鳗鱼中磺胺类药物残留的Charm Ⅱ放射免疫法检测

本文探讨应用Charm Ⅱ放射免疫分析方法检测鳗鱼中磺胺类药物残留。确定鳗鱼检测的制样和控制点设定的方法，评价了免疫反应体系的灵敏度和特异性，验证了磺胺类最大残留限量50μg／kg的检测稳定性，90分钟可出检测结果。     

放射免疫法检测鳗鱼中磺胺类药物残留

主要探讨应用放射免疫分析方法检测鳗鱼中磺胺类药物残留。确定制样和控制点设定的方法,评价了免疫反应体系的灵敏度和特异性,验证了磺胺类最大残留限量50μg/kg的检测稳定性,90m in可出检测结果。     

中华鳖磺胺类残留快速检测研究

建立了中华鳖中磺胺类残留快速检测方法,利用检测卡颜色变化判断药物残留浓度高低,简单方便,适用于大量样品初步筛选和现场检测,对于水产养殖中磺胺类药物残留监控具有重要意义。     

信息集萃

解决鳗鱼药残是恢复正常出口的关键 今年3月份,日本在中国产的白烧鳗鱼中查出2例恩诺沙星残留,日本厚生省已做出废弃或退回处理。在日本鳗 输入组合的自查中,对来自中国产的蒲烧鳗,也检出了几例恩诺沙星残留。由于受鳗鱼药物残留的影响,严重地制约了该产品的出口。日本厚生省6 月份即将正式出台对进口鳗 鱼的检测项目,近期正在收集相关资料,如在进口鳗鱼抽检中,多次发现沙星类残留,拟将原来的检测项目中增加沙星类项目。据了解目前我企业所库存的产品原来都没有进行沙星项目的检测,复查后如检出沙星残留势必影响到产品的出口。今年4月份以来…     

恩诺沙星在日本鳗鲡体内残留消除规律研究

采用高效液相色谱法检测日本鳗鲡肌肉、血清、肠、鳃和肝脏组织中恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星的残留。方法的日内和日间变异系数分别为1.86%和2.53%,标准添加回收率为(95±6)%;最低测量限为1.0μg/kg。用现场试验方法研究恩诺沙星在鳗鱼体内的代谢残留规律。对约50 g鳗鱼按9 mg/kg鱼体重每天给药2次,连续投喂7 d。给药期间鳗鱼体内的药物含量呈锯齿状上升,停药60 d后鳗鱼肠、鳃和肝脏组织中药物即下降至1~5μg/kg。肌肉和血清中药物残留到90 d,分别消除至3μg/kg和4μg/kg。所测组织的药物残留至停药120 d后降到检测限以下。故鳗鱼的停药期不应低于120 d。     

鳗病灵防治鳗鱼细菌性疾病灵

赤鳍病、爱德华氏病是鳗鱼常见的细菌性疾病,以往一般采取药浴消毒后,投喂抗生素和磺胺类药物进行防治,鳗鱼对药物的抗药性明显增强,疗效受到影响。今年上半年我们采用了无锡海得公司生产的中药制剂鳗病灵进行防治鳗鱼赤鳍     

国内外海洋与渔业科技动态

国内福建解开烤鳗硫丹残留检测难题福建检验检疫技术人员日前成功攻克了当前急需解决的烤鳗中硫丹残留检测技术难关,并将该技术用于出口鳗鱼产品的硫丹残留检测中,为我国鳗鱼及其产品出口解决了一个检测技术难题。硫丹是一种高毒有机氯类杀虫剂、杀螨剂,也称为硕丹、赛丹等,在农作物中广泛用于杀虫和杀螨。据通报,日本口岸检测机构已从我输日烤鳗中检测出硫丹残留,残留量为0.007mg/kg(检测方法检测限低达0.004mg/kg),并开始对从我国输入的烤鳗产品全面实施检查,这必将影响我烤鳗出口和在日本的口岸通关速度,硫丹检测需求十分迫切。福建局顺…     

鳗鱼药物残留的控制体系

我国是世界上最大的鳗鱼养殖国家，鳗鱼曾经是我国最大宗出口水产品。目前，我国已建立了较为健全的鳗鱼药物残留控制体系，为鳗鱼产品的质量安全提供了有力的保障。现将鳗鱼药物残留控制体系介绍如下，仅供业者参考。     

阿维菌素在鳗鱼养殖中残留和停药期的初步研究

在实验室中,日本鳗鲡浸泡在0.053 mg/kg含阿维菌素的鱼康双效灵溶液中药浴,停药时间2天至13天,鳗鱼体内阿维菌素的残留值为0.0013 mg/kg-0.0042 mg/kg.在实际鳗鱼养殖生产中,日本鳗鲡应用含阿维菌素的指环清(浓度0.053 mg/kg)和灭虫精(浓度0.3 mg/kg)来防治寄生虫病害,停药时间3天至51天,鳗鱼体内阿维菌素残留为0.00078 mg/kg-0.0038 mg/kg.结合实验室的实验和实际生产鳗鱼对阿维菌素的残留检测结果分析,本人认为,含阿维菌素的药物按正常使用剂量用于防治鳗鱼寄生虫病害,其停药期初定15天比较合适.     

动物源性食品中磺胺类药物残留检测技术研究进展

磺胺类药物是一类使用广泛的广谱抗菌药,价格低廉、高效、性质稳定。但不当使用会造成其在动物组织中离集,通过食物链传递,最终危害人的健康文章对动物源性食品中磺胺类药物残留检测前处理和检测方法进行了综述     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.