非饱和土本构模型中考虑含水率的应力-应变曲线的构建方法

非饱和土的变形除受应力影响外,还与土中含水率及其变化有关。在非饱和土计算模型中引入含水率,虽然建立的是经验公式,但非常直观,作为一种近似而实用的处理方法值得深入研究和进一步发展。分别从加工硬化曲线的试验参数与含水率的关系和加工硬化曲线的割线模量与含水率的关系两个不同的角度出发,提出了考虑含水率的应力-应变关系曲线的构建方法。结合具体试验展示了2种方法的实现过程,并对模型的合理性进行检验。检验的结果表明2种方法的计算值均能于试验值较好吻合。依据试验结果对2种模型进行了比较。结果表明方法1的计算值要比方法2的计算值稍小。     

一维稳态流非饱和土渗透系数垂直分布模型及其线性简化

渗透系数是控制地下水流动的重要参数,对渗透系数的空间分布规律进行研究具有重要的意义。基于Gardner模型获取了一维稳态流非饱和土渗透系数沿垂直分布模型,该模型用指数函数描述,受饱和渗透系数和无量纲的深度与流动率等因素的控制;该模型表明一维稳态流条件下均质典型土类的渗透系数其沿垂直方向变化趋势主要受比流量与饱和渗流系数的负数值二者之间的相对大小影响。分别采用泰勒级数方法和以地下水位处及地表处的渗透系数作为控制条件方法对一维稳态流非饱和土渗透系数沿垂直分布模型进行线性近似简化。采用泰勒级数方法获取的简化模型其计算误差随无量纲的深度增大而增大。简化后的模型具有形式简单、参数少等特点。通过算例对比简化模型与原模型的差异,计算结果表明:采用以地下水位处及地表处的渗透系数作为控制条件的方法进行线性近似简化的模型计算误差比采用泰勒级数方法获得的线性近似简化模型的计算误差小。     

太行山前平原土壤水分特征曲线拟合参数的确定

本文分别用BrooksandCorey ,vanGenuchten和Broadbridge White模型拟合了太行山山前平原不同层次土壤水分特征曲线 (SWC) ,并用Mualem和Burdine模型计算了土壤非饱和导水率(K)和扩散率 (D)。最能较好计算实验地点D和K的方法是用vanGenuchten模型拟和SWC(约束条件m =1- 2 /n) ,用Burdine方法计算K和D。     

基础尺寸对碎石土地基扩底基础上拔承载力影响的现场试验研究

影响基础上拔承载能力的因素包括地基土物理力学参数及基础尺寸参数,而确定混凝土方量最小、基础上拔承载力最大的基础参数配比是基础优化设计的关键。以戈壁滩碎石土地基中的原状土扩底基础为研究对象,采用正交设计方法,以立柱直径、深宽比、扩展角为影响因素,以基础上拔承载力为分析指标,设计出9组尺寸的足尺基础。通过现场试验,获得了各试验基础的荷载位移曲线和上拔承载力值,提出了采用渐变率的概念表征荷载位移曲线的非线性变化特征,通过分析发现基础荷载位移曲线渐变率与承载能力呈负相关。结合正交试验分析结果,得出立柱直径、深宽比、扩展角3个因素中对碎石土地基原状土扩底基础抗拔承载能力的影响程度由大到小依次为深宽比、立柱直径、扩展角,表明在戈壁滩碎石土地基基础的工程设计中增加深宽比能提高基础抗拔承载能力。     

非直线双曲线模型在光合光响应曲线数据分析中的应用

通过对光响应曲线数据两种分析方法的比较，发现使用二项式回归来拟合光响应曲线，不能计算表观量子效率且无法解释光强超过光饱和点后，模型预测的光合速率很快下降等问题；而运用非直线双曲线模型结合SPSS软件的非线性回归，并在低光阶段辅以直线回归作补充，能较客观地计算光响应曲线相关参数并绘制出拟合图形。     

三个肉鸽品种生长曲线的分析与拟合研究

为了探究不同肉鸽品种的生长发育规律,采用Logistic、Gompertz、von Bertalanffy、MMF(Morgan-Mercer-Flodin)和Weibull 五种模型进行生长曲线拟合,对0-4周龄的欧鸽(欧洲肉鸽)、白卡奴鸽和白羽王鸽体重生长规律进行研究。结果表明：白卡奴鸽和白羽王鸽两个肉鸽品种除了在4周龄时存在显著差异外,其他各周龄间体重差异不显著,但都显著低于欧鸽,整体生长发育变化呈现一致趋势。欧鸽绝对生长量均显著高于白卡奴鸽和白羽王鸽,相对生长率曲线基本上处于重叠状态。曲线拟合结果显示：五种模型均能很好的模拟肉鸽生长曲线,其拟合度都达到 0.9 以上,欧鸽和白羽王鸽的最优拟合曲线为Weibull,R2=1.000,而白卡奴鸽的最优拟合曲线为MMF,R2=0.999。有固定拐点的生长模型有一定的限制,有灵活拐点的生长模型有更好的适用性,同时四参数生长模型要好于三参数生长模型,推荐使用四参数有灵活拐点的生长模型来拟合肉鸽生长曲线。拐点数据显示第一周属于乳鸽生长关键期,因此该时期要加强种鸽饲养管理。     

干旱胁迫下半干旱雨养区春小麦光响应曲线的拟合

为揭示半干旱雨养区干旱胁迫对春小麦光响应模型的适应性,通过对4种光响应曲线模型的分析比较,探讨干旱胁迫对春小麦光响应模型的适用性。结果表明：持续干旱胁迫明显降低春小麦叶片的净光合速率,而生育后期的复水使得T₁、T₂处理出现了超补偿效应。各模型下的光响应参数拟合结果显示,最大净光合速率在指数模型的模拟效果最好,光补偿点在直角双曲线修正模型中拟合效果最好,暗呼吸速率在指数模型的拟合效果最好。4种模型中直角双曲线修正模型模拟效果最好。综上所述,干旱胁迫明显降低春小麦叶片的光合能力,降低小麦叶肉细胞的光合活性,而胁迫后期的复水使得T₁、T₂处理小麦叶片的光合能力得以恢复,出现了超补偿效应。     

干热河谷区土壤水分胁迫下扭黄茅光合作用光响应过程及其模拟

采用3 种模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,比较不同拟合模型的优劣,旨在优选出水分胁迫下最优的光合作用光响应模型,为深入了解扭黄茅光合生理生态特征、合理使用水资源有效地进行植被恢复提供科学依据。利用Li-6400 光合仪测定了元谋干热河谷扭黄茅雨季在不同土壤水分胁迫程度下光合作用的光响应过程,并用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和直角双曲线修正模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,通过决定系数(R2)、拟合的初始量子效率(α)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd) 6 个参数的对比,比较3 种模型的差异。研究结果表明：（1）随着土壤水分胁迫的加重,扭黄茅净光合速率、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率降低,强光下扭黄茅的光合作用发生光抑制现象,表现为光合速率随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈现先升高后降低的趋势;（2）从决定系数比较来看,拟合效果优劣排序为直角双曲线修正模型＞非直角双曲线模型＞直角双曲线模型;（3）直角双曲线修正模型的Pnmax、LSP、LCP 和Rd 4 个光合参数均与实测值较为接近,而其他模型除个别参数较为接近外,多数参数差别较大。直角双曲线修正模型可以直接得出饱和光强和最大净光合速率,能够较好地拟合土壤水分胁迫下扭黄茅的光响应过程及其特征参数,拟合值较符合植物实际的生理情况,更接近实测值,该模型可以更好地拟合土壤水分胁迫下扭黄茅的光响应曲线。     

河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土剪切流变特性及模型

利用剪切流变试验对以水泥为固化剂的河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土的流变特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，经固化处理的河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土在荷载作用下具有类似于硬粘性土的流变特征。剪切流变可以分为3个阶段：在剪应力水平较低时，剪切流变曲线呈衰减稳定型；随着剪应力水平的提高，剪切流变曲线呈非稳定的等速型；当剪应力水平增大到一定程度时，剪切流变曲线呈加速型。河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土的流变性随着混合轻质土强度的提高而降低。根据试验所呈现的剪切流变规律，可以发现河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土的剪切流变符合七元件黏弹塑性剪切流变模型，模型能够比较好地描述河道淤泥混合轻质土在各种剪应力水平下的衰减、等速以及加速流变过程。     

枸杞不同品系的光合特性及光响应模型拟合研究

为深入了解枸杞光合特性,探讨不同光响应模型对枸杞光合作用的实用性,以期为枸杞新品种的选育提供理论依据。以‘14-Z44’、‘14-2-3-20’、‘宁杞1号’为研究对象,比较3个品种（系）间的叶片形态生理及光合特性指标,利用不同光响应模型分别对3个品种（系）叶片的光合光响应曲线进行拟合。结果表明,‘14-2-3-20’叶片形态特征和生物量与‘宁杞1号’有显著差异,叶厚度、比叶重无差异。与实测值相比,直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型拟合的各测量点的光合速率最接近实测值,但光合参数值与实测值差异较大,直角双曲线修正模型拟合的光响应曲线、光合参数均接近实测值,并有光抑制现象。与‘宁杞1号’相比,‘14-2-3-20’、‘14-Z44’的LCP、LSP、Rd均较低,α较高,‘14-2-3-20’的Pn_max最高。综合分析得出,直角双曲线修正模型较适用于拟合枸杞光响应曲线,‘14-2-3-20’弱光利用能力强,强光下光合能力也高,不易出现光抑制现象,在选育丰产品种方面有潜在的价值。     

Probability Statistics and Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves

To study the characteristic of soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) of several different types of soils, a number of data sets of matric suction-volume water content were studied for UNSODA clay, UNSODA sand, Guangxi expansive soil and Hefei expansive soil. Three types of Fredlund-Xing models and three types of van Genuchten models were used to study the influence of SWCC models, and three types of functions in the scientific programming language MATLAB were applied to analyze the effect of different fitting methods. Through the data fitting and statistic analysis, the probabilistic characteristics of the fitting parameters of SWCCs for the four types of soils were obtained. For analyzing the relative sensitivity of the normalized volume water content to the three fitting parameters of SWCC, a formula which considers the correlation of parameters was proposed. Through the data fitting of many data sets, it is found that the fitting methods influence the value of parameters of SWCC, while the influence is less than that of fitting models from the statistical point of view. The SWCCs of all the models are nearly the same when the suction is low. With the increase of the suction, the SWCCs of FX2 and VG2 are very close, and the SWCCs of FX3 and VG3 are the same. The sensitivity analysis shows that the normalized volume water content is more sensitive to parameters n and m than to parameter a.     

Distribution Characteristics and Prediction of Equilibrium Moisture of Non saturated Clay Subgrade

The space distribution characteristics of equilibrium moisture of non saturated clay subgrade were surveyed along the road cross section by the in situ and laboratory tests. Based on the basic theory of unsaturated soil mechanics, matric suctions of soil samples with different kinds of moisture condition were determined and the soil water characteristic curve model was calibrated to reflect a single valued function relationship between water content and matric suction of clay soils. Combining the above results, an estimation method of the equilibrium moisture of the unsaturated clay subgrade outside the affected zone of atmospheric precipitation/evaporation was established. The results show that the atmospheric precipitation/evaporation has significant effect on moisture condition of the subgrade soil located in the upper part of the subgrade near the central reserve and hard shoulders. However, equilibrium moisture of subgrade soil outside the affected zone of atmospheric precipitation/evaporation is mainly controlled by the impact of the groundwater table. Fredlund & Xing model can be used to characterize the relationship between the unsaturated clay soil moisture and matric suction, and the fitting results of model parameters have high reliability. A consistency between the predictive results and the experimental data shows the presented model is accurate and credible.     

Analytical Solution for One Dimensional Contaminant DiffusionThrough Unsaturated Soils Beneath Landfills

A one-dimensional diffusion model was developed to investigate contaminant distributions in unsaturated soils beneath a landfill. On the basis of the assumption that the volume water content is a linear function of depth, the analytical solution of the model was obtained by using the method of separation of variables combined with generalized orthogonal theory. The results obtained by the proposed analytical solution agree well with those obtained by the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2. The proposed analytical solution can be degraded to the steady-state solution. When the maximum volume water content of 0.6 and minimum volume water content of 0.3 is assumed for an unsaturated soil, the 100-year contaminant flux at the bottom of unsaturated soil was 91 g/ha/a, which is 1.4 times greater than that of the case assuming porosity of 0.3 for the saturated and 0.7 times less than that with a saturated volume water content of 0.6. When the sum of the top and bottom volume water content of the unsaturated soil remains constant, the relative concentration at the bottom of the soil will decrease with increase of the volume water content at the top of the soil. The bottom contaminant flux was not greatly affected by the variation of the distribution of volume water content when the sum of the top and bottom volume water content remains constant. The proposed analytical solution is relatively simple, and can be used for verification of complicated numerical models, experimental data fitting, and preliminary design of landfill liner systems.     

Assessment of two parameter estimation techniques for the estimation of soil hydraulic characteristics

When Richard's flow equation was solved numerically two parameter estimation procedures were assessed for their applicability in the estimation of parameters of soil hydraulic characteristics, the water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The estimation procedures assessed were Taylor expansion and Marquardt (1963). The model simulated soil water content and pressure head profiles, obtained with the optimized estimates for the parameters from either method, agreed close with the corresponding measured profiles. Similar trends were observed for the water retention curve. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivities calculated, using the measured values in water content and pressure head agreed with those obtained using the established hydraulic conductivity functions. The results show that the techniques developed in this study were satisfactory to predict sufficiently accurate the hydraulic characteristics required to describe unsaturated flow of water in soil. The techniques appear promising, becuase the auxilliary information, soil water content, required for the estimation of hydraulic characteristics was minimal and relatively easy to collect.     

紫色土区林地土壤入渗性能试验研究

土壤入渗是土壤水分运动的重要组成部分。为了准确测得紫色土区林地土壤入渗性能,用双环法和环刀法对其进行测定,并对2种方法的试验结果进行分析和比较,以探求其差异性所在。结果表明：2种方法测定土壤入渗性能各项指标（初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均入渗率）差别较大,它们主要受土壤理化性质及测定条件影响;在试验中双环法测得的初渗速率和平均入渗率差异性要比环刀法的大,稳渗速率则比环刀法小;双环法测得的入渗性能各项指标均值皆比环刀法的大,其中初渗速率大了2.36倍,稳渗速率大了2.17倍,平均入渗率大了2倍;采用4种常用入渗模型对双环法和环刀法测得的结果进行拟合时,其效果表现为：Horton模型>通用经验模型>Kostiakov模型>Philip模型,且环刀法比双环法好;土壤累计入渗量采用一元二次方程拟合比采用一元一次方程拟合好,一元二次方程拟合的决定系数R²都在0.99以上。该试验可以为紫色土区林地土壤入渗的研究提供资料参考。     

三七总皂苷含量测定不确定度的评估

对分光光度法测定三七总皂苷含量的不确定度进行分析,找出影响不确定度的因素,为其测定方法的改进和评价检测报告提供依据。用分光光度法测定三七总皂苷含量,并根据JJF 1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的规定评估其不确定度。试验建立了数学模型,找出了各分量的归宿,根据实验测定,A类不确定度由方法的重复性影响所引起,通过对多次平行测定得到的观测列进行统计分析求得其相对不确定度为0.00296。B类不确定度包括质量分量、体积分量和分光光度计吸光度分量,其相对不确定度为0.00321。利用标准曲线回归方程计算标准曲线拟合引起的不确定度,其相对不确定度 。根据分析,本次评估的不确定度由扩展不确定度表示为0.0022。方法具有一定的准确,能满足测定的要求。在本次不确定度的评估中,天平称量和测量方法的重复性这2项引起的不确定度分量对合成不确定度构成显著贡献。     

不同耗水强度下节水灌溉稻田土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度关系研究

为了探索基于土壤非饱和层厚度指导水稻节水灌溉的可能性,研究节水灌溉稻田土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度的关系非常必要。本文通过设计盆栽试验,针对不同耗水强度开展连续观测,根据实时观测的土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度,建立起两者之间的定量关系。结果表明：稻田日耗水强度越大,其非饱和土层厚度随时间增加的速率越大,达到最大值所需的时间越短。非饱和土层随时间增加时对应的土壤含水率则随时间下降,两者之间成负相关关系。通过建立土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度的二次抛物线关系,结果显示将非饱和土层厚度作为水分控制指标指导灌溉精度高、切实可行。最后,将土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度关系曲线运用到水稻控制灌溉的实践中,推算出土壤含水量下限对应的非饱和土层厚度值,确定以非饱和土层厚度为指标的控制灌溉方法,为黑龙江地区水稻节水灌溉管理技术提供参考,为下一步的水分运动模型率定及模拟更多土质和更多耗水情形下的土壤水分提供依据。     

不同施氮水平下深层土壤硝态氮淋失特征研究

通过Geoprobe?深层取土18m,分析了不同施氮水平下厚不饱和层土壤中NO3--N的迁移变化。发现不同施氮处理下NO3--N在一个生育期的淋失变化主要体现在0~4m土体内,土壤中硝态氮累积峰下移深度为0.2~0.6m,高施肥土体中,深层土壤6.7~8m和13~15m土体中也有少量硝态氮淋失,施氮量越高,淋失量和累积量也越高;不同施肥处理下,厚不饱和层土壤中NO3--N累积量变化主要体现4m土体特别是根区土层中,在2 m土体内,土体中NO3--N的累积量与施入的氮肥量呈极显著线性关系,根区以下不饱和层中NO3--N累积量超过1800 kg/hm2。     

分光光度法测定油脂中磷脂含量的不确定度评定

探讨了分光光度法测定油脂中磷脂含量的不确定度评定方法.根据测量不确定度的评定原理和测定方法,建立数学模型,评估了各不确定度分量并计算合成标准不确定度及扩展不确定度.对磷脂含量为0.334%的油脂样品,其扩展不确定度为0.010%.该方法的不确定度主要来源于由标准曲线查磷量、总重复性测定.     

Assessing uncertainty and complexity in regional-scale crop model simulations

Crop models are imperfect approximations to real world interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. In some situations, the uncertainties associated with choices in model structure, model inputs and parameters can exceed the spatiotemporal variability of simulated yields, thus limiting predictability. For Indian groundnut, we used the General Large Area Model for annual crops (GLAM) with an existing framework to decompose uncertainty, to first understand how skill changes with added model complexity, and then to determine the relevant uncertainty sources in yield and other prognostic variables (total biomass, leaf area index and harvest index). We developed an ensemble of simulations by perturbing GLAM parameters using two different input meteorology datasets, and two model versions that differ in the complexity with which they account for assimilation. We found that added complexity improved model skill, as measured by changes in the root mean squared error (RMSE), by 5–10% in specific pockets of western, central and southern India, but that 85% of the groundnut growing area either did not show improved skill or showed decreased skill from such added complexity. Thus, adding complexity or using overly complex models at regional or global scales should be exercised with caution. Uncertainty analysis indicated that, in situations where soil and air moisture dynamics are the major determinants of productivity, predictability in yield is high. Where uncertainty for yield is high, the choice of weather input data was found critical for reducing uncertainty. However, for other prognostic variables (including leaf area index, total biomass and the harvest index) parametric uncertainty was generally the most important source, with a contribution of up to 90% in some cases, suggesting that regional-scale data additional to yield to constrain model parameters is needed. Our study provides further evidence that regional-scale studies should explicitly quantify multiple uncertainty sources.