪日喂料120g/kgW 0.75,雅南猪日喂料100g/kgW 0.75。试验结果表明 ,按单位代谢体重的N沉积与可消化AA摄入量计算 ,大长猪AA平衡比例为 :Lys100、Met +Cys49、Thr72、Trp19 ;雅南猪为 :Lys100、Met+Cys78、Thr76、Trp21。结果显示 ,饲粮可消化氨基酸平衡模式因猪的基因型不同而异。与外种猪比较 ,雅南猪需要比较高比例的蛋 +胱、苏氨酸和色氨酸。     

Determination of basal ileal endogenous losses and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in barley fed to growing pigs

Background: Basal ileal endogenous amino acid(AA) losses(IAA_(end)) and standardized ileal digestibility(SID) values of cereal grains, such as barley, are apparently underestimated when determined according to the nitrogen(N)-free method. Regression analysis between the dietary apparent ileal digestible content(c AID) and total crude protein(CP) and AA can be considered as alternative approach to obtain more accurate values for IAA_(end)and SID of AA in cereal grains.Methods: Eight hulled barley genotypes were used, with barley being the only source of CP and AA in the assay diets. The diets contained 95 % as-fed of these eight barley genotypes each, ranging in CP content between 109.1 and 123.8 g/kg dry matter(DM). Nine ileally T-cannulated barrows, average body weight(BW) 30 ± 2 kg, were allotted to a row-column design comprising eight periods with 6 d each and nine pigs. On d 5 and the night of d 6 of every period, ileal digesta were collected for a total of 12 h. The IAA_(end) and the SID were determined by linear regression analysis between c AID and total dietary CP and AA.Results: There exist linear relationships between cA ID and total CP and AA(P 0.001). The IAA_(end) of CP, Lys, Met, Thr and Trp amounted to 35.34, 1.08, 0.25, 1.02 and 0.38 g/kg DM intake(DMI), respectively, which are greater compared to average IAA_(end) determined previously under N-free feeding conditions. The SID of CP, Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was 90,79, 85, 79 and 86 %, respectively, and was greater when compared to tabulated values. Moreover, these SID values were greater than those reported in literature, based on correction of apparent ileal digestibility(AID) of CP and AA for their IAA_(end)values. Summarized, the results of the present regression analysis indicate greater IAA_(end)in barley-based diets compared to those obtained by N-free feeding.Conclusions: For low-protein feed ingredients like barley the regression method may be preferred over correction of AID values for their IAA_(end)determined under N-free feeding conditions, as intercepts and slopes of the linear regression equations between cA ID and total dietary CP and AA provide direct estimates of IAA_(end)and SID of CP and AA in the presence of the assay feed ingredient.     

低氮日粮条件下生长猪标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸需要量研究

本试验旨在研究低氮日粮条件下20~75 kg生长猪(20~50、50~75 kg 2个阶段)标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸(SID Ile)与标准回肠可消化赖氨酸(SID Lys)的适宜比例。试验一选取108头体重为(21.48±0.50)kg的杜×长×大生长猪,随机分为3个处理组,即对照组(高氮日粮组)、低氮日粮高SID Lys组和低氮日粮低SID Lys组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪,研究SID Lys的限制性水平。试验二以试验一的限制性SID Lys水平设计日粮,选取180头体重为(21.46±0.48)kg的杜×长×大生长猪,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪。2个体重阶段日粮SID Ile:SID Lys设为5个不同水平,以研究其适宜比例。结果表明:试验一中低氮日粮低SID Lys组猪的耗料增重比(F:G)显著高于对照组和低氮日粮高SID Lys组(P0.05);在试验二中,当日粮SID Ile∶SID Lys分别为0.48和0.56时,20~50、50~75 kg生长猪获得最大的日增重(ADG)和最佳的F:G。综上所述,20~50、50~75 kg生长猪日粮粗蛋白(CP)水平分别为14%和12.4%时,其适宜的日粮SID Ile:SID Lys别为0.48和0.56。     

玉米中氨基酸的肉鸡标准回肠消化率测定

研究旨在测定肉鸡对玉米中14种氨基酸的标准回肠消化率(SID)。选用28日龄AA肉仔鸡816只,随机分为17个处理,每个处理8个重复(公母各4个重复)。16种试验日粮以93.07%的玉米为唯一蛋白来源配制而成,另用无氮日粮法估测回肠末端内源氨基酸基础损失量(BAAL),并以此校正表观回肠消化率(AID)得到标准回肠消化率。结果表明:公、母鸡的内源氨基酸基础损失量、AID和SID差异不显著(P>0.05),玉米样品中14种氨基酸AID均值分别为:Asp 82.36%、Thr 69.57%、Ser80.38%、Glu 87.04%、Gly 76.66%、Ala 85.37%、Val 79.93%、Ile 81.27%、Leu 87.23%、Tyr 82.05%、Phe84.15%、His 30.91%、Lys 82.69%、Pro 81.62%。14种氨基酸的SID均值分别为:Asp 92.37%、Thr85.45%、Ser 90.61%、Glu 91.91%、Gly 86.20%、Ala 91.58%、Val 89.28%、Ile 90.85%、Leu 91.96%、Tyr90.93%、Phe 92.48%、His 78.18%、Lys 93.01%、Pro 87.14%。     

Evaluation of amino-acid supplemented diets varying in protein levels for laying hens

The ideal amino acid concept is increasing by being applied to laying hens. However, understanding the responses of modern laying hens to decreasing levels of dietary protein balanced with crystalline amino acids has yet to be examined. In this study, 5 dietary treatments varying in CP content (18.0, 17.5, 17.0, 16.5, and 16.0%) were formulated at a fixed dietary energy concentration of 2,825 kcal of ME/kg of feed. The crystalline amino acids, including Met, Thr, Ile, Val, Trp, and Lys, were supplemented according to an assumed ideal AA profile, and all diets contained 0.831% ileal digestible Lys. Irrespective of the CP levels, the ratio of Lys and the profile of different essential amino acids in relation to Lys remained similar in all the diets. A total of 540 21-week-old Hy-Line W36 hens were used with 6 replicates per treatment group. This trial was conducted for a period of 14 wk, ranging from wk 21 to 34. Egg production, daily egg mass, feed intake, and FCR were not affected in the low-protein groups. Egg weight and N excretion declined, whereas egg yolk color increased in the low-protein groups. Decreasing dietary CP was found to have no effect on blood ammonia and plasma uric acid. The application of the assumed ideal AA profile can lead to reduced dietary protein level, from 18 to 16%, without affecting the production performance of laying hens during 21 to 34 wk of age. The ratios of standardized ileal digestible Met, Met + Cys, Thr, Trp, Arg, Ile, and Val to standardized ileal digestible Lys were 50, 91, 70, 21, 104, 80, and 88%, respectively, in the assumed ideal AA profile. Excretion of nitrogen was significantly decreased from hens fed the protein-reduced diet without impairing BW.     

虫草粉联合酵母硒对蛋鸡产蛋高峰中期产蛋性能、蛋品质、抗氧化性和免疫功能的影响

为了研究虫草粉（古尼虫草地顶孢霉培养物）联合酵母硒对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、抗氧化功能和免疫功能的影响,试验选用450羽24周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复15羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组饲喂添加0.1 mg/kg酵母硒联合不同剂量虫草粉（0、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%）的基础饲粮,试验期27周;选取产蛋高峰中期（第40周龄）蛋鸡进行产蛋性能、鸡蛋品质、免疫功能和抗氧化功能分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,产蛋高峰中期试验Ⅲ组蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重均显著提高,料蛋比显著降低（P<0.05）;鸡蛋哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色、蛋清粗蛋白质含量、蛋黄粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量均显著升高（P<0.05）,蛋清中必需氨基酸Leu、Lys、Met、Trp、Phe、Thr、Val和His及非必需氨基酸Ala、Asp、Glu、Pro和Tyr水平也显著增加（P<0.05）;试验Ⅳ组蛋鸡的蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、哈夫单位和蛋清粗蛋白质含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,蛋清中必需氨基酸Ile、Gly、Arg和非必需氨基酸Cys、Ser水平均显著增加（P<0.05）;试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组蛋鸡蛋黄、蛋清中硒含量均显著增加（P<0.05）。同时,与对照组相比,产蛋高峰中期试验Ⅲ组蛋鸡血清MDA含量显著下降（P<0.05）,WBC数量、血清IFN-γ和IL-2水平及T-AOC和T-SOD活性均显著升高（P<0.05）。结果表明,饲粮中联合添加酵母硒和适量的虫草粉能明显提高产蛋高峰中期蛋鸡的产蛋性能和鸡蛋品质,增强机体免疫力和抗氧化能力,以0.1 mg/kg酵母硒联合添加0.3%虫草粉的效果最佳。     

青霉素菌体蛋白营养价值评定及应用效果研究

分析结果表明：青霉素菌体蛋白含粗蛋白质４１．０％,钙１．４４％,总磷１．１１％,代谢能水平为９．９６ＫＪ／ｇ,５种主要的氨基酸含量如下：赖氨酸１．８４％,蛋氨酸０．６０％,胱氨酸０．６２％,苏氨酸１．７８％,色氨酸０．５０％;表观消化率分别为：８８．４％,９０．７％,６１．９％,８０．４％,９１．４％。通过饲养实验说明,在蛋鸡全价料中添加３％、５％、７％的青霉素菌体蛋白,可获得不低于玉米－豆粕日粮的生产成绩     

8种不同来源菜籽饼粕的生长猪氨基酸回肠消化率评定

本研究旨在评定8种不同来源菜籽饼粕对生长猪的氨基酸回肠消化率。选取初始体重相近(33.21±1.56)kg、在回肠末端安装简单T-型瘘管并恢复良好的DLY生长阉公猪12头,随机分配到2个6×6拉丁方试验中,每个拉丁方均含1个无氮饲粮、1个基础饲粮和4个试验饲粮处理。试验共6期,每期7 d,前5 d为适应期,后2 d收集回肠食糜。结果表明:除蛋氨酸外,不同来源菜籽饼粕中其他氨基酸回肠表观(标准)消化率差异显著(P<0.05)。赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸4种限制性氨基酸回肠表观消化率变化范围依次为41.73%~60.19%、69.35%~76.90%、50.72%~61.37%和52.49%~68.14%;回肠标准消化率变化范围依次为48.65%~66.14%、73.85%~81.15%、57.42%~67.67%和57.10%~73.04%。总之,菜籽粕中绝大部分氨基酸回肠表观(标准)消化率显著高于菜籽饼。     

25～48周龄海兰褐蛋鸡蛋氨酸供给量研究

本试验旨在研究25~48周龄海兰褐蛋鸡蛋氨酸(Met)供给量。试验选取整齐度92%、24周龄海兰褐蛋鸡720羽,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复20羽。试验采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,对照组不添加DL-Met(Met含量0.25%),其余各组Met含量分别为0.31%、0.35%、0.39%、0.43%和0.47%。试验期24周。结果表明:1)随饲粮Met水平提高,蛋鸡产蛋率、日产蛋量显著提高(P0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P0.05),其中以0.35%和0.39%Met组效果较佳;平均日采食量及平均蛋重也有改善,但无显著差异(P0.05)。2)二次曲线分析显示,以产蛋率、日产蛋量和料蛋比为评价指标,试验期1~8周和9~24周蛋鸡Met供给量分别为0.36%和0.38%。3)试验4周,饲粮Met水平对血浆总蛋白(TP)含量无显著影响(P0.05);0.31%、0.39%和0.43%Met组血浆白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验8周,饲粮Met水平对血浆TP、ALB和尿酸(UA)含量均未见显著影响(P0.05)。试验24周,饲粮Met水平对蛋鸡血浆TP和UA含量未见显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示,25~32周龄与33~48周龄海兰褐蛋鸡Met供给量分别为0.36%和0.38%。     

Maximizing the use of supplemental amino acids in corn-soybean meal diets for 20- to 45-kilogram pigs

Four experiments were conducted to determine the Lys requirement, the maximum amount of supplemental Lys that does not decrease growth performance, and to determine the order of limiting AA beyond Lys, Thr, Trp, and Met in a corn-soybean meal diet for 20- to 45-kg pigs. All experiments were conducted for 27 to 28 d with purebred or crossbred barrows and gilts, which were blocked by initial BW. Treatments were replicated with 4 to 6 pens of 4 to 6 pigs per pen. In all experiments, pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 14, and 27 or 28. At the beginning and end of all experiments, blood samples were obtained from all pigs to determine plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations. In Exp. 1, 0.830, 0.872, 0.913, and 0.955% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys was fed, whereas 0.747, 0.788, 0.830, 0.872, and 0.913% SID Lys was fed in Exp. 2. Broken-line analysis requirement estimates could not be estimated from any response variable in Exp. 1, but in Exp. 2, using ADG and PUN, the estimated SID Lys requirement was 0.83%. In Exp. 3, 0, 0.118, 0.191, 0.264, and 0.335% supplemental Lys was added to achieve 0.83% SID Lys in all diets, and Thr, Trp, and Met were supplemented to maintain Thr:Lys, Trp:Lys, and TSAA:Lys of 0.65, 0.18, and 0.60, respectively. Based on ADG, ADFI, and G:F, up to 0.23% supplemental Lys can be added along with supplemental Thr, Trp, and Met without negatively affecting growth performance; PUN was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by supplemental Lys. In Exp. 4, treatments were 1) positive control (PC) without supplemental AA, 2) negative control (NC) with 0.335% supplemental Lys + 0.140% l-Thr + 0.035% l-Trp + 0.117% dl-Met, 3) NC + 0.044% l-Val, 4) NC + 0.021% l-Ile, and 5) NC + 0.044% l-Val + 0.021% l-Ile. Individual addition of Val and Ile did not improve (P > 0.10) ADG or G:F compared with the NC. The combined addition of Val + Ile resulted in ADG that was intermediate between the PC and NC diets but not different from either diet (P > 0.10); G:F was not improved (P > 0.10) to that observed in pigs fed the PC diet. The PUN was not different (P > 0.10) among pigs fed diets with supplemental AA but less (P < 0.10) than pigs fed the PC. The results of this research indicate that the Lys requirement for 20- to 45-kg pigs is 0.83% SID Lys, up to 0.23% supplemental Lys (0.29% l-Lys·HCl or 0.45% l-Lys·SO(4)) can be added along with supplemental Thr, Trp, and Met without negatively affecting growth performance, and another AA besides Val and Ile may be limiting growth performance in a corn-soybean meal diet with 0.335% supplemental Lys.     

Apparent and standardized ileal digestibilities of amino acids for pigs fed corn- and soybean meal-based diets at varying crude protein levels

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CP level in corn- and soybean meal-based diets on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. Six pigs (initial BW, 47.1 ± 1.0 kg) fitted with T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 6 diets for 6 periods in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. The 6 diets consisted of a nitrogen-free diet and 5 corn- and soybean meal-based diets that contained CP of 68, 105, 141, 177, and 214 g/kg. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and 2 d of ileal digesta collection for 10 h on each of d 6 and 7. The ratio of corn:soybean meal was fixed at 3 to 2 by weight and cornstarch was added to dilute the CP concentration. Chromic oxide was added at 5 g/kg as an indigestible marker. The results showed basal endogenous loss ranged from 65 mg/kg of DMI for Met to 3,104 mg/kg of DMI for Pro. Proline and Gly (1,053 mg/kg of DMI) were the 2 most abundant AA in endogenous flow and together accounted for approximately 43% of the total endogenous AA flow. Of the basal ileal endogenous CP, total AA accounted for 82%. The AID were 80.9 to 84.7%, 85.1 to 87.4%, 72.9 to 79.5%, and 86.5 to 87.9% for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp, respectively, with corresponding SID being 86.6 to 89.0%, 87.5 to 90.5%, 82.7 to 88.2%, and 90.2 to 94.6%, respectively, as dietary CP increased from 68 to 214 g/kg. There were linear increases in AID of N, Arg, Gly, Ile, Lys, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Val (P ≤ 0.05) as CP increased and linear decreases in SID of N and all AA measured in this study except Lys, Met, and Pro (P ≤ 0.05). Both linear and quadratic effects were observed in AID for Pro (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the protein content of corn-soybean meal diets evaluated in the current study affected SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA, excluding Lys, Met, and Pro.     

Valine and soleucine requirement of 20- to 45-kilogram pigs

Three experiments were conducted to determine the Val and Ile requirements in low-CP, corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) AA-supplemented diets for 20- to 45-kg pigs. All experiments were conducted for 26 to 27 d with purebred or crossbred barrows and gilts, which were blocked by initial BW. Treatments were replicated with 5 or 6 pens of 3 or 4 pigs per pen. At the beginning of Exp. 1 and the end of all experiments, blood samples were obtained from all pigs to determine plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations. All diets were C-SBM with 0.335% supplemental Lys to achieve 0.83% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys, which is the Lys requirement of these pigs. In Exp. 1, 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, or 0.10% L-Val was supplemented to achieve 0.51, 0.53, 0.55, 0.57, 0.59, or 0.61% dietary SID Val, and Thr, Trp, Met, and Ile were supplemented to maintain Thr:Lys, Trp:Lys, TSAA:Lys, and Ile:Lys ratios of 0.71, 0.20, 0.62, and 0.60, respectively. Also, supplemental Gly and Glu were added to all diets to achieve 1.66% Gly + Ser and 3.28% Glu, which is equal to the Gly + Ser and Glu content of a previously validated positive control diet that contained no supplemental AA. Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.10. Valine addition increased ADG, ADFI, and G:F in pigs fed 0.51 to 0.59% SID Val (linear, P < 0.08), but ADG and ADFI were decreased at 0.61% SID Val (quadratic, P ≤ 0.10). On the basis of ADG and G:F, the SID Val requirement is between 0.56 and 0.58% in a C-SBM diet supplemented with AA. In Exp. 2 and 3, 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, or 0.08% L-Ile was supplemented to achieve 0.43, 0.45, 0.47, 0.49, or 0.51% dietary SID Ile, and Thr, Trp, Met, and Ile were supplemented to maintain Thr:Lys, Trp:Lys, TSAA:Lys, and Val:Lys ratios of 0.71, 0.20, 0.62, and 0.74, respectively. Also, supplemental Gly and Glu were added to achieve 1.66% Gly + Ser and 3.28% Glu as in Exp. 1. Data from Exp. 2 and 3 were combined and analyzed as 1 data set. Daily BW gain, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by Ile additions to the diet; however, ADFI was decreased among pigs fed the diet with 0.45% SID Ile (P < 0.10) compared with pigs fed the 0.43% SID Ile diet. Broken-line analysis requirements could not be estimated for the combined data from Exp. 2 or 3. The results of this research indicate that the SID Val requirement is between 0.56 to 0.58% (0.67 to 0.70 SID Val:Lys), and the Ile requirement is adequate at 0.43% SID Ile (0.52 SID Ile:Lys) for 20- to 45-kg pigs.