壳聚糖-活性炭协同对蔗汁的脱色效果

为有效降低蔗汁在常规清净过程中,因加热造成颜色加深、可溶性非糖杂质增加等给后续加工带来的不良影响,以壳聚糖、活性炭为材料,对蔗汁进行室温下的脱色研究。结果显示,壳聚糖的添加量仅为0.05%(g/m L)时,蔗汁中即可发生瞬间絮凝,且吸附絮凝作用有59.4%的脱色率,当协同1 g活性炭,对5000 IU~17000 IU的甘蔗蔗汁进行脱色,总脱色率平均达到96.7%,加入活性炭后总脱色率平均提高了37.3%,清汁重力纯度平均提高了3.41%,由此可证明仅室温下,壳聚糖-活性炭协同对甘蔗蔗汁具有很好的清净、脱色能力。     

氢化物-原子荧光法测定热带水果蔬菜中硒含量

[目的]探寻一套适合热带水果蔬菜中的硒准确测定的方法．[方法]以各类蔬菜及水果为测试对象,选择氢化物-原子荧光法对其硒含量进行测定,并优化测定参数[结果]氢化物-原子荧光法测定热带水果蔬菜中硒含量,曲线相关系数为0．9999,方法检出限为Se：O．24p-g／kg通过对国家标准物质的测定,以及加标回收试验,验证了该方法是准确可靠的,适合对大批量的水果蔬菜硒的普查检测[结论]氢化物-原子荧光法适合对大批量的水果蔬菜硒的普查检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定大豆中的维生素E含量及其与粗脂肪含量的线性回归分析

利用高效液相色谱法测定1000份大豆资源中的维生素E含量,使用荧光检测器检测(Ex=295nm,Em=330nm),以α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育酚为标准品,加入母育酚为内标,计算大豆中维生素E各异构体的含量及总含量,α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育酚的加标回收率分别为101.10%、97.50%、96.94%和96.30%,测得野生大豆资源中维生素E含量范围0.05～0.34mg/g,栽培资源0.12～0.38mg/g.同时按国标方法测定粗脂肪含量,其中野生资源粗脂肪含量范围3.01%～20.60%,栽培资源12.00%～23.59%.通过线性回归分析,明确了大豆中维生素E与粗脂肪含量呈正相关的线性关系.     

微波法制备蔗渣活性炭及其用于糖液脱色的研究

研究了利用糖厂蔗渣作原料,采用微波法制备活性炭并用于糖液脱色的工艺条件.实验结果表明,用微波法制备的活性炭对糖浆、清汁脱色效果很好.研究发现,制备蔗渣活性炭获得较高产率的条件为:将蔗渣浸渍在酸性助剂浓度15%,添加剂浓度3%的溶液中,浸泡若干小时后,用功率为600w的微波处理5-10min,可使活性炭的得率达64.2%.活性炭对粗糖浆脱色率达74.8%,对清汁脱色率达85.3%.     

茶叶籽油精炼研究

以茶叶籽毛油为原料,采用酸法脱胶,磷脂的去除率可达到88.89%,碱炼脱酸可将酸价由3.553mgKOH/g降至0.146mgKOH/g,使用活性炭脱色,最高脱色率可达到81.3%。在真空度500Pa左右,通入水蒸气,脱臭70min。可有效除去毛油的收敛性苦涩味,且无异味产生,所获精炼油澄清、透明,呈淡黄色。     

乌龙茶多糖脱色和脱蛋白工艺研究

本文研究乌龙茶多糖的绿色环保脱色脱蛋白工艺,以活性炭、AB-8树脂、D101树脂、PHD500树脂为材料,比较茶多糖脱色率与多糖保留率差异;以木瓜蛋白酶、AB-8树脂、D101树脂、PHD500树脂为材料,比较蛋白脱除率和多糖保留率差异。结果表明,PHD500树脂0.2g/mL添加量为最佳脱色方法,脱色率为23.19%,多糖保留率为70.78%;AB-8树脂0.2g/mL添加量为最佳脱蛋白方法,脱蛋白率为57.76%,多糖保留率为66.44%。综合考虑,为了提高脱色率、脱蛋白率的效果,节省材料,减少多糖损失和简化工艺流程,确定采用AB-8树脂用于乌龙茶多糖脱色脱蛋白工艺。     

HPLC—ELSD测定益气养血口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

[目的]建立益气养血口服液中黄芪甲苷含量的测定方法、[方法]采用超声提取方法,利用高效液相色谱一蒸发光散射检测器检测,流动相：乙腈一水（35：65）。[结果]黄芪甲苷在4．06～8．12μg范围内呈线性,平均回收率为96．44％,相对标准偏差为1．24％。[结论]由结果证明,本方法简便、准确,可用于该制剂中黄芪甲苷的含量测定及质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同品种番木瓜果实中维生素C含量

通过优化实验条件,使用高效液相色谱法对海南省种植范围较广的几种番木瓜(中白、大青、小青)维生素C(Vc)含量进行测定。选取3个番木瓜品种成熟果实,通过HPLC方法测定Vc的标准溶液线性、精密度、回收率等,并比较该法与国标方法的重复性。结果显示,获得线性回归方程y＝35.41x－4.16(r＝0.999),Vc在 60～300 μg/mL 的浓度范围线性关系良好,方法回收率为98.56%～103.21%,精密度RSD为0.69%;测得中白、大青、小青果肉Vc含量分别为49.12、43.38、46.31 mg/hg。HPLC法结果重现性RSD为0.68%;2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法结果重现性RSD为5.45%,表明HPLC法是检测番木瓜等深颜色水果Vc含量可靠的方法。     

氰氨化钙对桃树果实产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究氰氨化钙不同施用量对桃树产量和品质的影响。[方法]以绿化9号为供试材料,研究氰氨化钙不同施肥量对桃树营养生长、产量和品质的影响。[结果]桃树施用氰氨化钙能明显增加根系数量、叶片面积和叶片厚度,显著提高叶绿素含量,增加桃产量,改善桃品质。盛果期桃树每棵施用氰氨化钙250g,0～40cm土层根系数量较CK增加41.94%,叶片厚度增加25.63%,叶绿素含量提高25.33%,单果重提高20.5%,单株产量增加21.6%,硬度提高12.5%,可溶性固形物增加13.2%。[结论]盛果期桃树氰氨化钙最佳施用量为250g/棵     

花生壳残渣制备活性炭及吸附性能测定

用提取黄酮后废弃的花生壳做原料,选择不同的活化剂在一定温度下制备活性炭,并且测定其吸附性能。结果表明：磷酸作为活化剂时活性炭产率最高,达39.5%;当炭化温度为500℃、活化剂为氢氧化钾或磷酸、活化剂浓度为10%时,碘吸附值最高,为966.7mg/g;当炭化温度为500℃、活化剂浓度为10%时,几种活化剂制备出来的活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色力均达到40mL/g左右;与几种市售活性炭比较,花生壳活性炭碘吸附值能够满足市场需要,但是亚甲基蓝脱色力偏低;相同条件下,盐作为活化剂所制备出的活性炭对镍离子的吸附能力比较稳定。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.