新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿（Cervus elaphus songaricus）种群数量调查

为了查清新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿（Cervus elaphus songaricus）种群的现状和有效保护与合理利用野生马鹿资源,2010—2011年采用截线抽样法对新疆南山山区天山马鹿的栖息地和种群现状进行了考察。共调查35条样线,总长度78km,遇见马鹿158头,平均密度为0．52512±0．064758头／km2,栖息地面积697km2,估计马鹿总数为366．0±45．1头。雌雄比例2．5：l,亚成体和成体数量明显大于幼体和老体数量。研究区域内马鹿的种群密度和资源总数量比往年有所下降;但从性比和年龄结构来看该研究区域马鹿种群有增长的潜力。     

阿克苏拜城天山区盘羊和北山羊的分布与种群资源现状

根据2008～2009年实地考察研究结果,着重就该区2种有蹄类动物的分布、种群数量以及有关问题作概要性探讨。调查研究结果表明：（1）老虎台盘羊分布区盘羊平均密度=8.49/8=1.06只/km^2,黑英山盘羊分布区盘羊平均密度=5.34/3=1.78只/km^2。整个分布区盘羊种群数量1 488只,其中,老虎台分布区种群数量=480×1.06=509只,黑英山分布区种群数量=550×1.78=979只。（2）老虎台北山羊分布区北山羊平均密度=14.59/5=2.92只/km^2,黑英山北山羊分布区北山羊平均密度=7.01/4=1.75只/km^2。整个分布区北山羊种群数量5 604只,其中,老虎台分布区种群数量=1 200×2.92=3 504只,黑英山分布区种群数量=1 200×1.75=2 100只。以上数据为该区2种野生有蹄类动物开展狩猎与保护提供了对策性依据。     

基于线粒体Cyt b DNA阿拉善马鹿分子系统学研究

阿拉善马鹿为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,仅分布于宁夏和内蒙古交界的贺兰山中段,是我国唯一幸存的该亚种的有效种群。目前关于野生阿拉善马鹿的分子研究尚属空白,本研究于2016年8—9月和2017年2—3月在贺兰山采集新鲜阿拉善马鹿粪便样本396份,使用线粒体Cyt b区DNA引物对提取的DNA进行物种鉴定和9对微卫星引物对其个体识别,共鉴定出278个阿拉善马鹿个体,基于线粒体Cyt b DNA对其全序列进行分析。使用线粒体Cyt b区引物对提取的粪便DNA扩增,获得了1 075 bp的序列,检测到10个变异位点,并定义了10个单倍型。其中10个变异位点占分析长度的0. 93%,均为碱基代换,无碱基插入和缺失。其单倍型多样性为0. 243,核苷酸多样性为0. 000 32。中性检验Tajima's D值为显著负值,Fu和Li's D值为不显著的负值,表示阿拉善马鹿可能经历瓶颈事件并随后出现种群扩张。在系统发育树中,阿拉善马鹿单独聚成一支且与东北马鹿亲缘关系较近,与其他中国马鹿亚种亲缘关系较远。本研究表明野生阿拉善马鹿种群总体遗传多样性较低,建议加强对该亚种的保护力度。     

利用Y染色体SRY基因分析马鹿的父系起源和遗传多样性

试验旨在从分子水平上研究中国马鹿的父系起源结构和遗传多样性水平,判断各种群间的系统发育关系和亲缘关系远近。通过DNA提取、PCR扩增和直接测序的方法,对天山马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、塔河马鹿、东北马鹿等11个群体共159头马鹿的SRY基因序列进行了检测和分析,计算碱基组成、核苷酸多样性（Pi）、单倍型多样性（Hd）以评估遗传多样性,构建单倍型网络图;以白唇鹿为外群,用邻接法（NJ）和最大似然法（ML）构建系统进化树,探讨马鹿的聚类及遗传多样性。结果显示,所获序列长度为1 615 bp,在基因中共鉴定出18个SNPs多态性位点,占核苷酸总数的1.11%,根据多态性位点鉴定出14个单倍型,优势单倍型为Hap-1,所占频率35.84%,为天山马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、阿拉善马鹿、塔河马鹿、东北马鹿、甘肃马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王种群的共有单倍型。其中,阿拉善马鹿、塔河马鹿、甘肃马鹿、川藏马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王均具有独有单倍型。单倍型多样性介于0~0.857,核苷酸多样性介于0~0.00272,各亚种间遗传距离最大的是塔河马鹿与西藏马鹿（0.002406）,最小的是阿拉善马鹿与青海马鹿（0.000124）。基于邻接法和最大似然法构建的系统进化树一致,显示11个野生马鹿种群间共存在3个分支,支系S1包含全部马鹿种群,塔河马鹿、甘肃马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王构成支系S2,北美马鹿构成支系S3,单倍型最小网络图与系统进化树一致。表明各马鹿种群之间的遗传多样性存在差异,塔河马鹿、高产鹿王和甘肃马鹿分别存在2个父系类型,北美马鹿存在3个父系类型,其他马鹿种群只存在1个父系类型,Hap-1在单倍型组S1中处于核心位置,其他单倍型分散分布于其周围,推测Hap-1为马鹿种群中较为原始的单倍型。     

家养天山马鹿死亡原因调查

伊犁地区是新疆天山马鹿的主要产地 ,现全地区家养天山马鹿 6 0 0 0余头 ,鹿源的解决主要靠捕抓野生仔鹿 ,由于鹿源和马鹿生产环节的特殊性 ,我区家养马鹿的死亡率远远高于其它家畜。据我区养鹿基地县察布查尔锡伯族自治县科委养鹿服务中心提供的统计数据 ,该县家养马鹿年平均死亡率在1 5%左右。严重的经济损失影响了农牧民养鹿的积极性。为了摸清我区家养马鹿死亡的主要原因 ,减少马鹿死亡 ,笔者对我区家养马鹿的死亡原因进行了调查分析。1　材料与方法1 .1　调查材料来源　 (1 )察布查尔锡伯族自治县科委养鹿服务中心 1 992年～ 1 998年马…     

中国野生马鹿资源的保护与利用

我国现存8个马鹿野生亚种:东北亚种Cervus elaphus xanthopygus、天山亚种C.elaphus songaricuss、塔里木亚种C.elaphus yarkandensis、甘肃亚种C.elaphus kansuensis、阿勒泰亚种C.elaphus sibiricus、西藏亚种C.elaphus wallichi、阿拉善亚种C.elaphus alashanmicus,它们的栖息地逐渐减小,仅分布于黑龙江、吉林、新疆、甘肃、宁夏、青海、四川、西藏、内蒙古和河北等地.由于栖息地遭到破坏和非法捕猎等原因造成野生马鹿处于濒危状态,种群数量较小,仅13万头,其野生状况均不乐观.野生马鹿种群对家养种群有着非常重要的价值和意义,野生与家养种群的优缺点互补,可促进家养种群健康发展,并保护、恢复野生种群,二者完全可以优势互补,相互促进.     

江苏大丰麋鹿种群及管理模式探讨

以江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿为研究对象,探讨麋鹿种群管理及保育对策.结果显示:1986 ～2011年,大丰麋鹿数量呈逐年上升趋势,年增长率在7.7％ ～27.1％之间,平均年增长率为13.6％(n=25).大丰麋鹿种群的管理有4种方式,即圈养、半散养、野生放养和异地寄养.圈养生境面积小,麋鹿采用全年人工补饲;半散养生境面积较大,以第一核心区麋鹿为例,其种群密度从1998年的0.825头/hm2增加到2011年的3.06头/hm2,平均增长1.9％(n=14).野生放养是恢复麋鹿野生种群的基础和前提;异地寄养是保存麋鹿物种的关键.今后,大丰麋鹿保护区将走麋鹿种群可持续发展战略,继续合理野生放养、异地选点寄养,并通过栖息地生境修复、麋鹿血统交换等方式,不断探索麋鹿保护发展新策略.     

野生天山马鹿哈密种群微卫星遗传多样性

为了解野生天山马鹿哈密种群的微卫星多态性,本文选用5对微卫星标记引物,利用粪便DNA分析法、PCR和复合电泳银染技术,通过计算基因频率（JP）、有效等位基因数（M）、群体杂合度（1te）、多态信息含量（PIC）和遗传距离,对冬季采集的201份天山马鹿粪便进行了研究,评价了其遗传多样性和系统进化分析。结果表明：成功提取I）NA的194份粪便分属140个体;种群平均等位基因4．200±0．837;平均有效等位基因数3．2167±0．0236;平均多态信息含量0．6332±0．0017;平均期望杂合度0．694±0．035;平均观察杂合度0．792±O．063。整个种群没显著偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡,种群剧定系数Fis为一0．238。从此可见,野生天山马鹿哈密种群具有比较丰富的遗传多样性.     

桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群现状

梅花鹿南方亚种被IUCN濒危物种红皮书列为濒危级,仅分布于安徽南部、江西东北部和浙江西北部,分布区域日益萎缩,分布区之间隔离程度较大。江西桃红岭是该亚种分布区之一,为保护该亚种,1981年成立桃红岭自然保护区,2001年升级为国家级自然保护区。为了解桃红岭野生梅花鹿现生种群数量,评估保护区过去30 a的保护成效,我们于2011年秋季采用直接计数的广义样线法开展梅花鹿种群调查。调查结果表明,保护区内梅花鹿数量为365只,密度为2.92只/km~2,近年来梅花鹿种群增长较慢。经过30 a的保护,该保护区自然植被正在演替恢复。然而,当地的顶级植物群落可能并不是梅花鹿的适宜生境。因此,近年来,梅花鹿向保护区外扩散趋势明显,由此带来的各种管理问题值得关注。     

马鹿坏死杆菌病的诊治

日照市动物园于 2 0 0 0年 8月从东北购进马鹿1 2头 ,半月后 ,有 5头相继发病。经综合诊断 ,确诊为鹿坏死杆菌病。经治疗 ,3头公鹿死亡 ,2头母鹿治愈。发病情况此群马鹿来本地后 ,天气炎热 ,临时的马鹿场面积较小 ,没有树荫可避暑。发病时 ,鹿群表现为呼吸较快 ,气粗、喜卧地 ,饮水较多 ,因场地较硬 ,有的马鹿关节磨破。 3头年龄、体型不同的公马鹿和2头体形、年龄不同的母马鹿相继发病 ,经过及时诊治 ,2头母马鹿治愈 ,3头公马鹿死亡。临诊症状病马鹿主要表现精神不振 ,体温升高 ,心律加快 ,呼吸困难 ,不时咳嗽、流涕 ,四肢、关节 ,特别是蹄…     

东北地区三种鹿科动物潜在栖息地预测与保护空缺分析

栖息地是野生动物赖以生存的根本,掌握物种潜在栖息地的空间分布及其与环境因子的关系可以加强对物种的保护。鹿科(Cervidae)动物是东北地区森林等生态系统不可或缺的一部分,本研究选取东北地区3种鹿科动物马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、驼鹿(Alces alces)为研究对象,通过查阅文献、全球生物多样性信息网络数据库(GBIF)以及部分外业数据得到物种分布点,运用MaxEnt软件对3种鹿科动物进行潜在栖息地预测,模型AUC值如下:马鹿0.939,梅花鹿0.991以及驼鹿0.861。将模拟得到的潜在栖息地与东北地区保护区叠加进行保护空缺分析。模型模拟得出的潜在栖息地占整个东北地区面积:马鹿(25.85%)、梅花鹿(0.99%)以及驼鹿(13.83%);潜在栖息地被现有保护区覆盖率:马鹿(10.03%)、梅花鹿(21.70%)、驼鹿(8.85%),尚有大部分潜在栖息地未得到自然保护区覆盖。上述研究结果对这3种国家级保护鹿科动物的保护管理规划的制定提供了有益参考。     

BTV infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review

The distribution of bluetongue virus has changed, possibly related to climate change. Vaccination of domestic ruminants is taking place throughout Europe to control BT expansion. The high density of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in some European regions has raised concerns about the potential role that unvaccinated European wild ungulates might play in maintaining or spreading the virus. Most species of wild ruminants are susceptible to BTV infection, although frequently asymptomatically. The red deer population density in Europe is similar to that of domestic livestock in some areas, and red deer could account for a significant percentage of the BTV-infection susceptible ruminant population in certain regions. High serum antibody prevalence has been found in red deer, and BTV RNA (BTV-1, BTV-4 and BTV-8) has been repeatedly detected in naturally infected European red deer by means of RT-PCR. Moreover, red deer may carry the virus asymptomatically for long periods. Epidemiological studies suggest that there are more BT cases in domestic ungulates in those areas where red deer are present. Vector and host density and environmental factors are implicated in the spatial distribution of BT. As in domestic ruminants, BTV transmission among wild ruminants depends almost exclusively on Culicoides vectors, mainly C. imicola but also members of the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complex. However, BTV transmission from red deer to the vector remains to be demonstrated. Transplacental, oral, and mechanical transmissions are also suspected. Thus, wild red deer contribute to the still unclear epidemiology of BTV in Europe, and could complicate BTV control in domestic ruminants. However, further research at the wildlife host-vector-pathogen interface and regarding the epidemiology of BT and BT vectors in wildlife habitats is needed to confirm this hypothesis. Moreover, red deer could be used as BT sentinels. Serum and spleen tissue of calves sampled from late autumn onwards should be the target samples when establishing a BTV surveillance program.     

基于GBS技术对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代基因组SNP特征的分析

旨在利用基因分型测序（genotyping by sequencing,GBS）技术对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代（F1、F2）基因组的SNP特征进行分析。本试验采用GBS技术对梅花鹿（63个）、马鹿（12个）及其杂交后代（F1代112个,F2代38个,未知类型个体1个）共226个个体的血液基因组DNA进行测序,并利用本实验室前期110只梅花鹿、197只马鹿和1只F1代杂交鹿的测序数据,以梅花鹿全基因组为参考序列进行比对分析。结果,226个个体共产生Clean data 322.683 Gb,平均每个样品1 427.802 Mb;将所有样本作为一个群体检测SNP变异,共检测出SNP位点23 943 582个,质控过滤后得到SNP位点31 630个。对31 630个SNPs使用最大似然（maximum likelihood,ML）法构建的分子进化树显示,梅花鹿、马鹿、F1及F2代区分明显。对梅花鹿和马鹿的SNPs进行比对分析,筛选出可用于鉴别马鹿、梅花鹿、F1、F2的物种特异SNP位点1 032个（马鹿特异SNP位点474个,梅花鹿特异SNP位点558个）,计算结果显示,F1代个体包含马鹿特异SNPs的比例主要在40%~60%之间,F2代个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例主要在10%~30%之间,马鹿个体中不含梅花鹿的特异SNPs,梅花鹿中55.49%的个体不含马鹿特异SNPs,17.34%的个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例低于1%,13.29%的个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例在1%~10%之间,其余个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例为10%~20%（其中有一个个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例为33.3%）。该研究为花马杂交鹿后代的鉴定提供了可靠标记,并定量估计了F1和F2代个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例,马鹿个体中不含梅花鹿的特异SNPs,这对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代（F1、F2）的鉴别具有重要意义。     

塔里木马鹿微卫星遗传多样性与产茸量的相关性研究

利用7个微卫星遗传标记,采用PCR扩增,12%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、Sanguinetti银染法显色,对新疆塔里木马鹿亚种遗传多样性进行检测,统计各群体的等位基因组成、平均有效等位基因数(E)和平均基因纯合率(Rh),根据等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离,利用分子进化遗传分析软件(MEGA),采用邻结法(NJ)重建系统发生树。根据等位基因频率,利用PHYLIP(3.6)分析软件,采用最大似然法(ML)构建系统发生树,应用自举检验(bootstrap test)估计系统树中节点的自引导值(bootstrap value),并进行了系统发生分析。同时对部分马鹿群体个体基因型与产茸量之间进行了相关分析。结果表明:7个微卫星位点在3个塔里木马鹿中的多态信息含量除BMS2508和Celjp0023没有多态性,以及BM5004为中度多态外,其他4个微卫星均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于3个塔里木马鹿群体遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析。所有马鹿群体的平均PIC为(0.5196)、h(0.5552)和E(2.45),其基因多态性和遗传多样性相对丰富。塔里木马鹿35团群体与沙雅群体的血缘关系及遗传距离近于阿拉尔群体,3个塔里木马鹿群体的系统发育关系基本符合其地理分布和育成史。微卫星位点BM4208的166bp/185bp基因型和微卫星BM888的208bp/208bp基因型可以对塔里木马鹿35团群体高产茸量进行分子遗传标记。     

Evaluating use of cattle winter feeding areas by elk and white-tailed deer: Implications for managing bovine tuberculosis transmission risk from the ground up

Transmission of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) among wildlife and livestock has created important risks for conservation and agriculture. Management strategies aimed at controlling TB have typically been top-down, regionally focused, and government-led programs that were at best only partially successful. The purpose of this study was to quantify co-mingling of elk and white-tailed deer (WTD) with cattle at multiple spatial scales (i.e., the regional farm scale and winter cattle feeding area patch) in southwestern Manitoba, Canada, to assess the potential for bovine tuberculosis transmission and identify alternative management strategies. For each spatial scale we quantified use of cattle farms by elk and white-tailed deer. We mailed questionnaires to rural households and then conducted personal interviews with 86 cattle farmers to map the spatial distribution of their cattle winter feeding areas at a fine scale. We deployed Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on 48 wild elk and 16 wild white-tailed deer from 2003 to 2011. Elk were observed on farms by 66% of cattle producers, including 5% and 20% who observed direct and indirect contact, respectively, between elk and cattle. Cattle producers consistently (≈100%) observed white-tailed deer on their farms, including 11% and 47% whom observed direct and indirect contact, respectively, between white-tailed deer and cattle. A higher probability of white-tailed deer–cattle contact at the regional scale occurs on farms that (1) left crop residues specifically for wildlife, (2) had larger cattle herds, (3) used round bale feeders, and (4) were farther away from protected areas. None of the GPS-collared elk locations overlapped with cattle winter feeding areas. In contrast, 21% of GPS-collared white-tailed deer locations overlapped with winter cattle winter feeding areas (22% of these were from male WTD and 78% were from female WTD). White-tailed deer selected cattle winter feeding areas with higher (1) forage crop, (2) grassland/rangeland, and (3) forest cover around the cattle feeding area. Farmers overall expressed strongly negative attitudes toward eradicating the elk population or fencing the park to eradicate TB, but were generally supportive of less invasive and farm-based approaches. Our results suggested that management efforts to prevent TB transmission at the wildlife-agriculture interface can be effectively implemented using a ‘bottom-up’ approach that focuses on practical, farm-based mitigation strategies. This approach can be implemented by individual farm operators, is relatively low cost, and is generally well supported by farmers relative to other more extreme and controversial measures like wildlife eradication.     

Sarcoptic mange in red deer from Spain: improved surveillance or disease emergence?

Concern about emerging diseases has risen in recent years, and multihost situations have become increasingly relevant for wildlife management and conservation. We present data on Asturias, northern Spain, where 80 mangy red deer (Cervus elaphus) have been found since the beginning of the epizootic in chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) in 1993. We combine field and necropsy data with the results of a serosurvey using an in-house ELISA test to evaluate if deer mange due to Sarcoptes scabiei is an emerging disease in this area. The mean number of deer mange cases per year was 5, with a maximum of 16. No significant relationship was detected between monthly temperatures, rainfall or number of days with snow cover and the annual number of sarcoptic mange cases in red deer. Only 4 mangy red deer (5%) were detected outside the limits of scabietic chamois distribution during the same year, and all were less than 2500 m away from that limit. The longest distance reported between two consecutive mangy deer locations was 18 km. Mange cases were significantly more frequent in stags than in hinds and in adults than in juvenile deer. The time of the first mange detection in chamois in each sector, year with minimum number of chamois recorded, year with maximum chamois population decline rate and chamois density offered no significant correlation with red deer mange cases appearance moment and frequency. In the mange affected area, ELISA testing of 327 blood samples from hunter-harvested deer without obvious mange-compatible lesions revealed only 4 seropositive animals. All 83 sera from hunting preserves without clinical cases yielded negative ELISA results. According to these epidemiological data mange does not seem to threaten red deer populations in Asturias. However, continued monitoring of deer health and ELISA testing for sarcoptic mange is advisable.     

Management practices and their association with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex prevalence in red deer populations in Southwestern Spain

Intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in Southwestern Spain. Five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. Prevalence, as determined by TB-like lesions, was estimated to be 5.1% of animals, with 77% of TB-like lesions confirmed by PCR. Our results suggest that population density, in addition to factors which promote the local aggregation of animals, is factors associated with increased prevalence of TB in red deer populations. We suggest that management practices including supplementary feeding, fencing, water ponds and interaction with domestic livestock should be revised in order to prevent TB in wild deer both.