新疆南疆地区杏李的枝叶生长动态

【目的】探究不同杏李品种在干旱区的生长动态,为丰产优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】在不同生育期、天气和土壤水分条件下定期测定不同杏李品种新梢、叶片、茎干的生长变化,分析及其变化规律和相互关系。【结果】‘风味皇后’‘味帝’‘味王’和‘味厚’的新梢生长旺盛期为4月14日至5月10日;叶片生长旺盛期均为4月14日至5月8日;茎干生长旺盛期为5月15日至6月16日。茎干粗度日变化呈明显的昼夜规律,表现为8:00左右达到一天中茎干粗度最大值(MXSD),16:00左右达到一天中茎干粗度最小值(MNSD)。4—8月,‘味厚’的茎干粗度呈"上升-下降-上升-下降"的趋势,5月份茎干粗度生长量达到最大,4月份出现最小值。5—8月,杏李在晴天的茎干粗度日收缩量(MDS)与日增长量(DI)都明显大于阴天。‘味厚’茎干粗度灌溉后MDS小于灌溉前,但灌溉后DI明显大于灌溉前。【结论】杏李在阿克苏地区的新梢、叶片和茎干生长存在明显交替现象,茎干与新梢和叶片的生长旺盛期相互错开。‘味厚’茎干粗度日变化表现出明显的昼夜规律,大致可分为3个阶段:收缩阶段、复原阶段和生长阶段。5月份茎干粗度生长量在全生育期内达到最大。不同生育期、天气、土壤水分条件对杏李茎干粗度的变化存在显著影响。     

重茬对‘烟富3号’苹果生理指标及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

以脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果苗和常规苗为试材,在重茬地建园,测定1～3年脱毒‘烟富3号’苗和常规‘烟富3号’苗植株长势、叶绿素含量和叶片抗氧化酶活性。结果表明:重茬地中脱毒苗干周、株高、冠径、主枝数量均高于常规苗木,叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性均高于常规苗木。脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果苗在重茬果园长势健壮,表现出良好的抗重茬性。     

环丙酸酰胺对一年生苹果苗木生长与分枝特性的影响

【目的】探究环丙酸酰胺(cyclanilide,Cyc)对1年生苹果苗木生长与分枝特性的影响。【方法】以长富2号/M26/八棱海棠、秦脆/M26/八棱海棠、秦脆/M26、秦脆/T337共4种1年生砧穂组合苹果苗木为材料,用0.2 g·L-1的Cyc对去顶3 d后的长富2号/M26/八棱海棠进行喷施,对去顶4 d后的秦脆/M26/八棱海棠、秦脆/M26、秦脆/T337进行喷施。在秦脆/M26/八棱海棠中进行Cyc的不同组合处理。待苗木停长后,对所有处理植株进行苗木高度、苗木粗度等5个生理指标的统计分析。【结果】Cyc具有非常好的促分枝作用,并能显著增大长富2号/M26/八棱海棠的分枝角度,对苗木高度和苗木粗度具有一定的抑制作用,对分枝长度没有显著影响。【结论】Cyc在苗圃促分枝中具有良好的发展潜力,研究结果为环丙酸酰胺调控苹果分枝技术方案的开发奠定了基础。     

不同生长和结果特性砂梨品种棚架栽培适应性初探

【目的】探明不同生长特性类型砂梨品种棚架栽培的适宜定植密度及整形修剪方法。【方法】选择‘蜜雪梨’‘黄花’‘翠冠’‘翠玉’和‘若光’5个代表4种不同生长结果特性类型的砂梨品种,进行棚架栽培适应性比较试验。【结果】长势弱、成枝力强类型代表品种‘翠玉’的成枝数量显著高于其他类型的代表品种,但成枝长度和粗度上均显著低于其他品种,各类型代表品种间上架能力存在差异;长势强、成枝力较强或中等的‘蜜雪梨’‘黄花’‘翠冠’3个品种则表现出较强冠层形成能力;‘蜜雪梨’‘黄花’和‘翠玉’,因成枝力强、长枝成花率高,早期产量形成能力更强,进入盛产期所需的时间短。【结论】长势强且成枝力较强或中等的品种适用较大株行距定植和级次多、树冠大的棚架树形进行整形;长势弱、成枝力强的品种适用较小株行距定植和级次少、树冠小的简易棚架树形进行整形;长势弱、成枝力弱的品种亦选择较大株行距定植和级次多、冠幅大的树形,其整形修剪过程中宜加大刻伤引芽方法的应用和注重徒长枝保护利用。     

不同光质对‘秋红宝’葡萄试管苗生长的影响

【目的】探索不同光质对‘秋红宝’葡萄试管苗生长及生理特性的影响。【方法】以‘秋红宝’葡萄试管苗为试材,设置7种不同光质处理,观测试管苗的株高、茎粗、叶片叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标,并结合主成分分析和灰色关联分析筛选出最优光质。【结果】单白光与单红光处理的株高显著高于其他处理;单蓝光处理的植株根数和最长根长均达到各处理最大值,且叶片叶绿素含量均显著高于其他处理;红蓝光质4∶1处理的叶片SOD活性显著高于其他处理;POD与CAT活性在红蓝光质5∶1中最高。综合灰色关联分析得出最适光质排序为:红蓝光质5∶1单蓝光单白光单红光红蓝白光质3∶1∶1红蓝光质4∶1红蓝光质3∶1。【结论】红蓝5∶1光质可作为促进‘秋红宝’葡萄试管苗生长的最理想光质;影响不同光质下试管苗生长的主要指标有总叶绿素、最长根长、株高、叶长、SOD。     

桃树不同整形方式对苗木类型的需求研究

为了达到早果、早丰的栽培目的,对桃树不同整形方式需要选择的苗木类型进行研究。苗木类型有芽苗、1年生苗、2年生苗3种,嫁接品种有‘北京52号’‘瑞红’‘华玉’3个,整形方式有双Y形(每穴定植2株苗)、Y形、主干形3种。对3种苗木类型的不同整形方式2年生树的开花株率、坐果数,1年生树和3年生树的树体生长情况进行调查,结果表明:双Y形选择苗木类型的次序为2年生苗、1年生苗、芽苗;Y形3种苗木类型均可;主干形选择苗木类型的次序为芽苗或1年生苗、2年生苗。     

重庆地区叶用枸杞‘宁杞9号’不同栽培密度对比研究

为了研究重庆地区叶用枸杞‘宁杞9号’的适宜栽培密度,开展了叶用枸杞‘宁杞9号’不同栽培密度对比试验。结果表明,CK组(0.5m×0.8m)其平均基径粗度为0.83cm,随着栽培密度的增加,基径粗度显著低于CK组,表明过密栽植将不利于叶用枸杞‘宁杞9号’苗木的良好生长;而且枸杞头产量呈现出先增加后逐渐保持平稳的趋势,枸杞叶所含的蛋白质、脂肪、维生素C、碳水化合物、含水量等营养物质含量呈现出逐步降低的趋势,栽植密度在株行距0.25～0.3m×0.3～0.4m区间内,较有利于叶用枸杞‘宁杞9号’苗木的生长和产量及产品质量的提升。     

夏季修剪对苹果幼树光合作用蒸腾作用叶片脱落和干重积累的影响

材料和方法 试材:单干培养的苹果幼树,品种“红顶元师”(ToPred Delicous);砧木M9. 方法:4月14日将苗木栽植塑料盆内(容量2.9升);培养土为粉沙壤上、水藓泥炭、珍珠岩(按容积5:2:2)。5月10日从6℃室内移置户外,并施以氮磷钾长效复合化肥。栽植3个月后,选高度78厘米左右整齐树株     

栽植时期对新疆伊犁苹果幼树生长的影响

为指导苹果栽植，以1年生秦脆/M26苹果苗为试材，研究了栽植时期对新疆伊犁苹果幼树成活率和生长的影响。结果表明：4月15—27日栽植的幼树成活率达97%,5月6日栽植的幼树成活率为92%。4月15日栽植的苹果幼树高度、中心干延长头长度、主干直径、主枝数量、长枝数量和植株生长量均最大。随着栽植时期的延后，植株主干直径和中心干延长头长度呈现逐渐变小的趋势；5月6日栽植的苹果幼树中心干延长头长度和主干直径最小；4月27日栽植的苹果植株春梢长度和枝条长度均最小。4月15日栽植的植株春梢停长期、秋梢生长期和秋梢停长期早于其他栽植时期，5月6日栽植的植株物候期最晚。聚类分析时将5个栽植时期分了2类，4月15日和4月22日为一类，因此，4月15—22日是伊犁春季栽植苹果的适宜时期。     

不同栽植时期对矮砧苹果苗成活及生长发育的影响

以"天红2号"/SH40/八棱海棠成品苗和半成品苗为试材,分别于2015年10月31日、11月15日、12月5日和2016年3月12日、3月27日、4月7日进行栽植。调查了新栽幼树的成活率、萌芽时间、株高、干径、新梢数量、新梢生长量及成品苗中心干延长枝长度等生长发育相关指标。结果表明:秋栽各处理苗木成活率均达到98.85%以上,萌芽时间分别早于春栽3个时期2~9d。11月15日栽植半成品苗株高净增长量为184.98cm、品种干径净增长量为17.89mm、新梢总生长量220.65cm,均高于其它时期栽植半成品苗;10月31日栽植成品苗株高净增长量为143.36cm、品种和中间砧干径净增长量为9.89mm和9.26mm、新梢平均数量为13.02个,中心干延长枝长度为140.57cm,均高于其它时期栽植成品苗。因此,秋季适宜时期栽植的苹果苗木成活及生长发育情况优于春季栽植苹果苗木。     

Apple rootstock studies: growth of trees on three clonal rootstocks planted with or without roots

Trees of Cox's Orange Pippin on M.IXa, M.26 and MM. 106 were planted either normally with roots or without roots to simplify the planting operation. Pruning treatments were superimposed, the trees being cut back at planting, left unpruned the first year and cut back the second year, or left entirely unpruned. All trees survived. After two growing seasons the trees were lifted and weighed. Removal of all roots before planting reduced shoot growth, trunk girth increment, final tree weight and incremental weight. However, on all rootstocks, trees planted without roots and left unpruned were similar in size when lifted to those planted with roots and cut back at planting in the orthodox manner.

In a complementary trial lasting one season Cox's Orange Pippin trees on M.26 were planted with or without roots. All trees were cut back at planting, and four times of planting were compared. The mid-April planting included trees that had been stored at 2.8 °C and trees that had been bedded-in outdoors. There were no tree losses attributable to removal of the roots before planting. Removing the roots at planting again reduced growth and weight of tree at lifting. Month of planting had no effect upon shoot growth or trunk girth increment.

The results are discussed, together with their practical implications in relation to mechanical tree planting for high density orchards.     

Growth, survival, and root system morphology of deeply planted Corylus colurna 7 years after transplanting and the effects of root collar excavation

Urban trees are frequently planted with their root collars and structural roots buried well below soil grade, either because of planting practices, nursery production practices, or both. These deeply planted structural roots can impair tree establishment and are thought to reduce tree growth, lifespan, and stability, although research has provided few and contradictory results on these questions to date. This study examines container-grown (55 L) Turkish hazel trees (Corylus colurna L.), planted either at grade, 15 cm below grade, or 30 cm below grade into a well-drained silt loam soil, over nearly 8 years. Five years after planting, in 2004, remediation treatments (root collar excavations) were performed on two replicates of each below-ground treatment. Subsequently, all trees were subjected to flooding stress by being irrigated to soil saturation for approximately 6 weeks. In 2006, flooding stress was repeated. Trees root systems were partially excavated in 2007, and root architecture was characterized. Deep planting did not affect trunk diameter growth over 8 years. Survival was 100% for the first 5 years; however, one 30 cm below grade tree died after flooding in 2004 and another died after the 2006 flooding. Photosynthesis was monitored during the 2004 flooding and all trees experienced decline in photosynthetic rates. There was an apparent slight delay in the decline for trees with excavated root collars and those planted at grade. Girdling roots reduced trunk taper and occurred primarily on unremediated trees planted 30 cm below grade.

Selected individual roots were excavated and followed from the root ball and were observed to gradually rise to the upper soil regions. Analysis of roots emerging from excavation trench faces indicated that vertical root distribution at approximately 1.25 m from the tree trunks was the same regardless of planting depth. Longterm consequences of planting below grade are discussed.     

Effects of tree age at planting,root manipulation and trickle irrigation on growth and cropping of apple (Malus pumila) cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock

Summary

The apple cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock cropped more precociously when planted as two year old trees than when planted as one year old trees, even though there were no significant differences in the sizes (leader height and branch length) of the trees at the time of planting. However, the two year old trees had larger root systems at planting. As the trees aged, those planted as one year olds grew more vigorously and bore higher cumulative yields than those planted as two year olds. Annual root pruning of the trees, commencing 15 months after planting, reduced extension shoot growth, crown volume and grubbing weights (final fresh weights of scions) severely. In some seasons root pruning increased the number of spur and terminal floral buds produced and also the final sets and yield efficiencies on the treated trees. Planting trees within semi-permeable fabric membranes also reduced extension shoot growth and tree size, but less severely than the root-pruning treatment. Root restriction increased the efficiency of fruit set and yields and also improved the grades of fruits produced. Trickle irrigation treatments increased shoot growth and tree fresh weight at the time of grubbing, but had inconsistent and small effects on fruit set and yields. Interactions between tree age at the time of planting and the root manipulative treatments were significant.     

苹果矮化自根砧嫁接苗繁育技术研究

 研究了田间条件下苹果矮化砧木苗和自根砧嫁接苗繁育的农艺参数。结果表明：锯末堆埋对砧木生根效果明显好于土和废弃菌棒，砧木生根率和生产量分别为87.33%和124 854 株 · hm^-2；6 月1日和7 月1 日基质堆埋对砧木生根效果明显好于5 月1 日和8 月1 日，砧木生根率分别达到80.33%和87.33%，砧木生产量分别达到121 172 和124 854 株 · hm^-2；矮化砧木G41、M9、Pajam1 和T337 在锯末基质中表现出较强的生根能力，生根率均达到80%以上，明显好于Pajam2 和M26；栽植密度分别为75 000和90 000 株 · hm^-2 的小区，嫁接苗生产量分别为65 110 株和68 670 株 · hm^-2，显著高于栽植密度分别为60 000 株和105 000 株 · hm^-2 的小区；秋季嫁接‘富士’品种的生长量和嫁接苗生产量显著高于春季，其侧枝数、干径和生产量分别为11.44 个、13.77 mm、和68 670 株 · hm^-2。论：在苹果矮化自根砧嫁接苗繁育中，矮化砧木繁育用锯末在6 月1 日-7 月1 日堆埋，砧木品种可选G41、M9、Pajam1 和T337，苗圃中砧木栽植密度为75 000 ~ 90 000 株 · hm^-2，在栽植当年的秋季嫁接‘富士’，第2 年出圃嫁接苗生产量达到65 110 ~ 68 670 株 · hm^-2     

Studies in Biennial Bearing II. A Review of the Literature

Apple trees were lifted at three-year intervals until 18 years after planting, and cut into constituent parts of roots, rootstock, trunk and branches. Pruning weights and crop were also recorded. Vegetative growth rate reached a peak before heavy cropping had started but, by half-way through the period, cropping dominated tree growth and eventually 80–85% of the trees’ accumulated fresh weight production was in crop. All the vegetative constituents of the trees were highly correlated with each other even when the age-of-tree effects were removed. However, removing the age-of-tree effects resulted in non-significant correlations between crop and vegetative variates. Trunk and rootstock weights were proportional to trunk girth², branch weight was approximately proportional to girth³, and roots had a relationship intermediate between those of trunk and branch. Crop was proportional to girth raised to a power between four and five.     

Pruning and Rootstock as Factors in the Production of Primary Branches on Apple Trees

The results from two trials with Cox’s Orange Pippin concerned with the development of primary branches are reported. The first trial, with newly planted one-year-old trees, compared the use of feathers as primary branches with trees where these were removed and new shoots selected as branches. Where feathers were retained the trees had larger girths, more shoots, greater total shoot growth, and the final tree weights were heavier. The crotch angles of all three primary branches were wider where feathers were utilized. On feathered trees there was no advantage in leaving the central leader uncut for the first year. The second trial, in the nursery, showed that by removal of incipient feathers up to 70 cm. from the ground, more and longer feathers were secured in the region where primary branches are required. Trunk renewal, involving the drastic cutting back of the maiden tree to within 5 cm. of the bud union, did not increase the number and length of feathers the following year in this trial.     

Growth and establishment of container-grown London planetrees in response to mulch,root-ball treatment and fertilization

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the impact of cultural treatments on growth and establishment of container-grown London planetrees (Platanus × acerifolia’ Bloodgood’). In both experiments, 48 trees grown in 100 l (#25) black plastic containers were assigned at random to one of three root-ball treatments prior to planting; no treatment (Control), outer 3 cm of roots removed around entire root-ball (Shave), or outer circling roots disentangled from the root-ball (Tease). In Experiment 1, half of the trees were fertilized with 400 g of controlled release fertilizer (15-9-12; N-P₂O₅-K₂O) at planting and the remainder of the trees were not fertilized. In Experiment 2, half of the trees were mulched with an 8 cm deep × 2 m diameter ring of coarse ground pine bark at planting and the remainder of the trees were not mulched. In Experiment 1, fertilization at planting increased SPAD chlorophyll content on two of four measurement dates but did not affect cumulative height or caliper growth after two years. After two growing seasons, root-ball treatments (shaving or teasing) increased root growth outside the original root-ball compared to control trees. Both root-ball treatments also reduced circling roots. In Experiment 2, mulching at planting increased soil moisture and cumulative tree height and diameter growth. Shaving increased new root growth and both root-ball treatments improved root architecture and reduced circling roots. Overall, the study demonstrates that root-ball manipulations can stimulate new root growth and reduce circling roots. Mulch is a valuable aid to conserve soil moisture and increase tree growth. Fertilization at planting provided little benefit in this experiment, which may have been related to a high level of soil fertility at the site or nutrient loading of the trees from nursery culture prior to transplanting.     

Factors influencing urban tree planting program growth and survival in Florida,United States

High levels of mortality after installation can limit the long-term benefits associated with urban tree planting initiatives. Past planting projects funded by the Florida Forest Service were revisited two to five years after installation to document tree survival and growth and assess program success. Additionally, various site (e.g., soil compaction, installed irrigation) and tree-related (e.g., species, nursery production method, initial size at planting) factors were noted to assess their impact on tree growth. Results show that the overall establishment rate for the 26 sites (n = 2354 trees) was high, with 93.6% of trees alive at the time of final inspection. On-site irrigation played a significant role in tree survival and growth, especially for Magnolia grandiflora (97.7% survival on irrigated sites; 73.8% survival on non-irrigated sites). Findings from this work validate the effectiveness of current program policies which include maintenance of tree quality within the first year after planting, and offer further insights regarding the impacts of season of planting and initial size of nursery stock on plant growth and development.     

Nitrogen fertilization during planting and establishment of the urban forest: A collection of five studies

Today's urban forest increasingly consists of planted trees, especially as native forest fragments yield to urban sprawl. These trees are usually larger (over 2-m tall) than typical reforestation trees and grow very little for the first few years after planting. Stressful urban sites exacerbate this effect and many practitioners hope to shorten the time required to reach environmentally functional size by fertilizing at planting. This is a controversial practice since nitrogen (N) application creates the potential for water quality impairment and effectiveness is uncertain. It is not clear how nitrogen application affects large trees with radically altered root:shoot ratios or how nursery production methods and restrictive sites affect response. In a series of five separate studies, we tested several N rates on ten shade tree species (both field- and container-grown) and transplanted to a range of urban sites, from a relatively undisturbed forest fragment to a highly compacted cutover soil with an absent A horizon. Trunk diameter increase, as an integrative metric of tree biomass accumulation, was followed for up to 4 years on each experiment. Overall, we saw little effect from fertilizing at planting at any rate we tested, regardless of location. Three studies that included leaf analysis with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter indicated that neither SPAD meter values or N concentration within leaves was increased by fertilizing at planting, suggesting that the newly planted shade trees took up very little of the applied N. Overall, SPAD-502 readings correlated well with actual leaf N concentration (r=0.692). This group of studies indicates that fertilization at planting does not increase post-transplant growth, even in stressful urban sites and it is therefore not effective at shortening the establishment period of transplanted shade trees.     

苹果幼树死亡诱因、诊断与防控

对矮砧苹果新植苗木和2~5年生幼树死亡的原因进行研究,表明苗木失水与轮纹病菌协同危害是主要原因;冻害、根部与主干病害、肥害及苗木质量差是重要原因。生产上及时发现问题,根据不同症状,进行准确的病因诊断,有针对性地采用不同的防控措施:培育不潜带轮纹病菌的苗木;苗木贮运、栽植和管理过程防止失水;栽植前用杀菌剂铲除部分病菌;防止冻害;2~5年生幼树合理肥水管理;防止贪绿徒长;有效地预防根部和枝干病虫害发生。