Systemic effects of a neem insecticide onLiriomyza huidobrensis larvae

In an effort to expand the spectrum of larvicides effective against the pea leafminer,Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), we studied the effects of a neem-based insecticide (Neemix-45) on the development of the leafminer under laboratory conditions. Bean plants were treated with a soil drench of 1, 5, 10 or 25 ppm azadirachtin or by dipping leaves in 1 or 15 ppm azadirachtin at various times before or during the development of the leafminer. Treating the plants with the neem insecticide before exposure to egg-laying adults had a greater effect on inhibiting the development of pupae and adult eclosion than treatment at the 1st-instar larval stage. The systemic effects from a soil drench had a greater adverse effect on pupation and adult eclosion than leaf dipping. Drenching plants with 1 ppm azadirachtin 24 h before exposure to adults had a greater effect (0% adult eclosion) than leaf dipping at the same time period and concentration (15. 6% adult eclosion). Similar results were obtained when drenching plants infested with lst-instar larvae with 1 ppm azadirachtin (11. 7% eclosion)vs dipping leaves at the same time period and concentration (44. 7% eclosion).     

Residual activity of abamectin and spinosad against the predatory bugOrius laevigatus

The residual effect of two biopesticides, abamectin and spinosad, on the predatory bugOrius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) was tested using a laboratory and an extended laboratory method. Experiments were conducted in the spring and summer 2000. The LD₅₀s on the 2nd and 5th nymphal instar and the adult stage, were lower for abamectin than for spinosad. The toxicity of each product on the 2nd instar and adults was significantly greater than on the 5th nymphal instar. Abamectin was much more persistent in spring than in summer. Spray deposits (at the recommended rate of 10 ppm a.i. for leafminer control) were toxic for 1 month in spring, whereas in summer they were no longer toxic after 2 weeks. Spinosad summer spray deposits (recommended rate of 250 ppm a.i. for leafminer and caterpillar control) were not toxic after 5 residual days. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 26, 2002.     

Induced resistance against leafminer eggs by extrusion in young potato plants

Abstract

Egg extrusion patterns were investigated as an inducible defensive mechanism in potato plants against the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Increased multiplication rates in leaf cells surrounding an egg of L. huidobrensis leads to its exposure through the leaf cuticle, which might increase the risk of mortality. Extrusion rates were evaluated in laboratory tests, in relation to plant and leaf age in Solanum tuberosum L. var. Spunta. Stratified field sampling was also carried out in order to assess leafminer distribution on new and old leaves. Extrusion was higher in young plants, being restricted in older ones to new, still expanding leaves. Plant reaction was independent of egg density. In the field, damage was concentrated in older foliage, in line with the extrusion results. The relevance of egg extrusion for pest management is discussed.     

Systemic toxicity of spinosad to the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum and to the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis

When spinosad was administered at the stem base of tomato plants grown in rockwool, the main substrate used in greenhouses in northern Europe, it was taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves. Laboratory toxicity experiments showed that systemically applied spinosad, at doses as low as 2 mg active ingredient per plant, gave excellent control of nymphs of the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum, but was less toxic to adults. The toxicity of spinosad on Homoptera has not been documented yet and a dose-response relationship was established. The persistence of toxicity was at least 22 days for whitefly nymphs. A dose-response relationship of systemically applied spinosad was also determined on third-instar larvae of the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis; a dose of 5 mg per plant consistently killed all larvae. The persistence of systemically applied spinosad reached up to 45 days after treatment. Systemically applied spinosad was harmless to the parasitic waspEncarsia formosa. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 29, 2005.     

低剂量乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾解毒酶的影响

为探讨低剂量乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella（L.）解毒酶的影响,采用叶片浸渍法,测定了乙基多杀菌素和多杀菌素对小菜蛾敏感种群的毒力,并比较了低剂量（LC25和LC50）处理6、12、24、48和72 h时小菜蛾体内羧酸酯酶（CarE）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）和多功能氧化酶系（MFOs）活性的变化动态。结果表明:乙基多杀菌素对小菜蛾的杀虫活性优于多杀菌素,处理48 h后其LC25和LC50浓度分别为0.018和0.048 mg/L,经此低剂量浓度处理后,小菜蛾CarE活性波动较大,6~24 h,处理组CarE活性高于对照组,且均呈先升后降趋势,24~72 h,处理组CarE活性均低于对照组,并且具有一定的时间效应;对GST具有明显的诱导作用,GST活性均高于对照组;对MFOs具有明显的抑制作用,除在48 h时相差不大外,其他时间MFOs活性均显著低于对照组。结果表明,GST可能参与了乙基多杀菌素在小菜蛾体内的代谢。     

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) resistance to spinosad

Susceptibility to spinosad (Success®/Tracer®) of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) from the southern USA and Southeast Asia was determined through exposure of second‐ and third‐instar larvae to dipped cotton leaves. LC₅₀ estimates of susceptibility of second‐ and third‐instar larvae of field populations ranged from 0.279 to 6.14 and 0.589 to 14.0 mg spinosad litre⁻¹, respectively. A Thailand population was 22‐ and 24‐fold less susceptible than the six other US field populations evaluated, and 85‐ and 58‐fold less susceptible than a reference laboratory population, respectively. From these results, we initiated experiments to test the hypothesis that the Thailand population was resistant to spinosad. F₁ crosses between the resistant Thailand population and a susceptible reference strain yielded individuals that were 22‐fold less sensitive to spinosad than the susceptible parent. This same resistant strain exhibited significantly greater survivorship on plants treated with spinosad in the field. Lastly, selection of an Arizona population resulted in a significant reduction in susceptibility to spinosad, further substantiating the hypothesis of a genetic basis for resistance to spinosad. These findings indicate a vulnerability of this new insecticide to resistance development in beet armyworm and should serve as a warning against excessive use of it. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Laboratory Evaluation of the Novel Naturally Derived Compound Spinosad against Ceratitiscapitata

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of the naturally derived compound spinosad on Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera, Tephritidae). The organophosphate fenthion was used as a standard. Direct dose-dependent mortality and reduced fecundity were observed in oral treatment of adults with spinosad. The LC₉₀ values 14 h and seven days after treatment were 19·50 and 0·49 mg litre⁻¹ respectively. Fenthion was less active (the LC₅₀ eight days after treatment was 1·17 mg litre⁻¹) and did not affect the fecundity of the fly. Adults were also very susceptible to spinosad and fenthion via residual contact. For spinosad, 100% mortality was recorded 48 h after treatment for a dose of 10 mg litre⁻¹. Spinosad was more effective than fenthion in suppressing larval development when neonate larvae were reared on treated diet supplemented with a range of concentrations from 0·02 to 0·83 mg kg⁻¹ diet. Last-instar larvae were much less susceptible to spinosad or fenthion when exposed via dipping or when they pupated in treated medium and both products had similar performance. A lack of ovicidal activity was observed in direct egg-treatments with spinosad but significant reductions from 1 mg litre⁻¹ onwards were recorded for fenthion.     

The newest leafminer pest in Israel,Liriomyza huidobrensis

The pea leafminer,Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), recently introduced into Israel, has proven to be extremely proliferous and difficult to control. It is a much more serious pest of vegetable and flower crops than the previously introducedLiriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Photosynthesis is reduced and cosmetic damage is incurred when adult flies stipple plant leaves with feeding punctures and larvae mine the leaves. This paper will review briefly the history, biology and potential control measures of the pea leafminer.     

多杀霉素亚致死浓度对棉铃虫幼虫生理及代谢的影响

为明确田间使用多杀霉素亚致死浓度对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫的影响,用含多杀霉素亚致死浓度LC₂₅的人工饲料持续饲喂棉铃虫3龄幼虫,并对饲喂后其体重、取食量、累计蛹化率、蛹发育历期和蛹重等生长发育及脂肪体内甘油三脂（triglyceride,TG）含量和相关基因SREBP、FAS和HSL表达情况进行测定。结果表明,多杀霉素对棉铃虫的亚致死浓度LC₂₅为0.21 mg/kg;多杀霉素亚致死浓度处理4~6 d后,棉铃虫3龄幼虫体重分别为0.065、0.263和0.329 g,较对照显著降低;处理6 d后,其取食量为0.082 g,较对照显著降低;处理4~7 d后,其累计化蛹率分别为60.90%、63.20%、65.50%和65.50%,较对照显著降低。多杀霉素亚致死浓度处理后,棉铃虫蛹发育历期由对照9.89 d显著延长至10.74 d,单头蛹重为0.274 g,显著低于对照的0.324 g;其脂肪体TG含量较对照显著降低。多杀霉素亚致死浓度处理24~72 h后,参与脂肪酸合成信号通路中重要基因SREBP和FAS的相对表达量较对照均显著下调,而参与脂肪代谢的重要基因HSL则较对照显著上调。     

Contribution of contact toxicity and wheat condition to mortality of stored-product insects exposed to spinosad

Spinosad, a reduced-risk commercial insecticide derived from a bacterial fermentation product, possesses both contact and oral toxicities against insects. Contact toxicity of spinosad to adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated by exposure for 24 or 48 h to treated glass Petri dishes. Adults were exposed to different deposits (0.001-0.79 mg cm(-2)) of spinosad in 24-h tests and to deposits of 0, 0.0016 and 0.016mg cm(-2) in 48-h tests. Rhyzopertha dominica was most susceptible to spinosad in 24- and 48-h tests, followed by S. oryzae, and T. castaneum. The 24-h LD50 values were 0.0004, 0.077 and 0.189mg cm(-2) for R. dominica, S. oryzae, and T. castaneum, respectively. All R. dominica adults were dead following 48 h exposure to both spinosad deposits, whereas mortality of S. oryzae and T. castaneum ranged from 10 to 85% and 12 to 48%, respectively. Rhyzopertha dominica, T. castaneum, and O. surinamensis adults were exposed for 14 days to whole wheat, cracked wheat and wheat flour treated with 0, 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) of spinosad. Rhyzopertha dominica adults were highly susceptible to spinosad, followed by O. surinamensis and T. castaneum. Immatures (eggs and larvae) of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis exposed for 14 days were more susceptible on spinosad-treated whole wheat than on treated cracked wheat and wheat flour. This is the first report documenting contact activity of spinosad, and the effect of grain condition on spinosad toxicity, to stored-product insects.     

多杀菌素对不同发育阶段甜菜夜蛾的毒力及其体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的影响

对甜菜夜蛾的毒力测定结果表明,多杀菌素能显著降低其初孵幼虫的存活率、成虫的产卵量和成虫寿命。经6.25 μg/mL药液处理的卵,其初孵幼虫存活率仅为7.48％,而对照则为76.72％;取食12.50 μg/L药液的成虫,其产卵量和成虫寿命仅为取食蜂蜜水的1/6和1/2.5。随虫龄的增加,甜菜夜蛾幼虫对多杀菌素的敏感性显著降低,3龄、4龄幼虫的敏感性仅为2龄幼虫的1/9和1/16,且增效剂氧化胡椒基丁醚(PBO)与磷酸三苯酯(TPP)表皮点滴处理不表现增效作用。多杀菌素对甜菜夜蛾卵的孵化率、蛹重以及蛹的羽化率没有明显影响。亚致死剂量处理3龄幼虫后,其体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶等主要保护酶系的活性在处理后0~24 h与对照差异不明显,保护酶系与甜菜夜蛾对多杀菌素敏感性之间没有明显关系。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水稻中多杀霉素的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)建立了水稻中多杀霉素的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,乙二氨基-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化,HPLC-MS/MS检测。结果表明:多杀霉素A在0.006 ~1.2 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2)为0.990 5;多杀霉素D在0.001~0.2 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, R2 为0.994 9。多杀霉素A和D的检出限(LOD)在田水中均为0.001 mg/L,在稻田土壤、水稻植株、糙米、稻壳和稻杆中均为0.005 mg/kg;多杀霉素A和D的定量限(LOQ)在田水中均为0.005 mg/L,在稻田土及各水稻基质中分别为0.06和0.01 mg/kg。在添加水平为0.005~6.0 mg/kg范围内,稻田土壤、田水及水稻各基质中多杀霉素A和D的平均回收率为72.9%~107.9%,相对标准偏差( RSD )为1.7%~13.5%。采用该方法对多杀霉素在田间水稻中的消解动态和最终残留进行了测定。结果表明,多杀霉素在稻田土壤、田水和水稻植株样品中的消解均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别约为7.5、1.2和 4.8 d,属于易降解农药。     

多杀菌素亚致死浓度对小菜蛾解毒酶系活力的影响

采用多杀菌素亚致死浓度,以浸叶法分别处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)敏感种群(SS)和亚致死选育种群 的3龄幼虫,分别测定饲喂处理6、12、24、48和72 h后小菜蛾体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST) 和多功能氧化酶(MFOs)的活性,分析了酶活性的变化动态。结果表明,SS种群小菜蛾CarE的活性在不同时间段波动较大,经多杀菌素处理后,开始时段比活力增加,随着处理时间的延长,比活力逐渐被抑制,Sub-SS种群的GarE活力高于SS种群;多杀菌素对GST具有明显的诱导作用,亚致死浓度处理后GSTs比活力呈上升趋势,且具有一定的时间效应;对细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,多杀菌素亚致死浓度连续处理5代后,该酶活性更低。     

南美斑潜蝇成虫活动规律的观察

应用黄板法对南美斑潜蝇活动特性进行观测。结果表明,南美斑潜蝇在作物顶端层飞翔种群数较高,在此层面黄板诱集成虫数量最大。在干热季南美斑潜蝇的日活动高峰在８∶００～１０∶００和１８∶００～２０∶００,成虫量与日气温呈负相关。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of spinosad against the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

The toxicity of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad was tested against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Bioassays using red oak leaf disks, treated with spinosad in a Potter spray tower, yielded an LC₅₀ value of 0.0015 µg AI cm⁻² (3‐day exposure; 13‐day evaluation; 2nd instar larvae). Applied to foliage to run‐off in the laboratory (potted red oak seedlings) and the field (4 m‐tall birch trees), spinosad effectively controlled 2nd instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 3 to 50 mg litre⁻¹. Toxicity in the laboratory, and efficacy and persistence in the field, were comparable to those achieved with the insecticide permethrin. Laboratory studies supported field observations that control was achieved in part by knockdown due to paralysis. In addition, laboratory results demonstrated that crawling contact activity may play an important role in field efficacy; 50% of treated larvae were paralyzed 16 h after a 2‐min crawling exposure to glass coated with a 4 mg litre⁻¹ spinosad solution. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

菊酯类药剂对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及对钠离子通道的诱导特性

为明确菊酯类药剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,采用点滴法在室内测定高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和茚虫威原药对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定3龄幼虫在这5种药剂诱导不同时间下其体内钠离子通道基因片段的表达量变化。结果显示,高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯这5种药剂处理草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫24 h后的LD50值分别为74.911、83.280、152.662、179.372、567.250 mg/L;处理48 h后的LD50值分别为18.946、67.874、120.888、132.790、461.635 mg/L;同时发现草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫钠离子通道基因的表达均呈现不被诱导或诱导下调现象,表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫可通过降低靶标基因的表达量进而减少药剂对其的毒性。表明供试4种拟除虫菊酯类药剂和1种氯虫苯甲酰胺类药剂可作为草地贪夜蛾田间应急防控药剂施用。     

Effect of azadirachtin on the control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anticarsia gemmatalis</Emphasis> and its impact on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma pretiosum</Emphasis>

Anticarsia gemmatalis has great potential to reduce soybean productivity, and the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum is a major agent in the biological control of this pest in soybean fields. We show that azadirachtin is able to control velvetbean caterpillars in soybean plants and also that it has no effects on the parasitoid T. pretiosum. Soybean plants were sprayed with solutions containing control (water), 50 and 100 mg.l ⁻¹ of azadirachtin (AzaMax™ 12 g a.i.l ⁻¹). Third instar larvae of A. gemmatalis were confined to soybean plants after the spraying. Leaf consumption and larval mortality of A. gemmatalis were evaluated. Newly emerged females of T. pretiosum were placed for 24 h in tubes with a piece of cardboard containing the same doses of azadirachtin used against velvetbean caterpillars. After 24 h, cardboard with 20 eggs of A. gemmatalis was offered for parasitism during 24 h, and the emergence and sex ratio of progenies were determined. Azadirachtin at 50 or 100 mg.l ⁻¹ reduced leaf consumption and caused 100% mortality in A. gemmatalis larva. Azadirachtin did not negatively affect the parasitism, emergence or sex ratio of the progeny. This indicates that the product can be used with mass release of T. pretiosum to control A. gemmatalis.     

Occurrence and host plants of Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza huidobrensis in Belgium1

Increasing international trade in plants has resulted in repeated import of foreign pests into Belgium; Opogona sacchari and Coccotrypes dactyliperda are well known examples. Recently two new pests have been introduced into Belgium, Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza huidobrensis. The thrips F. occidentalis appeared in the summer of 1987, and was first found in chrysanthemums. At present, this insect can be observed in floriculture, as well as in vegetable growing, where it occurs on a wide range of host plants. F. occidentalis is now considered definitely established in glasshouses in Belgium. At the end of 1989, the leafminer L. huidobrensis was found for the first time in Belgium. The damage was observed on chrysanthemums and lettuce. In 1990, this leafminer also attacked other crops, especially tomatoes and celery. Its distribution is still limited, as is the damage it causes.     

Mortality and reproductive effects of ingested spinosad on adult bollworms

BACKGROUND: Upon emergence from their pupal cells, bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), adults actively seek and feed on plant exudates before they disperse and reproduce on suitable host plants. This nocturnal behavior of the bollworm may be exploited as a pest management strategy for suppression of the insect by using an attractant/stimulant mixed with an insecticide to induce feeding to cause adult mortality or reproductive reduction/inhibition. This study aimed to determine in the laboratory whether or not spinosad when mixed with sucrose solution as a feeding stimulant and ingested by bollworm could influence mortality and reproduction of the insect. RESULTS: Sublethal concentrations of spinosad fed to laboratory‐reared females confined with males significantly reduced percentage hatch of eggs at 0.1 mg L^?1, and it was reduced to near zero at 2.5 mg L^?1 when compared with females fed 2.5 M sucrose solutions only. The lethal concentration (LC₉₉) for males captured from the field in sex‐pheromone‐baited traps was 73 mg L^?1 for 24 h response. Proboscis extension response was not inhibited significantly even at 10 g L^?1. In spite of a 137‐fold increase in lethal dose concentration, spinosad did not inhibit feeding. CONCLUSION: A detailed study of laboratory‐reared and field‐collected bollworm adults relative to mortality and reproduction after ingestion of spinosad indicates that spinosad would be useful in an attract‐and‐kill strategy to control the insect when mixed with a feeding attractant/stimulant. Field validation of the data is warranted. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

暗黑鳃金龟发生规律和防治方法

暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motsch)是花生最重要的地下害虫之一。年生一代,以老熟幼虫和少数成虫越冬。8月上旬到9月中旬,即花生幼果期到成熟收获前是三龄幼虫严重为害时期。发生区内的植被组成,产卵及孵化期内的降水和土壤水分是影响种群分布和种群数量变动的主导因素。不同生境内的越冬幼虫无滞育特性,春季均不上移为害,直接在越冬处化蛹,因此,必须在花生生长期进行防治。成虫产卵盛期到幼虫孵化盛期,花生植株在封垄以前是生长期防治的有利时期。应用5%辛硫磷、地亚农颗粒剂,每亩5斤,或6%666毒土(1:80斤土)顺垄撒施复土,有明显的治虫增产效果,已在生产中推广应用。