湖南澧阳平原玉成土壤剖面粒度组成及其环境意义

通过对澧阳平原大量的野外考察、典型剖面玉成(YC)土壤剖面的系统采样和室内粒度分析和年代学分析,探讨了YC土壤剖面的粒度特征,揭示了澧阳平原末次冰期至全新世早期环境演变过程。研究结果表明,澧阳平原YC土壤剖面沉积物粒度无砾石,野外调查发现土壤剖面无明显层理,沉积物主要以粉砂为主,属于典型风尘沉积物特征,非水流沉积物。澧阳平原YC土壤剖面沉积物粒度经历了粗-变细-细-粗-细的变化过程,表明澧阳平原YC土壤剖面记录了末次冰期至全新世早期环境经历了5次明显变化,大致为56.0kaBP～31.8kaBP为相对寒冷干旱,31.8kaBP～23.6kaBP气候转型阶段,23.8kaBP～14.8kaBP为相对冷湿,14.8kaBP～10.6kaBP位于晚冰期阶段,气候变化剧烈,10.6kaBP～6.96kaBP为全新世早期,气候向暖湿转变。     

周原全新世复合古土壤和成壤环境的微形态学研究

通过对陕西周原黄土剖面的微形态研究 ,结合微量元素、粒度及磁化率分析 ,探讨了黄土风化成壤的特征 ;揭示出该剖面的全新世古土壤S0 是温暖湿润的环境下形成的具有强烈粘化特征的复合土壤 ,是 60 0 0～ 5 0 0 0aB .P .出现的区域性干旱气候事件造成风尘加速堆积的结果。关中盆地在 85 0 0～60 0 0aB .P .风化成壤最为强烈 ,气候最为暖湿。在 5 0 0 0～ 3 1 0 0aB .P .又出现了一个比较强烈的成壤时期。而最近 3 1 0 0年以来是一个风尘堆积较强的相对干旱期。     

关中盆地全新世黄土-土壤剖面微量元素的地球化学特征及其古气候意义

通过对老官台全新世黄土剖面12种微量元素的测定分析,结合本剖面已测定的粒度、磁化率、光释光(OSL)年龄,研究和揭示了它们在表生环境下的地球化学特征和古气候意义。微量元素在风化成壤过程中,其活动性由强至弱顺序为BaSrCdPbLiZnCuCrMnCoRbNi。其中Rb、Li、Cr、Co、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni八种元素在土壤形成过程中相对富集,含量较高;Sr、Ba、Cd三种元素在土壤中相对淋失,含量较低;但Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb五种元素对黄土层和土壤层的区别不是很明显。因此,Rb、Li、Cr、Co的高含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,低含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境;而Sr、Ba、Cd低含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,高含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境。Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Cd元素含量在表土层中的富集主要与现代耕作活动或工业污染有关,反映了人类活动强度的不断增强。LGT剖面主要微量元素的变化清楚地记录了关中盆地自末次冰消期以来气候环境经历的显著波动变化。     

渭河流域全新世土壤剖面木炭屑记录及其古环境意义

通过野外采样及其磁化率、总有机碳(TOC)、木炭屑的分析,探讨全新世野火活动与生态环境演变的关系。研究结果表明:TOC并不能完全指示野火活动,木炭屑是指示野火活动的理想指标,木炭屑对生态环境演变特征具有环境指示意义。末次冰期11500aB.P.之前,渭河流域气候干旱,植被为半荒漠草原,自然野火频繁发生;全新世早期(11500～8500aB.P.)野火发生频率大大降低;全新世气候适宜期(8500～3100aB.P.),气候比较湿润,生物风化成壤作用强烈,自然野火发生几率明显下降,但不同地点人类活动引发的野火活动存在区域差异;全新世晚期近3100年以来,气候向干旱化发展,加之人类利用土地活动加剧,生物量燃烧的规模大幅度增加;1500aB.P.以后,木炭屑浓度大幅度减少,野火发生频率大大降低。可能由于渭河流域土地利用方式发生重大改变,人工自然复合生态景观基本形成,因而不再大规模放火烧荒。此外,木炭屑对人类活动的遗迹具有指示作用。     

淮河上游全新世黄土-古土壤序列元素地球化学特性研究

在野外考察研究的基础上,对河南禹州全新世风成黄土-古土壤剖面系统采样,利用X-荧光光谱仪测定了常量元素和微量元素的含量及其变化,并与磁化率曲线、粒度变化曲线对比分析发现:常量元素氧化物比值钾钠比、残积系数和以Rb为代表的微量元素含量等随剖面层次呈规律性变化,即在古土壤层(S0)中含量最高,表土层(MS)中次之,在黄土层(L1、Lt、L0)中最低。硅铝率和Sr的含量表现出相反的变化规律。表明在全新世古土壤层和表土层形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用和次生粘化作用较强;在黄土堆积时期,气候比较干旱,沙尘暴频繁,成壤作用微弱。这些化学参数与磁化率曲线可以进行对比,表明成土过程中元素的迁移变化受全新世以来气候变化和成壤环境变化的控制。与黄土高原腹地的洛川剖面相比,淮河上游禹州剖面中绝大多数常量元素的含量较高,而绝大多数微量元素的含量偏低,磁化率也显著偏低,绝对值差别很大,粒度组成当中细沙成分含量很高,这说明淮河上游黄土物质来源与黄土高原地区明显不同。联系全新世时期黄河频繁泛滥、改道、沉积与黄淮平原盛行东北风形成流沙地的事实,认为淮河上游的黄土是黄河泛滥沉积物质经过风沙活动改造,由东北风力系统搬运而来的近源粉尘堆积,再经过就地风化或者成土改造而形成。     

吉林西部全新世晚期土壤碳酸盐中碳稳定同位素记录的古气候信息

土壤碳酸盐中碳稳定同位素是记录古气候变化信息的重要载体。本文对吉林省西部大安市姜家甸草场土壤剖面中的δ13C值特征进行了详细分析,并在此基础上推得C3、C4植物生物量;结合野外观察到的剖面特征,作者认为全新世晚期以来,该地区气候曾经历过从干-热～湿-暖～干-热的演变过程。现今吉林西部的干旱化环境正是全新世晚期以来气候持续演化的结果。     

松嫩平原西部典型盐生景观土壤分形维数及盐碱化特征

为探究松嫩平原西部典型盐生景观土壤颗粒粒度组成及分形特征与土壤盐碱化之间的关系,采用体积分形维数模型计算了6种典型盐生景观土壤表层0—30 cm颗粒组成及分形维数,结合相关分析法分析了土壤分形维数与质地、盐碱特征之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)6种典型盐生景观中农田土壤分形维数值最小(2.35),碱蓬群落土壤最大(2.61),分形维数均值为2.48,分形维数随盐生景观土壤碱化程度增加而增大。(2)土壤质地越粗,砂粒含量越高,分形维数值越小;土壤质地越细,黏粒和粉粒含量越高,分形维数越大。(3)分形维数与盐分含量呈显著正相关(r=0.87,P0.05),尤其与盐分组成中HCO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.89,P0.01),与养分中总磷含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.90,P0.01)。(4)土壤颗粒组成中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒与盐分、HCO_3~-及总磷含量也存在极显著相关性。不同盐生景观土壤分形维数与土壤颗粒组成和土壤盐分之间存在显著的相关性,因此可以用分形维数来反映土壤质地和指示土壤盐碱化特征。     

陇东和陇中黑垆土的发生与演变

前人认为，我国黑垆土是现代草原环境条件下形成的。我们通过对陇东和陇中黑垆土理化性质分析，１４Ｃ年代和孢粉组成的测定。认为这里的黑垆土是由深色埋藏古土壤层和浅色表土覆盖层叠加构成。剖面呈两段性构造。古土壤层由晚更新世晚期开始发育，主要成壤于全新世中期，具有与现代成土环境不相符合的深厚腐殖质蓄积层，理化性质，孢粉成分等残遗埋藏特性。浅色表土层是全新世晚期气候传向旱型化条件下发育的土壤，其性质和现代成土     

花岗岩崩岗崩积体颗粒组成及分形特征

崩岗崩积体土质疏松,抗侵蚀能力弱,其颗粒组成及分形维数有其自身的特性。采用激光粒度分布仪对花岗岩崩岗崩积体及崩壁土样的颗粒进行测定,对其土壤颗粒组成及分形特征进行比较分析。结果如下:崩积体土壤以砾石、砂粒、粉粒含量为主,黏粒含量极低,土壤质地主要为砾石土;崩积体各层次土壤颗粒分形维数均值为2.61～2.70,分形维数值较低,反映了其细颗粒损失情况;黏粒含量是影响土壤颗粒分形维数的主要因素;崩壁土体的颗粒分形维数大小能够表征土壤的理化特征,而崩积体土壤颗粒分形维数无法真实反映崩积体的理化性质。     

郧西县庹家湾黄土剖面色度参数特征及其古气候重建

通过对湖北省郧西县庹家湾黄土剖面的色度参数分析,并结合磁化率、粒度、铷锶比(Rb/Sr)指标揭示汉江上游地区风成黄土的色度特征及其与气候变化的关系。应用X-rite VS450型分光测色仪对庹家湾黄土剖面色度参数进行了测量。结果表明:庹家湾黄土剖面红度a*的变化与沉积物氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,平均值由高到低依次为S_0(6.34)MS(5.52)L_t(5.18)L_0(4.98)L_1(4.82)T_(1-al_2)(3.66);亮度L*的变化与氧化铁含量和有机质含量均呈负相关,其中氧化铁含量对L*的影响更大,L*在黄土层出现了峰值;色调角h*在古土壤层呈现低值(68.64°),黄土层呈现高值,a*/b*与h*特征相反,在古土壤呈现高值(0.39),黄土层呈现低值;其中在马兰黄土L_1中存在两层弱古土壤层L_1-S_2、L_1-S_1,其色度参数特征较L_1具有较高的a*值和a*/b*值及较低的L*值和h*。黄度b*指示该区域气候变化有一定的局限性,h*、a*/b*、L*和a*均可作为良好的气候替代指标,a*值和a*/b*值越大指示气候越暖湿,成壤作用越强,L*值和h*越大指示气候越冷干,成壤作用越弱。h*、a*/b*、L*和a*共同记录了该地区晚更新世以来气候经历了晚更新世末期的干冷、全新世早期逐渐回暖、全新世中期的温暖湿润、全新世晚期气候逐渐干冷,在马兰黄土形成时期,气候出现了短暂的温暖湿润期(27.5~21.5ka B.P.)。     

泥石流粒度分维值的初步研究

运用分形理论,提出泥石流粒度分维的概念及其计算方法。根究泥石流粒度分析结果,分别求解泥石流形成区原始土体粒度分维、流体粒度分维和堆积物粒度分维,并分析它们与泥石流体颗粒机械组成和流体性质方面的相互关系。泥石流粒度分维值为泥石流形成、运动和堆积特征以及流体性质提供了可供参考的指示意义。     

第四纪黄土剖面多元古土壤形成发育信息的揭示

以时间尺度 2 0万年以来的洛川黄土剖面为研究对象。采用间隔 30～ 5 0cm的密集采样 ,通过土样的物理、化学、矿物组成和孢粉分析及土壤微形态镜鉴的综合研究 ,对第四纪生物气候环境演变提出了新的见解。对原以代表干冷环境沉积为主的黄土地层 (L) ,揭示了内伏半干旱环境的演化及相应的土壤发育过程 ;对原以代表暖湿环境的红褐色古土壤层 ,揭示了内伏干旱、半干旱环境的演化及干旱与湿润型孢粉共存的矛盾实质。研究证示 :深厚的黄土剖面是在第四纪生物—气候环境演变过程中 ,通过黄土沉积、成壤强弱交替演化 ,形成发育的由不同土壤类型组成的特殊的多元古土壤剖面体系。     

Coatings in cryoaridic soils and other records of landscape and climate changes in the Ak-Khol Lake basin (Tyva)

An assemblage of coatings in cryoaridic soils (Skeletic Cambisols Protocalcic) of southwestern Tyva is considered as a key block of soil memory, which is an intrasoil archive of landscape and climate changes in regional geosystems in the Holocene. The results of hierarchical macro-, meso-, and micromorphological studies of a large assemblage of coatings and the data on the X-ray microanalysis of coatings and composition of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, as well as on radiocarbon dating of coatings are presented. The synthesis of the results made it possible to reconstruct the main evolutionary phases of cryoaridic soils in the Holocene and landscape and climate changes that induced their alteration. The following climatogenic evolutionary phases of pedogenesis were distinguished: (1) formation of microsparite–micritic dense silica-containing coatings due to short-term fluctuations of the shallow alkaline bicarbonate groundwater level in the semiarid–arid climate; (2) formation of sparitic dense coatings under the slow accumulation of carbonates from low-mineralized bicarbonate water at the higher lake level as compared to the present one in the less arid conditions; (3) the eluvial-illuvial formation of micritic loose coatings under stable automorphic semiarid conditions; (4) formation of Fe-humus coatings in cool humid climate (Al–Fe-humus phase of pedogenesis); (5) the recommencement of the eluvial-illuvial formation of micritic loose coatings under aridization of the last thousand years of the Holocene.     

中国全新世气候变迁相位差与亚洲季风及西风带的联系

不同区域由于其主导气候影响因素的差异而表现出不同的全新世气候变化特征,对这些机制的研究,可以很好地理解各种自然要素的发展变化过程、气候影响机制及相互耦合关系。通过中国不同区域全新世气候变化研究成果的对比分析,发现黄土高原区与西北干旱区全新世期间气候特征主要表现为干冷的早全新世、暖湿的中全新世、气候恶化的晚全新世,而西南季风区与东部季风区全新世期间表现出两次季风加强阶段,但西南季风要比东南季风加强提前约3～4ka。该文认为黄土高原区与西北干旱区可能受同一气候系统制约,从而表现出类似的气候变化特征。西南季风区与东部季风区全新世气候变化特征有很好的对比性,可能是由于亚洲西南季风与东南季风在全新世的推进与退缩共同受到行星风带南北移动的影响,使其气候表现出类似的变化特征,但由于海洋巨大的热容导致东南季风的加强延后,从而导致西南季风区与东南季风区全新世的气候变化具有不同步性。     

Polygenesis of volcanic paleosols in Armenia and Mexico: Micromorphological records of climate variations in the quaternary period

The Pleistocene volcanic paleosols of Armenia and Mexico combine the features of both arid and humid pedogeneses. They were studied in order to reconstruct the environmental conditions during the period of the initial settlement of humans in these areas. The main attention was paid to the micromorphological analysis of the pedogenic features. The pedocomplexes studied in Armenia have been forming since the Early Pleistocene. They bear evidences of humid (weathering, clay illuviation, and gleying) and arid (calcification) pedogeneses alternating in different soil layers and pointing to climatic cycles. The nonuniform lithology of the soil profiles is related to pulsating volcanic activity. Mexican paleosols of the Late Pleistocene period are similar to the lower layers of the soils in Armenia with respect to the features characteristic of the humid and arid phases of pedogenesis. This allows us to suggest that the early stages of the formation of the Armenian pedocomplex proceeded under warmer paleoclimatic conditions similar to those of a tropical climate. It is shown that the arid pedogenesis may erase the features produced during the previous stage of humid pedogenesis. The studied paleosols are characterized by the destruction of the features inherited from the humid phase (the clayey groundmass and illuviation coatings) by the newly forming calcite. Paleopedological records point to the fact that the paleoenvironmental conditions during the periods of the initial settlement of humans in both regions differed significantly from the modern environmental conditions in these regions.     

树儿梁小流域坝地土壤颗粒的分形特征

土壤颗粒的分形维数是重要的土壤物理特性,为研究坝地土壤颗粒分形维数的内涵和利用土壤颗粒的分形维数来描述与土壤性质的关系,本研究计算了树儿梁小流域坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数,并分析了分形维数与各粒级组成及其土壤养分的关系.结果表明:树儿梁坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数随土壤黏粒的增加而增大,坝前、坝中、坝尾土壤颗粒的分形维数分别为2...     

Soil polygenesis in the northeast part of Vladimir opolie

Soil studies in cultural landscapes of the medieval epoch within the Vladimir opolie territory on the Russian Plain suggest that virtually all automorphic soils in this area were plowed in that period. The morphology of the profiles of studied soils depends on the composition of parent materials. If the parent material represents a pedocyclith that passed through the stage of periglacial pedogenesis in the Late Pleistocene, then the soil profile developed from this material is a heterochronous body with distinct features of polygenesis. If the parent material is a relatively homogeneous sediment that was not subjected to periglacial pedogenesis in the Late Pleistocene, then the soil profile developed from this material contains only the features of the Holocene pedogenesis, even in the case when the thickness of the homogeneous substrate does not exceed 0.5 m. It is hypothesized that the Holocene pedogenesis within the humid forest and southern taiga zones in the center of the Russian Plain cannot delete the features of the pre-Holocene pedogenesis and morpholithogenesis; these features are always inherited by the profiles of modern soils. The presence of these features ensures the development of a fully developed mature soil profile.     

Late Pleistocene ‐ Holocene palaeosols in the north of Sonora,Mexico: chronostratigraphy,pedogenesis and implications for environmental history

Red palaeosols of the late Pleistocene‐early Holocene, both buried and non‐buried, were studied recently in Sonora (NW Mexico) to reconstruct their pedogenesis as well as the palaeoenvironmental conditions. The alluvial palaeosol‐sedimentary sequence of the La Playa archaeological site is a key locality for the buried San Rafael palaeosol, which exhibits a 2Ah‐2Bw‐2BCk‐3Bgk profile and was defined as a Chromic Cambisol. Radiocarbon dates from pedogenic carbonates and charcoal set the soil formation interval between > 18 000 and 4300 calibrated years before present (cal. year BP). Micro‐morphological observations together with profile distribution of clay, carbonates, organic carbon, pedogenic iron oxides and rock magnetic properties indicated a strong eluvial‐illuvial redistribution of carbonates, moderate silicate weathering and gleying in the lower horizon. Although this soil was much more developed than the overlying syn‐sedimentary late Holocene Fluvisols, clay mineral composition and stable carbon isotope signatures of humus and carbonates were similar in both soils. We suggest that pedogenesis of the San Rafael palaeosol took place under a slightly more humid climate and relative geomorphic stability. This agrees with the regional palaeoclimate reconstruction, which indicates a moister climate during the Late Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 2). An abrupt termination of the San Rafael pedogenesis marked by disturbance and aridization features in the Ap horizon of the palaeosol could be linked to a global drought around 4200 years cal. year BP. Surface Chromic Cambisols in northern Sonora show similar pedogenetic characteristics to the buried red palaeosols of La Playa. They appear to be a relict component of the present day soil mantle.