Nitrogen Fixation,Ureide, and Nitrate Accumulation Responses to Soybean Aphid Injury in Glycine max

There is little information available about soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) effects on the physiology and mineral nutrition of soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.). Controlled-environment studies were conducted to measure soybean aphid infestation effects on dry weight, nitrogen (N) fixation, ureide-N, and nitrate-N concentration and accumulation. Plants grown in perlite using –N nutrient solution culture were infested at the 3rd trifoliolate (V3) stage and measured for N fixation, nodule characteristics, and ureide-N concentration at the full pod (R4) stage. When compared to uninfested control plants, aphid infestation reduced total nodule volume per plant by 34%, nodule leghemoglobin per plant by 31%, plant N fixation rate by 80% and shoot ureide-N concentration by 20%. Soil-grown plants were infested at the first trifoliolate (V1) stage and shoots were measured for dry weight, nitrate-N, and ureide-N at the full bloom (R2) stage. Infestation reduced shoot dry weight by 63%, increased nitrate-N concentration by 75%, but did not significantly affect ureide-N concentration. Because nutrient concentration is a single-point measurement that results from the integration of two dynamic processes, nutrient accumulation and dry matter production, we conclude that aphid-induced reductions in N fixation, coupled with decreased dry weight accumulation, caused shoot ureide-N concentration to remain unchanged in aphid-injured plants when compared to uninfested plants. Because nitrate-N concentration was greater in aphid-damaged shoot tissue, we further conclude that nitrate-N accumulation was less sensitive to aphid injury than dry weight accumulation.     

Grain yield,seed weight,seed N concentration,and nodule activity of soybean as influenced by defoliation and N fertilizer

It is unknown if nitrogen (N) fertilizer application will ameliorate the yield loss associated with severe defoliation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] at the R5 stage of growth. The objective of this field study was to investigate the interaction of N fertilization rate and extent of defoliation on soybean yield, seed weight, seed N concentration, and nodule activity. Field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 on a Drummer silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). Treatment variables were three cultivars: BSR 101, Chamberlain, and Elgin 87; three N fertilizer rates applied one day after defoliation: 0, 84, and 168 kg N ha^‐1 as urea; and three levels of defoliation: 0, 50, and 75%. Grain yield was not significantly affected by N rate but did decrease with defoliation. Fertilizer N did not ameliorate the yield reduction associated with defoliation. Seed weight decreased linearly with increasing defoliation. Plants exposed to the most severe defoliation produced seed which weighed 1 g 100^‐1 seed less than seed from nondefoliated plants. In 1989 seed weight of only the nondefoliated plants increased slightly with N rate, seed weight was not affected by N rate for any other year by defoliation treatment combination. Seed N concentration was not affected by N rate. Seed N concentration increased with defoliation in 1988 but not in 1989. Seed N concentration was not affected by defoliation in 1989. N fertilizer application and defoliation decreased nodule activity. Defoliated plants utilized nitrates in preference to dinitrogen fixation. Fertilizer N increased the concentration of nitrates in the plant, but the increase did not ameliorate the yield loss. Developing pods and seed are the predominate sink. The additional energy presumably required for dinitrogen fixation did not exacerbate the yield loss.     

Variation of nitrogen accumulation and yield in response to phosphorus nutrition of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Phosphorus (P) is essential macronutrient for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and function. The objective of this study was to determine effect of phosphorus nutrition (including phosphorus nutrition level and interruption of phosphorus supply) on nitrogen accumulation, nodule nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean plants by ¹⁵N labeling with sand culture. The results showed that they all presented a single peak curve with improvement of phosphorus nutrition level, when phosphorus concentration of nutrient solution was about 31 mg/L, they all reached the maximum and effect of phosphorus nutrition level on nodule nitrogen fixation was lower than that on yield formation level. Interruption of phosphorus supply during soybean growth period, nitrogen accumulation and nodule nitrogen fixation were seriously inhibited, and yield was decreased significantly when interruption of phosphorus supply during V₃-R₁ and R₁-R₅ period, while interruption of phosphorus supply during R₅-R₇ period had no significant effect on nitrogen accumulation, nodule nitrogen fixation and yield. So soybean nitrogen metabolism and yield were sensitive to phosphorus nutrition in the V₃-R₅ period, those were not sensitive to phosphorus nutrition after R₅ period.     

Do interactions with soil organisms mediate grass responses to defoliation?

Defoliation-induced changes in grass growth and C allocation are known to affect soil organisms, but how much these effects in turn mediate grass responses to defoliation is not fully understood. Here, we present results from a microcosm study that assessed the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and soil decomposers in the response of a common forage grass, Phleum pratense L., to defoliation at two nutrient availabilities (added inorganic nutrients or no added nutrients). We measured the growth and C and N allocations of P. pratense plants as well as the abundance of soil organisms in the plant rhizosphere 5 and 19 d after defoliation. To examine whether defoliation affected the availability of organic N to plants, we added ¹⁵N-labelled root litter to the soil and tracked the movement of mineralized ¹⁵N from the litter to the plant shoots.When inorganic nutrients were not added, defoliation reduced P. pratense growth and root C allocation, but increased the shoot N concentration, shoot N yield (amount of N in clipped plus harvested shoot mass) and relative shoot N allocation. Defoliation also reduced N uptake from the litter but did not affect total plant N uptake. Among soil organisms, defoliation reduced the root colonization rates of AM fungi but did not affect soil microbial respiration or the abundance of microbe-grazing nematodes. These results indicate that interactions with soil organisms were not responsible for the increased shoot N concentration and shoot N yield of defoliated P. pratense plants. Instead, these effects apparently reflect a higher efficiency in N uptake per unit plant mass and increased relative allocation of N to shoots in defoliated plants. The role of soil organisms did not change when additional nutrients were available at the moment of defoliation, but the effects of defoliation on shoot N concentration and yield became negative, apparently due to the reduced ability of defoliated plants to compete for the pulse of inorganic nutrients added at the moment of defoliation.Our results show that the typical grass responses to defoliation—increased shoot N concentration and shoot N yield—are not necessarily mediated by soil organisms. We also found that these responses followed defoliation even when the ability of plants to utilize N from organic sources, such as plant litter, was diminished, because defoliated plants showed higher N-uptake efficiency per unit plant mass and allocated relatively more N to shoots than non-defoliated plants.     

Salinity and Defoliation Effects on Soybean Growth

An experiment was conducted to determine if salinity stress alters the response and tolerance of soybean to defoliation. Four soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars (‘Tachiutaka,’ ‘Tousan 69,’ ‘Dare’ and ‘Enrei’) in a growth chamber were exposed to two salinity treatments (0 and 40 mM NaCl) and two defoliation treatments (with and without defoliation). The interactive effects of salinity stress and defoliation on growth rate, leaf expansion, photosynthetic gas exchange, and sodium (Na⁺) accumulation were determined. The decrease in growth rate resulting from defoliation was more pronounced in plants grown under salinity stress than in those grown without the stress. Without salinity stress, defoliated plants of all four cultivars had leaf-expansion similar rates to those of the undefoliated ones, but the photosynthetic rates of their remaining leaves were higher than those of undefoliated plants. However, with salinity stress, defoliated ‘Tachiutaka’ and ‘Tousa 69’ had lower leaf expansion and photosynthetic rates than undefoliated plants. For cultivars ‘Dare’ and ‘Enrei,’ the defoliated plants had leaf-expansion rates similar to undefoliated ones, but the photosynthetic rate of the remaining leaves did not increase. Except for cultivar ‘Dare,’ defoliated plants grown under salinity stress had higher Na⁺ accumulation in leaves than undefoliated ones, and this result may be related to slow leaf expansion and photosynthesis. Salinity stress negatively affects soybean response and tolerance of defoliation, and the effects varied according to the salt tolerance of the cultivar.     

基于高氮投入和基因型差异的水稻氮素营养特征

采用氮素低效品种武育粳3(WY3)、氮素吸收高效品种连粳7(LJ7)和氮素吸收利用双高效品种南粳9108(NJ9)，开展了包括不施氮肥(LN)、适宜或减量氮肥投入(MN, 200 kg/hm2)和过量施氮(HN, 350 kg/hm2)三个条件的田间试验，探究了不同基因型差异的水稻植株整体和关键功能叶含氮量对施氮水平的响应，及其导致的光合特征的变化对氮素利用效率的作用特征。结果表明：在生育后期，氮高效品种的干物质和氮素积累强于氮低效品种。在MN条件下，LJ7和NJ9在齐穗期至完熟期干物质积累量相比WY3分别高46.44%和29.12%，氮素积累量分别高26.28%和32.31%；在该条件下，施用穗肥后27 d的时间段内(灌浆阶段)，WY3的剑叶氮含量降低21.86%,LJ7和NJ9的剑叶氮含量分别降低26.3%和34.74%，降幅次序为NJ9>LJ7>WY3,LJ7和NJ9的剑叶干重、光合速率、气孔导度、单穗重和产量显著高于WY3，氮高效品种的氮素利用效率指标优于WY3。在HN条件下，LJ7和NJ9在灌浆阶段的干物质和氮素积累量仍高于WY3，剑叶干重、气孔导度和单穗重显著优...     

Arbuscular mycorrhiza improves nitrogen use efficiency in soybean grown under partial root-zone drying irrigation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can form symbiotic association with the roots of plants that acquire carbon (C) exclusively from the host plants and supply nitrogen (N) to the plants. In this study, our objective was to investigate the effects of the AM fungus on plant growth, C and N partitioning and accumulation of Glycine max L. grown under water stress in pot experiment. Soybean seedlings were inoculated or not inoculated with the AM fungus, and were exposed to three irrigation treatments including full irrigation, deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying irrigation (PRD). The ¹⁵N isotope labeling was used to trace soybean N accumulation. Results showed that water stress significantly decreased plant dry weight. Compared with non-AM fungus, AM fungus increased root N and ¹⁵N concentration, and decreased stem, leaf and pod N and ¹⁵N concentrations under PRD. AM colonization decreased C and N partitioning into stem and leaf, and increased C and N partitioning into root under PRD. AM plants had greater C accumulation and N use efficiency than non-AM plants. It was concluded that AM symbiosis plays an important role in C and N dynamics of soybean grown under water stress.     

Effects of changes in applied nitrogen concentrations on nodulation,nitrogen fixation and nitrogen accumulation during the soybean growth period

ABSTRACT

The specific mechanism by which nitrogen application affects nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legume crops remains uncertain. To further study the effects of nitrogen application on soybean nodulation and nitrogen accumulation, three consecutive tests were performed during the VC-V4, V4-R1 (10 days), and R1-R2 (10 days) growth periods of soybean. In a dual-root soybean system, seedlings on one side were watered with a nutrient solution containing NH₄⁺ or NO₃^? as the N source (N+ side), and those on the other side were watered with a nitrogen-free nutrient solution (N- side). During the VC-R2 period, on the N+ side, high nitrogen treatment inhibited nodule growth and nitrogenase activity (EC 1.18.6.1), and the inhibition was significantly increased with increasing high nitrogen supply time (10 days, 20 days). When the high nitrogen treatment time reached 20 days, the specific nitrogenase activity (C₂H₄ μmol^?1 g^?1 nodule dry mass h^?1) was similar to that in the low nitrogen treatment, indicating that the nitrogen fixation capacity per gram of dry mass nodules was almost the same. Therefore, it is assumed that long-term high nitrogen treatment mainly reduces nitrogen fixation by reducing the nodule number. The effect of nitrogen concentration on the roots on the N+ side was greater than that on the N- side. Taken together, these results indicate that nitrogen application affects a contact-dependent local inhibition of root nodule growth, nitrogenase activity, and nitrogen accumulation. The whole plant systematically regulates specific nitrogenase activity, and high nitrogen inhibition is recoverable.     

施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

2009~2010年度在我国油菜主产区采用多点田间试验研究了施用控释尿素（Controlled release urea, CRU）对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响,以期为CRU在油菜上的施用提供理论依据。结果表明,CRU一次性基施可以保证后期氮素供应,明显促进油菜的生长发育,与普通尿素一次性基施处理（UB）相比,油菜叶片的SPAD值、株高及花期绿叶数明显增加。油菜籽产量增加了7.1%~19.7%,影响产量的构成因素主要有总角果数、分支数和第一节位高。油菜的氮素积累量增加16.9%~27.3%,氮肥利用率提高12.2~17.7个百分点,试验后耕层土壤（030 cm）的硝态氮含量升高了149.3%~296.1%,无机氮含量升高了40.5%~145.9%。CRU处理与尿素分次施用处理（UD）相比,生长指标、油菜籽产量和干物质量均没有明显差异,氮积累量和氮肥利用率有增加趋势。可见,CRU一次性基施可以达到普通尿素分期施用的效果。     

Sulfur composition of soybeans as affected by macronutrient deficiencies

Abstract

Results of solution culture experiments on effects of N, P, and K deficiencies on S constituents of leaf blades, total S concentrations, and S uptake by soybean plants are reported. Nitrogen deficiency decreased the concentration of soluble protein S, had little effect on nonsoluble S, and increased concentrations of soluble nonprotein S, sulfate S, reduced non‐protein S, and total S of soybean leaf blades. Soluble protein and S content of soluble protein decreased under N‐deficient conditions. For whole plants, S concentration and S uptake increased while dry weight was unaffected by N deficiency.

Phosphorus deficiency did not significantly affect S constituents of soybean leaf blades or whole plants. However, S concentrations and S uptake tended to decrease when P was deficient.

Potassium deficiency increased nonsoluble S concentrations in leaf blades and total S concentrations in whole plants but lowered dry weight per plant. Other S fractions of the leaf blades and S uptake per plant were not significantly affected.     

Growth and Accumulation of Nitrogen and Potassium in Flue‐Cured Tobacco as Affected by Calcium Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrate

The process of biomass, nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) accumulation over time as affected by N forms is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of N form on growth as well as on N and K nutrition of flue‐cured tobacco plants (Nicotiana tobaccum L.). The plants were grown in a greenhouse with pots of soil for 117 days after 200 days of preculture. Three treatments (calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), and ammonium nitrate plus straw (NH₄NO₃ + straw)) were used. The results showed that there were no significant differences in shoot dry mass of tobacco among the three treatments during the entire growth stage except at 30 and 117 days after transplanting. At these two growth stages, shoot biomass with the Ca(NO₃)₂ treatment was significantly less than that with NH₄NO₃ with or without straw. The NH₄NO₃ + straw plants had more mature leaves and greater leaf dry weight than the other two treatments. At an early stage (before 66 days), N concentration of Ca(NO₃)₂‐fed plants was less than with the other two treatments. The leaf K concentration and shoot K content of NH₄NO₃ and NH₄NO₃ + straw plants were more than with the Ca(NO₃)₂ treatment before maturity. Also, K concentration in mature leaves with these two treatments was greater than with Ca(NO₃)₂ treatment. All these results indicated that NH₄NO₃ application had benefits to the maturity and K accumulation in leaves of tobacco.     

Boron toxicity in kiwifruit plants (Actinidia deliciosa), treated with nitrate,ammonium, and a mixture of both

The objective of this research was to study the effects of nitrogen (N) forms (NO₃^–, 2.6 mM; NH₄⁺, 2.6 mM; NO₃^–, 1 mM + NH₄⁺, 1.6 mM) on the growth and mineral composition of kiwifruit plants exposed to three boron (B) levels (0.025, 0.1, 0.3 mM). The kiwifruit plants were grown in a 1:1 sand : perlite mixture and irrigated daily with nutrient solutions. Shoot height, mean shoot dry weight, the number of leaves, mean leaf dry weight, and N concentration of NH₄‐treated plants were significantly higher compared to the NO₃^– treatment at all B levels. The concentration of 0.3 mM B significantly reduced shoot height for all N treatments. Boron toxicity symptoms appeared 14 days after starting the experiment, when plants were treated with 0.1 and/or 0.3 mM B. The nitrate supply reduced the B concentration of roots, but B levels of different leaf parts were hardly affected by the N form. Furthermore, the NH₄‐N form significantly reduced the Mg concentration of the leaves.     

东北黑土区大豆生长、结瘤及产量对氮、磷的响应

氮肥和磷肥显著影响大豆的结瘤和产量。然而在土壤肥力较高、速效养分有效性差的东北地区,有关氮肥和磷肥施用量对大豆结瘤和产量影响的研究较少。本试验采用裂区田间试验,设置3个氮（N）水平（0、20 和 50 kg/hm2）和 3 个磷（P）水平（0、 20 和 40 kg/hm2）,研究氮、 磷及其交互作用对大豆生长发育、 结瘤特征及产量的影响。结果表明, 单施氮肥大豆生物量和产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,而根瘤数量、 干重、 大小和结瘤指数呈逐渐下降的趋势。单施磷肥促进大豆生物量、 产量、 根瘤数量、 干重、 大小和结瘤指数的增加,但其增幅低于施氮处理下的增幅。氮磷对大豆生长和产量促进作用高于单施氮和单施磷处理,但差异不显著;氮磷处理下的根瘤数量、 干重、 大小和结瘤指数低于单施磷处理;氮磷处理下N2（N 50 kg/hm2）处理下的大豆根瘤数量、 干重、 大小和结瘤指数高于N1处理（N 20 kg/hm2）下的,随着施磷量的增加大豆根瘤数量、 干重、 大小和结瘤指数增加,施磷能够抵消氮对大豆根瘤产生和形成的抑制。氮、 磷及其交互作用对大豆根瘤的影响都是直接的,并且不是通过促进大豆生长间接促进的。因此氮和磷均是限制东北地区大豆结瘤和产量的因素,但氮是主导因素。若要获得大豆高产,氮肥施用量需要控制在50 kg/hm2,磷肥在40 kg/hm2;但若想最大的发挥大豆的结瘤固氮功能,那么应该不施或者减少氮肥的施用量到20 kg/hm2,磷肥仍在40 kg/hm2。     

Leaf Chlorophyll Readings as an Indicator for Spinach Yield and Nutritional Quality with Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the concentrations of total nitrogen (N), nitrate-nitrogen, and ascorbic acid in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves using the pocket chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta, Japan) in a pot experiment in a greenhouse. Spinach plants were grown in plastic pots filled with 0.5 kg of brown soil per pot with urea as N fertilizer at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg N/kg soil. SPAD readings of the two uppermost fully expanded leaves were recorded 18, 25, and 32 d after sowing and at harvesting (34 d). Dry-matter biomass and total N concentrations in leaves and roots, and NO₃-N, and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves, were measured after harvesting. SPAD readings showed continuous reduction with increasing growth period irrespective of N applications. SPAD readings at harvest were significantly correlated with total N, leaf dry weight (DW), and NO₃-N concentration. However, this correlation did not exist between SPAD readings and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves. The above results suggest that it is possible to apply SPAD readings to estimate NO₃-N concentrations in spinach plants, and that they may be applied for field assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient-management programs for the plant. Furthermore, the SPAD method may also be useful for ascertaining the harvest time. The results suggest that treatment with 120 mg N/kg significantly improved both leaf yields and leaf quality (i.e., leaf nitrate-N concentration and ascorbic acid). Too little and too much N fertilizer was not good for yield or spinach quality.     

氮硫配施对生姜生长和氮素吸收的影响

【目的】施肥显著影响生姜的产量及品质,在施氮的基础上合理增施硫肥可通过协调氮代谢的能力,促进干物质的合成与积累,从而提高生姜产量。本文在砂姜黑土区采用田间试验,研究氮硫配施对生姜不同生育期干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收的影响,为提高生姜产量及养分吸收提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置4个N水平(0、300、450、600 kg/hm2)和2个S水平(S 0、50 kg/hm2),在发棵期、根茎膨大期和收获期取样,测定茎、叶及根茎的干物质量及含氮量。【结果】生姜的茎和叶生长主要集中在前期,根茎膨大期时的茎和叶干物质量分别为5.49.3 g/plant和7.0 11.6 g/plant;根茎则在后期快速积累,至收获期时根茎干物质量达20.0 36.8 g/plant。随施氮量的增加,不同生育期茎和叶的干物质量均随之增加。适宜施氮量内,生姜根茎干物质量和产量表现出随施氮量增加而增加的趋势,以N450S50处理最高。相较于N0S0处理和N0S50处理,不同施氮量处理生姜增产率分别在33.1%74.3%和25.4%64.2%之间。同一施氮量下,增施硫肥处理的生姜干物质量和产量较高。氮硫配施对生姜根茎、茎和叶氮含量有不同影响。各器官中叶的氮含量在不同生育时期均高于根茎和茎,其中以根茎膨大期较高,为24.3 28.4 g/kg;而根茎和茎的氮含量均在发棵期较高,分别为18.3 24.5和16.3 22.2 g/kg。不同处理中,根茎氮含量在N600S50处理中较高,而茎和叶氮含量则是在N450S50处理中最高。收获期生姜各器官氮累积量表现为根茎叶茎,其中N450S50处理的根茎氮累积量高于其他处理,而茎和叶中则是N600S50处理的氮累积量最高。整株氮累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,N450S50处理最高,较N0S0处理和N0S50处理分别上升116.2%和99.0%,过量施氮反而降低氮素累积。增施硫肥能提高氮累积量,增加幅度在8.1%15.8%之间。【结论】生姜根茎干物质量主要在根茎膨大期积累,实际生产中在这一时期追施氮、钾肥,对于提高生姜根茎生物量,获得高产具有重要作用。氮和硫存在很强的内在联系,适宜施氮量下增施硫肥能够促进同化产物的形成,使养分向生长旺盛部位转移,从而提高生姜干物质积累和产量,促进植株对氮素的吸收。过量施氮或氮硫比例不合理则会导致产量提升受限。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

麦?豆轮作体系周年施氮量对夏大豆氮素利用效率和产量的影响

  【目的】  探明伊犁河谷麦?豆轮作体系下施氮对夏大豆氮素利用及产量的影响,筛选出夏大豆高产的周年施氮组合。  【方法】  于2016—2018年在新疆伊宁县进行小麦?大豆轮作田间试验。前茬冬小麦设4个施氮水平,分别为0、104、173、242 kg/hm2,即WN0、WN1、WN2、WN3处理;在小麦各处理基础上,再设夏大豆3个施氮水平,分别为0、69、138 kg/hm2,即SN0、SN1、SN2处理。从大豆出苗后20天起,每10天取一次植株样,测定不同部位的氮素含量和生物量,收获期测产量及其构成,计算夏大豆的氮素利用效率。  【结果】  前茬麦季及大豆当季施氮量均显著影响夏大豆干物质及植株氮素积累量。在麦季施氮0～173 kg/hm2范围内,夏大豆当季施氮有利于增加植株干物质积累量及各器官氮素积累量,且小麦季施氮水平越低,夏大豆当季施氮对干物质积累及植株氮素积累的作用越显著。在麦季施氮量为173 kg/hm2时,夏大豆季施氮可增加产量,且以SN1处理产量最高;而当小麦季施氮量为104和242 kg/hm2时,夏大豆季SN1和SN2处理产量之间没有显著差异。在前茬小麦季施氮的基础上,夏大豆当季氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力均随当季施氮量的增加而降低。  【结论】  在伊犁河谷冬小麦?夏大豆轮作体系下,前茬麦季施氮173 kg/hm2基础上,夏大豆当季施氮69 kg/hm2可获得较为理想的夏大豆产量和氮素利用效率。     

Spectral assessments of phenotypic differences in spike development during grain filling affected by varying N supply in wheat

Single plant traits such as green biomass, spike dry weight, biomass, and nitrogen (N) transfer to grains are important traits for final grain yield. However, methods to assess these traits are laborious and expensive. Spectral reflectance measurements allow researchers to assess cultivar differences of yield‐related plant traits and translocation parameters that are affected by varying amounts of available N. In a field experiment, six high‐yielding wheat cultivars were grown with N supplies of 0, 100, 160, and 220 kg N ha^–1. Wheat canopies were observed spectrally throughout the grain‐filling period, and three spectral parameters were calculated. To describe the development of the vegetative plant parts (leaves + culms) and the spikes, plants were sampled four times during grain filling. Dry weights and the relative dry‐matter content were recorded for leaves + culms and spikes. The N status of the plants was assessed by measuring the total N concentration and by calculating the aboveground N uptake. Good correlations were found between spectral indices and single plant traits throughout grain filling but varied with N supply and development stage. The normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, was strongly affected by the saturation effects of increased N concentration. The red‐edge inflection point, REIP, predicted plant traits with r² values up to 0.98. However, in plants with advanced senescence, the REIP was less efficient in describing plant traits. The NIR‐based index R₇₆₀/R₇₃₀ was closely related to yield‐related plant traits at early grain filling. Compared to the REIP, the R₇₆₀/R₇₃₀ index was resistant to strong chlorophyll decays being able to predict plant traits at late grain filling, with r² values of up to 0.92. Spectral reflectance measurements may represent a promising tool to assess phenotypic differences in yield‐related plant traits during grain filling.     

Corn-soybean intercropping and nitrogen rates affected crop nitrogen and carbon uptake and C:N ratio in upland red soil

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of corn-soybean intercropping and nitrogen rates on crop biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) accumulation, and crop C:N ratio in upland red soil. Crop dry matter yields, nitrogen and carbon contents (including grain, straw and root) were measured. Compared with sole corn, corn dry matter yield and carbon accumulation decreased in intercropped soybean. Intercropping decreased the corn C:N ratio, whereas it increased soybean C:N ratio. Nitrogen application significantly increased corn yield, nitrogen and carbon accumulation, but reduced those of soybean. Nitrogen application decreased corn straw C:N ratio and increased soybean straw C:N ratio in most intercropping systems. In conclusion, intercropping and nitrogen rates affected the growth of corn and soybean, changed the allocations of nitrogen and carbon, and altered C:N ratios in different parts of the crops.     

Effect of source–sink manipulation on accumulation of micronutrients and protein in wheat grains

The effect of source and sink manipulation on accumulation of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) and protein in wheat grains was studied in a field experiment and ear culture. The source and sink manipulation was obtained by reducing assimilate source (through defoliation and spike shading) or sink (through 50% spikelets removal) after anthesis in the field and by changing sucrose or NH₄NO₃ levels of the culture media in ear culture. In the field experiment, reducing source and sink generally increased Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and protein concentrations except defoliation which decreased Mn concentration. Grain yield as well as micronutrient and protein contents in grains were all reduced by reducing source and sink sizes, suggesting that the accumulation of micronutrients and protein in grains was restricted by source supply and sink capacity. In ear culture, the supply of 20 to 80 g L^–1 sucrose increased grain weight and yield, but decreased grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and protein concentrations. The supply of 0.57 to 2.28 g L^–1 NH₄NO₃ increased grain yield and the concentrations and contents of micronutrients and protein. All these results show that micronutrient and protein accumulation in grains can be affected by the source–sink relationship of carbohydrate and nitrogen. Adequate N supply can simultaneously increase grain yield and the accumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and protein.