圈养黑熊胰腺的形态学观察

为了探讨成年圈养黑熊胰腺的形态学特点,试验采用解剖学、组织学、免疫组织化学技术,对5头圈养黑熊的胰腺进行了形态学观察。结果表明:黑熊胰腺外观呈V字形,由左叶、胰体和右叶构成;在光镜下观察,黑熊胰腺由外分泌部和内分泌部(胰岛)构成,外分泌部由管泡状腺泡和排出导管(闰管、小叶内导管、叶间导管和胰管)构成,胰岛主要由位于胰岛中央的B细胞、外周的A细胞和散在于其中的少量D细胞构成,胰岛的平均直径达211.93μm。     

东北虎主要消化腺的组织学研究

通过光镜对东北虎主要几种消化腺的H.E染色石蜡切片进行观察,结果表明,东北虎肝小叶间的结缔组织不发达,小叶的界限不清晰,肝细胞体积较大,核位于细胞一侧,肝细胞多呈索状排列,窦状隙不明显;胰腺外分泌部由腺泡和导管组成,腺泡形状不一,由单层锥状腺上皮细胞组成,胰岛是一些大小不等的细胞团和细胞索,分散于外分泌部之间,胞质染色较外分泌部浅;腮腺为纯浆液腺泡,胞质着色呈嗜酸性,颌下腺是以黏液性细胞为主,含少量的浆液性细胞半月。     

脾虚大鼠胰岛胰多肽免疫阳性物质分布变化

脾虚证的临床表现以消化系统功能障碍为主,其中胰腺外分泌功能减退明显,且伴有食欲与体质量的显著下降.胰多肽(PP)是胰岛周边F细胞分泌的主要胃肠激素,对胰腺外分泌功能与食欲的调节有抑制作用,可导致氧化代谢增强,引起体质量下降.本试验旨在揭示大鼠胰岛胰多肽分泌变化与脾虚证发病之间的关系.笔者以利血平脾虚大鼠模型为研究对象,采用SP染色进行免疫组织化学研究,观察大鼠胰岛中胰多肽免疫阳性物质的分布情况.脾虚组与对照组的大鼠胰岛中胰多肽免疫阳性物质面积与胰岛面积百分比相比,胰头部分未见明显差异(P＞0.05);但脾虚组胰中、胰尾的PP免疫阳性物质所占面积极显著大于对照组(P＜0.01).结果表明,脾虚证大鼠胰岛中胰多肽总分泌量极显著增加.因此,胰多肽的分泌增加是导致脾虚证动物出现胰腺外分泌功能低下、食欲减退以及体质量下降的主要因素.     

关于蓝孔雀主要消化腺的组织学观察

蓝孔雀主要消化腺肝，胰的组织结构清晰，肝被膜为一层浆膜，间皮下为较薄的纤维膜，小叶间结缔组织不发达，所以肝小叶的分界不明显，肝细胞在肝小叶内的分布以中央静脉为中心，其周边少数的肝细胞以放射状排列，其余多数的肝细胞则由几个肝细胞构成不规则的肝管而放射状排列，门管区明显，胰明显分为被膜，外分泌部和内分泌部，被膜由一层薄的疏松结缔组织构成。     

绍鸭胰腺胰高血糖素免疫反应细胞生长发育的显微图像分析

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，显示绍鸭胚发育期间胰内高血糖素细胞，观察Ａ细胞的形态及分布；用显微图像分析仪测定Ａ细胞的积分光密度值；并求各时期Ａ细胞的平均积分光密度值，再作统计学分析。结果表明：Ａ细胞形态多样，但以多面形为主，并上侈种形式的胞 质突起。本文显示了胰腺Ａ细胞在胚后发育期间的发变化规律。为胃肠胰内分泌系统的功能研究提供动态变化的基础资料。     

太湖鹅松果体的组织细胞结构研究

在光镜和电镜水平下对太湖鹅松果体组织结构和细胞结构进行研究，结果表明，鹅松果体主要由松查体细胞组成，其间夹有少数胶质细胞，松果体细胞偶尔排列为滤泡状，松果体细胞具有突起，胞核椭圆形，胞核椭圆形，圆形，线粒体常在胞附近集聚，粗面内质网丰富，高尔基体发达，胞质中有散在的游离核蛋白体，脂滴和溶酶体，胞突中微管方向与胞突平行，胞体中方向不一,质细胞的胞核不规则，胞体和胞突中含有微丝。     

石鸡盲肠嗜银细胞形态结构特征及其分布规律

为了解石鸡盲肠消化生理特点,采用石蜡切片和Grimelius嗜银组织化学染色方法,鉴定石鸡盲肠嗜银细胞及其形态结构和分布规律.结果 表明:石鸡盲肠嗜银细胞呈棕黑色,嗜银细胞多分布于黏膜固有层结缔组织中,也有位于盲肠上皮细胞之间,形态多样,呈近圆形、锥形或长条形.近圆形嗜银细胞有的位于固有层,有的靠近肠腔,分别表现为封闭型和开放型特征.长条形或梭形嗜银细胞两端均有突起,一端伸向深层固有层,另一端伸向游离面肠腔,同时表现为内分泌和外分泌特征.根据形态特征和分布位置,石鸡盲肠嗜银细胞同时具有内分泌和外分泌功能.盲肠管壁内的嗜银细胞密度可达6.6个/mm2,提示盲肠可能是石鸡重要的消化和吸收器官.     

海豹胰腺组织结构观察(摘要)

海豹(来自长春市胜利公园),2岁,♂,于死后12h内取材,10％甲醛固定,石蜡包埋切片,分别进行H.E染色、Gomori醛复红染色,光镜下观察。 海豹胰腺呈长三角形,分成三个叶:右叶最大,宽而厚,横切面呈三菱形,其腹侧有胰管分出;左叶和胰体均较小,后者与阿捷里氏胰腺相连。胰腺被膜由少量结缔组织组成。小叶分界明显。外分泌部腺泡呈泡状,细胞大,呈锥形,核大,呈圆形或卵圆形,位于细胞的中央或基部,核仁清楚,胞质丰富,H.E染色胞质顶部充满红色颗粒。泡心     

生长抑素免疫阳性细胞在莱芜黑山羊消化系统的分布规律

采用免疫组织化学SABC法，探究莱芜黑山羊消化系统生长抑素（SS）免疫阳性细胞的形态结构和分布规律。消化道中SS免疫阳性细胞形态多样，大多呈椭圆形和锥体形，主要分布于幽门腺区，而贲门腺区、结肠、盲肠和直肠中未见阳性细胞。胰腺中SS免疫阳性细胞数量较多，主要分布于胰岛的外套层，在胰岛的中央和外分泌部的腺泡细胞之间也有少量阳性细胞。结果表明：消化系统SS阳性细胞出现最多的部位是幽门腺区和胰岛的外套层。     

胰岛淀粉样多肽的研究进展

胰岛淀粉样多肽(islet amyloid polypeptide，IAPP)是一种有关调节糖代谢的新激素。为探讨胃肠胰IAPP免疫反应细胞的形态分布，深入了解IAPP的生理作用及疾病状态下的改变，特对其研究进展作一综述。     

Immunohistochemical studies on the splenic lobe of the pancreas in young Japanese quails (Coturnix c. japonica)

The splenic lobe (Lobus splenicus) of the pancreas of young meat-type quails (Coturnix c. japonica) was examined by immunohistochemical and light microscopic methods. The endocrine cells are mainly grouped as alpha, beta and mixed islets. A large region consisting of alpha cells is located in the central region of the splenic lobe whereas numerous beta islets are detected in the periphery of the splenic lobe. Alpha islets are in the majority composed of toluidine blue positive A cells and a few toluidine blue negative D and / or avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) endocrine cells. Beta islets contain only a few toluidine blue negative B and a few D cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the splenic lobe reveal in the centre of beta islets numerous insulin immunoreactive cells and scarcely in alpha islets, exocrine tissue and / or among acinar cells. Somatostatin immune-reactive cells form a circular layer in the periphery of beta islets whereas these cells are uniformly distributed throughout the alpha islet parenchyma and exocrine tissue. In conclusion, the morphology but also the endo- and exocrine functions of the splenic lobe of quails are similar to observations in other avian species such as chicken, duck, goose and pigeon.     

Development of the chick pancreas with regard to estimation of the relative occurrence and growth of endocrine tissue

Endocrine cells in chick pancreas were observed to map their distribution during development and to perform morphometric studies starting on embryonic day 5. The ratio of exocrine to endocrine tissues first prevailed in favour of the endocrine ones, and changed abruptly after day 9 when rapid growth of exocrine tissue began. Endocrine tissue was formed of two types of islets. The 'light' (or B) islets were composed of insulin-immunoreactive cells, completed perhaps by a few somatostatin-immunoreactive cells occurring on the periphery. The majority of the somatostatin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were present in the 'dark' (or A) islets. Endocrine elements were also scattered as single cells over the pancreas. Sporadically, the endocrine cells established contacts with exocrine ducts. In morphometric analysis, volume density of insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells was measured, and ratios were calculated between particular components. The volume density of endocrine cells and their ratio appeared stable in individual lobes but varied significantly between each other. Increase of the glucagon volume density is exponential, whereas insulin increases almost linearly especially in splenic lobe. The process results in the increase of the hormone-immunoreactive cell volume density in favour of glucagon-immunoreactive cells typical for birds.     

Immunohistochemical localization of neuropeptides in bovine pancreas

The occurrence and density of distribution of nerves and endocrine cells that are immunoreactive for neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas were studied by immunohistochemistry. The six neuropeptides localized were galanin (GAL), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin (MENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The exocrine pancreas was shown to have an appreciable number of GAL- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres but few fibres showing immunoreactivity for VIP and CGRP. Numerous MENK-, GAL-, SP-, and NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Nerve cell bodies in the intrapancreatic ganglia showed immunoreactivity for all of the neuropeptides except CGRP. Endocrine cells showing immunoreactivity for GAL and SP were observed in the large islets and islets of Langerhans, respectively. The present results indicate a characteristic distribution of neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas, which may regulate both exocrine and endocrine secretions of pancreas.     

Morphologic and immunocytochemical study of young dogs with diabetes mellitus associated with pancreatic islet hypoplasia

In 11 dogs (7 males, 4 females; 10 purebred, 1 mixed breed), diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus before the age of 6 months, the pancreas was evaluated histologically; in 6, the pancreas also was examined by use of electron microscopy and/or immunocytochemical methods. Each dog was placed in 1 of 3 groups (A through C) on the basis of pancreatic histopathologic findings: Group A (n = 3)--no recognizable islets, but the pancreas in 2 dogs contained scattered endocrine cells detectable by use of immunoperoxidase staining or electron microscopy; Group B (n = 4)--no recognizable islets, but the pancreas had severe vacuolation of ducts and acini, as well as acinar atrophy; Group C (n = 4)--scant shrunken islets; 1 pancreas had reduced numbers of recognizable islets, hydropic beta-cell vacuolation attributable to glycogen deposition, and islet and nonislet endocrine cells in expected proportions. Insulitis was not observed in any pancreas, although scattered lymphocytes were seen in the pancreatic interstitial fibrous tissue of 3 dogs. Histologic pancreatic lesions in these young dogs were distinct from those of type-I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in human beings, as well as from those of diabetes mellitus in aged dogs, but were similar to those described in other young diabetic dogs. This uncommon syndrome is distinct from commonly recognized canine diabetes mellitus, on the basis of age of onset, predisposition for purebred dogs, lack of predisposing endocrinopathies or obesity, and pancreatic histologic features. The cause(s) is unknown, but is related to pancreatic endocrine hypoplasia and not to insulitis or to exocrine pancreatic inflammation. The term pancreatic islet hypoplasia is chosen as best describing this disorder.     

An Immunohistochemical Survey of Catecholamine-synthesizing Enzyme-immunoreactive Nerves and Endocrine Cells in the Bovine Pancreas

The distribution of catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme-immunoreactive nerves and endocrine cells in the pancreas of the calf and cow was studied immunohistochemically using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were abundant both within and around the islet of Langerhans. A few TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen around the large islets characteristic of calf pancreas, but the majority of cells in the large islets, and some in islets of Langerhans, showed TH immunoreactivity. In the exocrine pancreas, both TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were distributed randomly among the acini, with the DBH-immunoreactive fibres being more numerous. Abundant TH- and DBH-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in close association with blood vessels and in the connective tissue around the interlobular duct. Immunoreactivity for both enzymes was also observed in the nerve cell bodies and fibres of the intrapancreatic ganglia. The findings suggest an important role for catecholamines in the regulation of bovine pancreatic function.     

Histopathological Changes in the Pancreas from a Spontaneous Hyperglycemic Cynomolgus Monkey

Morphological and immunohistochemical examinations were carried out on the pancreas of a hyperglycemic 5-year-old male cynomolgus monkey. Body weight gradually decreased from 6 months before termination, accompanying a slight reduction in food consumption and anorexia for the last 2 days. The blood glucose level was markedly elevated when examined at termination. Histopathologically, in the exocrine pancreas, diffuse hyperplasia of centroacinar and intercalated duct cells and diffuse atrophy of acinar cells with sporadic apoptosis were observed, although most centroacinar and intercalated duct cells were proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive in both the present case and age-matched control animals. In the endocrine pancreas, the islets tended to be hypertrophic, with an increase in insulin-positive cells in comparison with the age-matched control animals. PCNA-positive cells also tended to increase in the islets, although positive cells for phospho-histone H3, a marker for mitotic cells, were not detected in the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Moreover, neither inflammation nor amyloidosis was noted in the islets. In conclusion, the present case probably suffered from early-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it provides fundamental information concerning pancreatic histopathology under insulin-related derangement in monkeys.     

Intercalated duct cells in the chicken pancreatic islet with special reference to the alloxan administration.

The intercalated duct cells were observed in the A and B islets of the chicken pancreas. These cells adhered with each other by intercellular junctional complexes at the apical side. They had many microvilli projecting into the lumen. Abluminally, they displayed extended slender cytoplasmic processes between islet endocrine cells. Administration of alloxan resulted to denser cytoplasm and a more prominent thickening of cytoplasmic processes of the intercalated duct cells, although the blood glucose levels did not show appreciable changes by the treatment. The intercalated duct epithelial cells appeared clearly as stellate cells. The lysosomes increased in size and number with passage of time after alloxan administration. The present findings may suggest that intercalated ducts are not only anatomically important as a structure passing through the islet but also play physiologically by protecting the islet endocrine cells.     

Immunoreactivity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 2 alpha in mouse pancreatic islet cells

Cells of the pancreatic islets produce several molecules including insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells), somatostatin (delta cells), pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells), ghrelin (epsilon cells), serotonin (enterochromaffin cells), gastrin (G cells) and small granules of unknown content secreted by the P/D1 cells. Secretion mechanism of some of these molecules is still poorly understood. However, Cathepsin L is shown to regulate insulin exocytosis in beta cells and activate the trypsinogen produced by the pancreatic serous acini cells into trypsin. The structure of the propeptide region of Cathepsin L is homologous to Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 alpha (CTLA-2 alpha) which is also shown to exhibit selective inhibitory activities against Cathepsin L. It was thought that if CTLA-2 alpha was expressed in the pancreas; then, it would be an important regulator of protease activation and insulin secretion. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine by immunohistochemistry the cellular localization and distribution pattern of CTLA-2 alpha in the pancreas. Results showed that strong immunoreactivity was specifically detected in the pancreatic islets (endocrine pancreas) but not in the exocrine pancreas and pancreatic stroma. Immunostaining was further performed to investigate more on localization of Cathepsin L in the pancreas. Strong immunoreactivity for Cathepsin L was detected in the pancreatic islets, serous cells and the pancreas duct system. These findings suggest that CTLA-2 alpha may be involved in the proteolytic processing and secretion of insulin through regulation of Cathepsin L and that the regulated inhibition of Cathepsin L may have therapeutic potential for type 1 diabetes.     

Localization of amylin‐like immunoreactivity in the striped velvet gecko pancreas

Immunohistochemical techniques were employed to investigate the distribution of amylin‐like immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of gecko Homopholis fasciata. Four types of endocrine cells were distinguished: insulin immunoreactive (B cells), pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive (PP cells), glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive (A/PP cells) and somatostatin immunoreactive cells (D cells). Pancreatic islets contained B, A/PP and D cells, whereas extrainsular regions contained B, D and PP cells. In the pancreatic islets, amylin‐like immunoreactive cells corresponded to B cells, but not to A/PP or D cells. In the extrainsular regions, amylin‐like immunoreactive cells corresponded to either B or PP cells. Amylin secreted from intrainsular B cells may regulate pancreatic hormone secretion in an autocrine and/or a paracrine fashion. On the other hand, amylin secreted from extrainsular PP and B cells, and/or intrainsular B cells may participate in the modulation of calcium homoeostasis in an endocrine fashion.