不同供磷水平对饭豆体内铁有效性的影响

采用溶液培养试验研究了低铁条件下（1 μmol/L FeEDTA）不同供磷水平P 3、30和300 μmol/L对饭豆叶绿素含量、生物量、铁含量以及质外体铁的影响。结果表明,饭豆叶片叶绿素含量及根系干重均随磷处理浓度的增加而显著降低; 低磷处理的植株地上部的铁含量明显高于中磷和高磷处理。随着供磷水平的增加,地上部和根系总铁量的比值呈降低趋势,说明铁由根系向地上部的转运显著减少,从而加剧了植株缺铁症状。进一步分析发现,低磷处理的根系质外体铁含量显著低于中磷和高磷处理。说明在铁吸收过程中,供磷水平增加促使铁在根系质外体空间中的固定,不利于根系中的铁转运至地上部,这可能是磷是对铁产生拮抗作用造成植物铁营养不利的原因之一。     

两种基因型豌豆根系质外体铁的积累与消耗

采用两种基因型豌豆,在水培条件下研究了根系质外体铁的积累和利用。结果发现供铁后短时间内豌豆根系质外体铁就大量积累,铁效率不同的豌豆基因型根系质外体铁的积累量没有明显差异,根系质外体铁的利用速率与根系缺铁适应性反应强弱有关。     

NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果中Na +的组织细胞定位研究

本试验研究了水培条件下NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果组织细胞中Na+的分布及可能的耐盐机制.结果表明:在一定NaCl胁迫浓度范围内,根系中Na +浓度高于地上部,根系对Na +有一定的再吸收作用,这是珠眉海棠耐盐的重要机制;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到一定阀值后,根、叶细胞Na +大量积累,当细胞液泡不再接纳Na +时,Na +大量积累于胞质和质外体,使质外体渗透势大大降低,胞质水分外流,破坏细胞膜系统和胞质新陈代谢,造成伤害.     

NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果中Na~+的组织细胞定位研究

本试验研究了水培条件下NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果组织细胞中Na+的分布及可能的耐盐机制。结果表明 :在一定NaCl胁迫浓度范围内 ,根系中Na+浓度高于地上部 ,根系对Na+有一定的再吸收作用 ,这是珠眉海棠耐盐的重要机制 ;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到一定阀值后 ,根、叶细胞Na+大量积累 ,当细胞液泡不再接纳Na+时 ,Na+大量积累于胞质和质外体 ,使质外体渗透势大大降低 ,胞质水分外流 ,破坏细胞膜系统和胞质新陈代谢 ,造成伤害。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林棵间土壤蒸发及蒸发量估算

通过田间试验,建立了实用性膜下滴灌棉花根系吸水模型,研究了在作物生长条件下的土壤水分运动,以揭示膜下滴灌棉花根系吸水规律。调查了不同生育期膜下滴灌棉花根系的分布,在棉花宽行及窄行采用根钻取样,将土样冲洗后,测定棉花根长参数,进而建立了棉花根长密度分布函数。根据理论分析和计算,考虑根长密度、土壤含水率及植株蒸腾量,建立了棉花根系一维吸水模型,其形式简单,涉及的参数较少。建立的棉花根系一维吸水模型能够反映棉花根系吸水的实际情况,应用方便,具有实际应用价值。     

干旱逆境下不同品种水稻叶片有机渗透调节物质变化研究

通过聚乙二醇 (PEG)模拟水稻短期干旱胁迫研究表明 ,干旱胁迫条件下 4个水、陆稻品种叶片中可溶性有机渗透调节物质如游离氨基酸总量 (TFA)、脯氨酸 (Pro)和可溶性糖 (SS)含量及Pro/TFA比值变化上具有种间一致性 ,均呈显著上升趋势 ,且巴西陆稻的变化较为明显 ;可溶性渗透调节物质适宜作为水稻抗旱能力筛选的参考指标。     

低温胁迫下磷肥施用量对油橄榄生长发育的影响

  【目的】  探究自然低温胁迫下磷肥施用量对油橄榄幼苗生长发育的影响，旨在确定低温条件下增强油橄榄幼苗抗寒性及促进其生长发育的最适磷肥施用量，为油橄榄苗期养分管理提供科学依据。  【方法】  本试验选用我国油橄榄主栽品种‘鄂植8号’为试验材料，所用磷肥为磷酸二氢钠 (NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O)，6个处理的每株幼苗P₂O₅施用量分别设为0、15、30、45、60和75 g，记作P0、P15、P30、P45、P60 和 P75；低温胁迫是在自然条件下，取样时间为2018年9月16日、11月15日和12月30日上午9:00左右，取样当日与前两日平均气温分别为17.6℃、3.1℃和–5.3℃，采集样品为植株叶片、根系，分析油橄榄幼苗叶片冻害指数、渗透调节物质含量、膜伤害指标、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量、磷含量及根系活力、根系形态和生物量积累。  【结果】  在低温环境 (3.1℃、–5.3℃) 下，增施适量磷肥可降低油橄榄叶片冻害指数，增加叶片中脯氨酸 (Pro)、可溶性蛋白 (SP)、可溶性糖 (SS)、叶绿素和磷含量，增强叶片抗氧化酶活性，降低叶片膜透性、超氧阴离子产生速率和丙二醛 (MDA) 含量，增强根系活力。在3.1℃条件下，P45处理油橄榄叶片超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX) 活性较P0分别增加了104.75%、95.02%和100.01%；叶绿素含量和磷含量较P0分别增长了114.83%和33.66%。在低温条件下，油橄榄幼苗根系和地上部生长均受到抑制，P45处理的油橄榄总根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数较P0处理增加了42.60%、28.79%、55.50%和25.01%，各磷肥处理下根系平均直径间差异不显著；株高、根干重、地上部干重较P0处理分别增加了48.48%、80.27%和34.51%。  【结论】  低温抑制油橄榄幼苗生长发育，而适量增施磷肥可有效提高油橄榄的生理活性，进而缓解低温对油橄榄幼苗的损伤，增强了植株的抗寒性。低温胁迫条件下，每株施用45 g磷肥 (P₂O₅)的效果最佳。     

渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗CaM含量变化及其与含水量的关系研究

试验研究结果表明,PEG-6000(-0.73MPa)渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗含水量降低,胁迫12h时叶片钙调素(CaM)迅速增加,之后低于对照,而根系在胁迫12h时钙调素含量降低,胁迫48h时达到高峰后迅速下降。渗透胁迫下氯丙嗪(100μmol/L)降低叶片相对含水量及干物质量,增大根系质膜透性,抑制根系和叶片的伸长。     

涝害和高温下棉花苗期的生长生理代谢特征

雨涝和高温是长江中下游地区限制棉花生长的2种主要气象灾害,且夏季伴随发生概率大,目前尚不清楚高温胁迫下棉花苗期对涝害的响应特征。2013年利用桶栽试验,在棉花苗期设置不同涝害(受涝0、3、6、9 d)和高温(高温0、3 d)水平,分析棉株关键形态生长特征、倒4叶叶绿素荧光特性及膜脂保护性酶活性。结果表明,受涝天数不超过3 d进行连续高温处理对棉花形态生长特征无显著影响;受涝时间3 d遭遇高温胁迫,进一步限制了棉花株高和叶面积生长,干物质量减少,根/冠比降低,且这些参数在高温胁迫下低于不受涝处理的时间普遍比自然温度条件下提早3 d。受涝过程伴随高温加剧降低了根系活力,进一步减少了叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及PS II最大光化学量子产量和潜在光化学转换效率,而对叶绿素a/叶绿素b影响普遍不明显。在自然温度条件下,叶片和根系超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性随受涝天数的延长而降低,丙二醛含量则变化相反。涝害和高温复合胁迫下,叶片超氧物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性先升高后降低,在受涝3 d最高,受涝9 d最低;叶片和根系丙二醛含量急剧增加,表明受涝过程中遭遇高温天气加剧了棉株细胞膜的受损程度。从对棉花生长的影响程度来看,涝害居首位,高温胁迫次之,且二者交互作用在叶绿素、PS II潜在光化学转换效率及叶片超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和丙二醛上表现显著。研究可为长江中下游平原湖区棉苗抗逆栽培及棉田排水管理提供科学参考。     

白菜型冬油菜质外体抗冻蛋白研究

为探明冬油菜抗寒机理,采用大田试验和盆栽试验,对低温胁迫的白菜型冬油菜品种‘陇油6号’叶片和根的质外体蛋白进行抗冻活性检测,通过SDS-PAGE分离质外体蛋白并结合MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱技术对部分高表达蛋白进行了鉴定。结果表明,‘陇油6号’经人工气候室冷驯化后,叶片质外体蛋白质含量显著增加(P0.05),在第5 d达92.31μg?g?1(FW),比对照增加246.12%。质外体蛋白含量在冷驯化第10 d和第15 d与第5 d相比虽有所降低,但仍显著高于对照(P0.05)。在冷驯化第20 d和第25 d质外体蛋白含量继续显著增加,第25 d达到最高值(P0.05)。室温恢复生长10 d后,质外体蛋白含量比之前显著下降(P0.05),但仍高于对照和冷驯化第10 d。在冷驯化过程中,‘陇油6号’叶片的质外体中出现明显的蛋白质积累,室温恢复生长10 d后,质外体中的蛋白质含量显著降低,可见冷驯化的‘陇油6号’质外体蛋白属低温诱导蛋白。抗冻活性检测发现其具有重结晶抑制活性。质谱鉴定发现多种功能尚不明确的蛋白质,其中β~(-1)-3-葡聚糖酶与冬黑麦中报道的抗冻蛋白一致。对质谱检测到的类葡聚糖酶回收及抗冻活性测试发现其有较弱的冰晶形态修饰作用,表明这个类葡聚糖酶是一种低活性抗冻蛋白。低温胁迫下冬油菜叶片和根质外体中合成分泌了抗冻蛋白,在抵御外界低温中起到积极作用,同时推测超强抗寒性冬油菜质外体中可能存在多种未被发现的抗冻蛋白。     

Physiology of manganese toxicity and tolerance in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

In cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) tolerance of manganese (Mn) excess depends on genotype, silicon (Si) nutrition, form of nitrogen (N) supply, and leaf age. The physiological mechanisms for improved Mn leaf-tissue tolerance are still poorly understood. On the basis of the density of brown spots per unit of leaf area and the callose content which are sensitive indicators of Mn toxicity, it was confirmed that cultivar (cv.) TVu 1987 was more Mn-tolerant than cv. TVu 91, young leaves were more Mn-tolerant, Si improved Mn tolerance, and NO₃^—-grown plants were more Mn-tolerant than NH₄⁺-grown plants. A close positive relationship existed between the bulk-leaf Mn content and the vacuolar Mn concentration from the same leaves. Since no clear and consistent differences existed between leaf tissues differing in Mn tolerance, the results suggest that accumulation of Mn in the vacuoles and its complexation by organic anions do not play a role in Mn leaf-tissue tolerance in cowpea. A near linear relationship was found between leaf Mn contents and concentrations of free (H₂O-soluble) and exchangeable-bound (BaCl₂-extractable) Mn in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) extracted from whole leaves by an infiltration and centrifugation technique. There were no differences in apoplastic Mn concentrations owing to genotype and form of nitrogen nutrition. However, Si decreased the Mn concentration in the AWF. With increasing bulk-leaf Mn contents, concentrations of organic anions in the AWF also increased. The results suggest that complexation of Mn by organic anions in the leaf apoplast contribute to Mn tolerance due to genotype and more clearly due to NO₃-N nutrition. Cell wall-bound peroxidase activity increased with leaf age and was higher in the Mn-sensitive cv. TVu 91 than in cv. TVu 1987. This was in agreement with a higher H₂O₂ production rate in cv. TVu 91. Also, a lower ratio of reduced to oxidized ascorbic acid in the AWF revealed that in Mn-sensitive leaf tissue, the apoplastic reduction capacity was lower than in Mn-tolerant leaf tissue when genotypes and leaves of different age were compared. We interpret our results as strong circumstantial evidence that Mn tolerance depends on the control of the free Mn²⁺concentration and of Mn²⁺-mediated oxidation/reduction reactions in the leaf apoplast.     

Does apoplastic ascorbic acid enhance manganese tolerance of Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris?

In cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), the development of manganese (Mn) toxicity is considered to be accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species, oxidized Mn, and phenoxy radicals in the leaf apoplast. Ascorbic acid (AA) is a common antioxidant in plants, and the oxidation of AA, particularly in the leaf apoplast, contributes to the first line of defence against several biotic and abiotic stress factors. The objective of the present study was to contribute to a better understanding of the role of AA in Mn leaf‐tissue tolerance of cowpea and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Five cowpea cultivars (cvs.) differed greatly in Mn tolerance, which was expressed in differences in numbers of brown spots on leaves and in peroxidase (POD) activity in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). In a Mn‐sensitive cv., after 3 d of Mn treatment, brown spots were formed, and POD activities were increased, accompanied by a release of proteins into the apoplast. In the AWF, the concentration of AA and the ratio of AA : (AA+DHA) decreased already after 1 d, and to only 2% after 3 d. In the leaf tissue, the ratio was nearly unaffected, and the total AA+DHA content in the leaf tissue was even increased with advanced expression of Mn toxicity. The application of AA solutions in the range of 5–10 μM via the petiole slightly enhanced Mn tolerance as indicated by the reduction of brown spots (however inconsistently) and POD activity (consistently) in the AWF. Common bean cultivars differing in ozone tolerance, which has been reported to be due to a high AA availability in the leaf apoplast, were studied for their Mn tolerance. Clear differences in Mn tolerance between the cultivars existed, however, these differences were not related to their ozone tolerance. From these results, we conclude that the maintenance of sufficient AA levels in the leaf apoplast contribute to Mn tolerance, but does not fully explain genotypic differences in Mn tolerance in cowpea and common bean.     

Potassium concentration in leaf‐blades and petioles as affected by potassium fertilization and stage of maturity of cotton

Abstract

Analysis of data obtained from samples collected in the Delta area of Mississippi showed that the potassium concentration of young mature and old mature cotton leaf‐blades correlated better with soil test potassium than did that of the apical immature leaf‐blades.

Results from field studies indicated that the old mature petiole was the most sensitive indicator of the potassium status of the cotton plants. The potassium concentration in both leaf‐blades and petioles decreased with stage of maturity from early square to early half‐grown boll. Potassium concentration did not fluctuate with sampling at different times of the day. The rate of decline of potassium concentration was greater in petioles of mature cotton leaves than in the leaf‐blades. For mature leaves, the potassium concentration of leaf‐blades was highly correlated with that in petioles, but for immature leaves, the correlation was poor. The rate of decline of potassium concentration in both cotton leaf‐blades and petioles was not affected by potassium fertilization but was a function of maturity stage.     

膜下滴灌棉花早衰发生的可能机制研究—从生长与养分的角度

与漫灌相比,膜下滴灌棉花更易出现早衰问题,而植物养分状况的变化可能是其原因之一。本文在田间试验基础上,以漫灌为对照,分7次采样,对膜下滴灌棉花的生长发育及养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,膜下滴灌棉花在生育后期出现了明显的早衰现象。与漫灌相比,在结铃后期（播种后125 d）,膜下滴灌棉花地上部生长量明显高于漫灌,根系正好相反,致使其冠根比较漫灌更高。而从结铃后期至吐絮期（播种后160 d）,由于地上部生长量的急剧下降（叶片及蕾铃大量脱落所致）及根系生长的停滞,膜下滴灌棉花冠根比也随之降低。对棉花叶片养分状况进行分析发现,在生长发育后期,无论漫灌还是膜下滴灌,棉株下部叶片氮、磷含量均比中、上部叶片低,但钾含量与此相反,而且膜下滴灌棉花上部叶片钾含量明显低于漫灌,其地上部平均钾含量也较漫灌处理低。以上试验结果说明,膜下滴灌棉花早衰的发生可能是由于过大的地上部生长量及更少的根系造成对钾的供需矛盾引起的。     

营养液漂浮育苗对棉苗生理生化特性的影响

以农杂66为材料,研究了棉花营养液漂浮育苗对棉苗生理生化特性的影响及营养液漂浮育苗移栽棉的植物学形态特征。结果表明,与营养钵育苗相比,营养液漂浮育苗的棉苗素质优于对照。营养液漂浮育苗能提高棉苗根系的TTC还原强度,使棉苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量增加,叶片光合效率得到改善。营养液漂浮育苗棉苗从1叶1心至5叶1心叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均有不同程度的提高,而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）在叶片中的积累量呈下降趋势,表明营养液漂浮育苗能起到保护膜结构的完整性和提高棉苗抗逆性的作用。同时,营养液漂浮育苗棉苗叶片的游离脯氨酸含量也逐渐增加,棉苗叶片硝酸还原酶活性明显高于对照。营养液漂浮法育成的棉苗移栽大田后,主根发达、明显,在各生长发育时期的株高、茎叶鲜重及干重、根系鲜重及干重和根体积均高于相应的营养钵育苗移栽棉株。     

体外模拟胃肠消化对不同热处理荷叶中酚类物质释放量及抗氧化活性的影响

为探讨体外模拟胃肠消化对不同热处理荷叶中酚类物质释放及抗氧化活性的影响,采用真空微波、湿热蒸汽和煮沸3种热加工方式和体外模拟胃肠消化对不同生长期荷叶进行处理。结果表明,荷叶中酚类物质的释放与荷叶生长过程中荷叶直径大小呈正相关,其中直径为56 cm的荷叶总酚释放量最高。此外,在不同消化方式不同热处理下,真空微波干燥处理的荷叶(V56)总酚和总黄酮释放量均最高,且其FRAP、ABTS抗氧化能力也最强。与对照组相比,模拟胃液处理显著提高了真空微波热处理组荷叶的总酚释放量,显著降低了煮沸处理组荷叶的总酚释放量,对湿热蒸汽处理组荷叶的总酚释放量无影响,而模拟胃液处理均显著降低了不同热处理组荷叶的总黄酮释放量;模拟肠液处理均显著增加了不同热处理组荷叶的总酚和总黄酮释放量。与对照组相比,模拟胃液消化显著提高了真空微波处理组和湿热蒸汽处理组荷叶的FRAP抗氧化能力,降低了煮沸处理组荷叶的FRAP抗氧化能力;模拟肠液消化显著提高了真空微波组荷叶的FRAP抗氧化能力。模拟胃液消化中真空微波处理组的ABTS抗氧化能力与对照相比有所降低,而模拟肠液消化显著提高了3种热加工处理组荷叶的ABTS抗氧化能力。本研究结果为荷叶的开发利用提供了技术支撑和理论依据。     

Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application

The definition of nitrogen doses for baru species becomes necessary because each forest species responds differently to nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate baru seedlings' response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilization and liming. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized blocks design, arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, being the factors consisted of five doses of nitrogen in covering (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg dm^?3) and substrate with and without limestone and PK, with four replications. At 60 days after transplanting, the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaflets, leaf area, shoot dry mass, chlorophyll content, N content in the leaves, root length, root volume, root dry mass, height/stem diameter ratio, shoot dry mass/root dry mass ratio, and Dickson quality index were evaluated. The substrate with liming influences positively the root dry mass. Nitrogen and PK fertilization promote increase in the relative chlorophyll content and N concentration in the leaves.     

CONTRIBUTION OF PROLINE AND INORGANIC SOLUTES TO OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT IN COTTON UNDER SALT STRESS

Physiological responses to salt stress were investigated in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars (Pora and Guazuncho) grown hydroponically under various concentrations of NaCl. Dry matter partitioning, plant water relations, mineral composition and proline content were studied. Proline and inorganic solutes were measured to determine their relative contribution to osmotic adjustment. Both leaf water potential (Ψ_w) and osmotic potential (Ψ_s)decreased in response to NaCl levels. Although Ψ_wand Ψ_s decreased during salt stress, pressure potential Ψ_p remained between 0.5 to 0.7 MPa in control and all NaCl treatments, even under 200 mol m^?3 NaCl. Increased NaCl levels resulted in a significant decrease in root, shoot and leaf growth biomass. Root / shoot ratio increased in response to salt stress. The responses of both cultivars to NaCl stress were similar. Increasing salinity levels increased plant Na⁺ and Cl^?. Potassium level remained stable in the leaves and decreased in the roots with increasing salinity. Salinity decreased Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations in leaves but did not affect the root levels of these nutrients. The K/Na selectivity ratio was much greater in the saline treated plants than in the control plants. Osmotic adjustment of roots and leaves was predominantly due to Na⁺ and Cl^? accumulation; the contribution of proline to the osmotic adjustment seemed to be less important in these cotton cultivars.     

硼氮配施对棉花产量、叶柄环带以及养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验研究了硼、氮配施对棉花产量及其构成因子、叶柄环带及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:硼、氮在棉花上,有一定的交互作用,在相同施氮量下,棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数均随施硼量的增加而显著降低;施硼量从0 kg/hm~2增至13.5 kg/hm~2时,叶片的氮、磷、硼和叶绿素含量增加,棉花的株高、分枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和产量均显著提高。施硼量从13.5 kg/hm~2增至27 kg/hm~2时,两个氮水平下的叶片磷、钾、硼和叶绿素含量没有显著变化,270 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片的氮含量、株高、铃重和铃数降低,产量没有变化,而在375 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片氮含量、株铃数、铃重、衣分和产量显著增加。对相同量硼处理,增施氮肥提高了棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数、叶片氮和叶绿素含量,而对叶片磷、钾、硼和产量没有显著影响。在施硼肥13.5 kg/hm~2,施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时,棉花产量达到最高值3 592 kg/hm~2。说明湖北天门地区棉田适当增加硼肥的同时减少氮肥用量可有效缓解棉花缺硼症状和提高产量。     

磷对盐碱胁迫下棉花离子平衡及相关调控基因的影响

[目的]盐胁迫是影响棉花生长的主要非生物胁迫之一,合理施肥促进盐胁迫下作物对养分离子的吸收,是提高作物耐盐性的重要途径.研究施磷随盐胁迫下棉花离子组的响应特征及Na+转运相关基因表达的变化,探讨磷对棉花耐盐性机制.[方法]采用盆栽试验,设置盐胁迫(NaCl)和碱胁迫(NaHCO3+Na2CO3)2个逆境处理,每个逆境下...