两种稻虱缨小蜂对稻飞虱的控制作用

稻虱缨小蜂和拟稻虱缨小蜂是稻飞虱卵期重要的寄生性天敌。南京江浦稻田8月上旬前以稻虱缨小蜂为主,主要寄生于灰飞虱和白背飞虱卵,8月中旬以后则以拟稻虱缨小蜂占优势,主要寄生于褐飞虱卵。水稻苗期灰飞虱卵寄生率平均为27.3％,白背飞虱和褐飞虱卵寄生率,杂交稻田为10.87％和21.5％,晚粳稻田为20.67％和19.6％。白背飞虱寄生卵量与总卵量间里直线相关,而褐飞虱寄生卵量与总卵量间呈幂回归关系,回归方程分别为Y=-18.2128+0.2075x和Y=0.006807x~(1·4887)     

稻虱缨小蜂寄主范围的调查

本文着重报道稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang and Wang在稻田及其附近的寄主范围。该蜂除寄生于褐稻虱卵外,还寄生于白背飞虱、灰飞虱、稗飞虱、拟褐飞虱、伪褐飞虱、黑边黄脊飞虱、黑面黄脊飞虱等的卵中。这些飞虱种类成为稻虱缨小蜂的过渡寄主及越冬寄主。当缺乏褐稻虱时,稻虱缨小蜂赖以生存繁衍,有利于其在田间的繁殖和保存一定的种群数量。     

模拟干旱胁迫对稻虱缨小蜂的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang生态适应性的影响,采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)6000模拟干旱生境,研究了干旱胁迫对稻虱缨小蜂生长发育、繁殖的影响,并观察了稻虱缨小蜂对感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种IR36水稻上褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stl卵的选择情况。结果表明,稻虱缨小蜂幼虫的发育历期随PEG6000浓度的升高而延长;成虫寿命则随着PEG6000浓度的升高而缩短,经20%PEG6000处理7 d后雌蜂寿命最短,在TN1和IR36水稻上分别为25.1 h和25.4 h;经20%PEG6000胁迫处理7 d后,在TN1、IR36水稻上稻虱缨小蜂的平均卵寄生量最低,分别为10.9粒和8.1粒。与20%PEG6000处理相比,稻虱缨小蜂对未经干旱胁迫处理水稻上的褐飞虱卵具有明显的选择性。研究表明,模拟干旱胁迫能降低稻虱缨小蜂生态适应性,且降低对褐飞虱卵的寄生力和选择性。     

三种稻虱卵寄生缨小蜂消长规律及保护利用考查

调查表明,三种缨小蜂对稻飞虱的发生为害具有显著的抑制作用。稻虱缨小蜂发生稳定、量大。世代发育起点和有效积温:雌蜂11.3℃和159.1日度,雄蜂10.7℃和160.8日度。平均每雌产卵20粒,选择寄主较宽,稍偏好褐飞虱卵,对抑制早、晚稻中、后期飞虱发生起重要作用。长管稻虱缨小蜂数量最多,但波动大,5～6月高峰,寄生较专,主要是有效地抑制早稻中期和晚稻后期白背飞虱的发生。雌蜂世代发育起点11.7℃,有效积温185.2日度,平均产卵13粒。拟稻虱缨小蜂数量较少,以6～7月较多,每雌产卵5～12粒,对早、晚稻后期的褐飞虱起一定抑制作用。三种缨小蜂多在上午6～8点羽化,羽化头天产卵占总产卵量的八成以上,均能行孤雌生殖。杂草中的多种飞虱卵是三种缨小蜂的渡夏和过冬寄主。合理施药、适当留草是保护利用三种缨小蜂的有效措施。缨小蜂是稻飞虱卵期的主要寄生性天敌。1980～1983年,我们在佛山市近郊,对其中群体数量较大的稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae,长管稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus sp,拟稻虱缨小蜂Angrus Paranilaparvatae的消长规律及保护利用进行了考查。现将四年考查结果整理报导,供作参考。     

六种植物精油对褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂行为的影响

为研发基于植物精油的褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens驱避剂和稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae引诱剂,利用嗅觉仪测试了6种植物精油在不同浓度下对褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂的行为反应。结果表明,6种植物精油对褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂行为的影响具有种类差异性,不同植物精油对昆虫的行为影响有较大差异。此外,褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂对植物精油的嗅觉反应还与精油浓度有关,精油浓度范围在100～5 000 mg/L时,山楂油、白木香油、金银花油、肉桂油和鱼腥草油对褐飞虱雌成虫表现出明显的趋避效果,其中山楂油和金银花油的驱避效果最好,二者在100、500、1 000和5 000 mg/L这4个浓度下均能显著驱避褐飞虱。0.1 mg/L和1 mg/L浓度的山楂油、0.1 mg/L浓度的白木香油和1 mg/L浓度的丁香花蕾油对稻虱缨小蜂雌成虫有较强的吸引力。较高浓度10 mg/L的鱼腥草油对稻虱缨小蜂有明显的驱避性。表明植物精油可以明显地影响褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂的行为,可作为行为调控物在"推-拉"策略中防控褐飞虱。     

稻虱缨小蜂对吡虫啉处理的水稻植株挥发物的行为反应

利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定稻虱缨小蜂对吡虫啉处理的水稻植株挥发物的行为反应,并通过GC-MS对挥发物组分进行了定性和定量分析.行为测试结果表明:吡虫啉和施用了吡虫啉的不同水稻品种挥发物对稻虱缨小蜂的寄主选择行为无明显影响.稻虱缨小蜂在不同浓度吡虫啉处理的水稻植株之间表现出明显的嗅觉偏好.当褐飞虱密度为10头/苗时,与高浓度吡虫啉处理相比,低浓度吡虫啉处理植株释放的挥发物引诱到了更多的稻虱缨小蜂(施药5天除外).GC-MS分析发现:与对照植株释放的挥发物相比,吡虫啉处理的稻株挥发物组分种类不变;吡虫啉浓度不同导致水杨酸甲酯等8种组分的相对含量明显不同;同时一些组分的相对含量因吡虫啉浓度与水稻品种、褐飞虱密度及施药天数等因子的互作发生了明显改变.     

褐飞虱利它素及其与水稻品种的关系

本文主要研究了稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang)寄主褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens(St(?)l))利它素的存在部位、抽提方法以及水稻品种对其蜜露中利它素活性的影响。结果表明:在褐飞虱的各虫态、蜜露及脱皮壳中均存在能引起稻虱缨小蜂触角搜索行为的接触性利它素;干燥蜜露中的利它素活性极显著地低于新鲜和湿润蜜露中的。用二氯甲烷、正己烷、乙醚、甲醇和丙酮均能有效地从褐飞虱若虫和雌成虫中提取利它素。水稻品种能对褐飞虱蜜露中的利它素活性产生明显影响。在测试的6个水稻品种中,取食浙852的褐飞虱蜜露中的利它素活性分别显著和极显著地比取食TN1和Nabeshi的褐飞虱蜜露中的高。     

蔗虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱卵的寄生适应性

稻飞虱(褐飞虱和白背飞虱)是为害水稻的最主要害虫。缨小蜂(Anagrus spp)是稻飞虱卵期的主要寄生性天敌,常年的寄生率为10％～70％。由于稻田生态环境的不稳定性(收割、喷施农药等)和寄生性天敌的滞后现象,稻田缨小蜂对稻飞虱的控制作用不稳定。有研究表明稻田边杂草及其有关非稻田飞虱对稻田卵寄生蜂起重要的保护和恢复作用[1-3]。我们在田间节肢动物的系统调查中发现,茭白上长绿飞虱[Saccharosydne procerus (Matsumura)]的卵寄生蜂中有大量的蔗虱缨小蜂[Anagrus optabilis(Perkins)],对茭白田周围的稻飞虱卵常常有较高的寄生率。为此,我们就蔗虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱卵的寄生选择性和功能反应进行了研究,以期提出有效的生境调节技术来提高蔗虱缨小蜂的自然控害功能。     

抗性品种与天敌对褐稻虱种群的协同调节作用

褐稻虱(Nilaparvuta lugens)是我国水稻的主要害虫。以往的粳稻品种,感褐稻虱;近几年来一系列抗褐稻虱品种如秀水620、秀水664已经育成,1990年已种植150万亩。种植抗性品种可少用或不用杀虫剂,能大量保存天敌,抗性品种与天敌的协同作用,对控制褐稻虱种群,改善防治策略,具有现实意义。该文报道了田间和实验室观察调查多种天敌的数量和捕食或寄生效果,估计了在不同抗感品种上褐稻虱种群趋势指数1值,并分析了粳稻抗性品种与蜘蛛类抑制褐稻虱的协同作用。     

稻虱缨小蜂的功能反应和干扰反应

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae对寄主白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera卵密度的功能反应为负加速曲线,其方程为:N_a=N{1-exp[-0.2121/(1+0.02935)]},其中N为寄主密度,N_a为日每雌蜂寄生寄主数。瞬时攻击率a为1.2121/天,处理时间Th为0.0242天,理论上每雌蜂日最高寄生卵数为41.3粒。第1天产出卵率(y)随寄主密度(N)变化方程为y=0.0342N~(0.7223)。搜寻效应a与寄生蜂自身密度P的关系方程为a=1.0913P(-1.1717),寄生蜂个体间存在明显的相互干扰效应。     

丽潜蝇姬小蜂研究概述

本文对丽潜蝇姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa的学名沿革、分布、寄主、行为和生态特性及其控制作用与保护利用的研究现状作了概述。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

不同龄期的益蝽对粘虫的捕食功能反应

益蝽Picromerus lewisi Scott是一种重要的捕食性昆虫,为探究其控害潜能,在实验室条件下研究不同龄期的益蝽对粘虫的捕食能力。选择饥饿24 h的3、4、5龄益蝽若虫和成虫对不同密度的3龄粘虫进行捕食量测定试验,试验结果为3、4、5龄益蝽若虫和成虫的日平均捕食量分别为3.33、4.23、8.00和6.50头,每个龄期的捕食功能反应都符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程,其攻击率分别为1.036、0.742、1.445和1.422,处理猎物的时间分别为0.313、0.158、0.112和0.135 d;试验中发现益蝽偏食活猎物。结果表明利用益蝽进行生物防治时,选择5龄若虫,控害效果最好。     

烟草甲的优良寄生蜂象虫金小蜂的生物学特性

本文研究了烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne（Fabricius）的寄生蜂象虫金小蜂Anisopteromalus calandrae（Howard）的生物学特性,包括在解剖镜下观察象虫金小蜂各虫态发育情况,发育历期,羽化、交配及产卵等行为,并观察补充营养（10%蜂蜜水）对象虫金小蜂成虫寿命和繁殖的影响。研究表明,该蜂主要寄生烟草甲的高龄幼虫和蛹,以老熟幼虫或蛹在寄主茧内越冬。在温度25℃,湿度70%,光周期16L：8D的条件下,各虫态的发育历期分别为卵期1.5 d,幼虫期5.9 d,蛹期9.9 d,成虫产卵前期0.9 d,成虫寿命15.1 d,完成一代需18.2 d。单雌出蜂量29～82头,平均54.75头。在25℃条件下,以10%蜂蜜水饲喂,成虫寿命为29.6 d,单雌平均出蜂量76.1头。以上结果表明,象虫金小蜂具有发育历期短,繁殖力高,搜索能力强等优点,是一种具有很大开发潜力的寄生性天敌。     

Life tables of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different cultivated plants

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a cosmopolitan species that feeds on numerous cultivated plants and herbaceaus plants. Agrotis ipsilon causes significant economic losses in various agricultural products, especially in indisturial plants and vegetables in Turkey and worldwide. In this study, the effects on the biology and reproductive potential of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae), maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera Alef.,Amaranthaceae) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) which are essential host plants of A. ipsilon were investigated under climatized conditions of 28?±?1 °C, 60%?±?10 r.h., and 16 h daily artificial light. The data obtained were analyzed by using an age-stage two-sex life table. Agrotis ipsilon had five larval stages fed on lettuce, whereas seven larval stages were fed on other host plants. Agrotis ipsilon showed the best development and reproduction on lettuce, followed by sugar beet. When A. ipsilon is reared on lettuce the intrinsic rate of increase (r?=?0.1237 d^?1), finite rate of increase (λ?=?1.1317 d^?1) and net reproductive rate (R₀?=?403.06 offspring/individual) were found higher and the mean generation times (T?=?48.51 d) is shorter than those in other host plants. According to these results, A. ipsilon can cause the most damage to lettuce among studied plants.

     

Influence of phosphine on hatching of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae), Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

The hatching and mortality response of 0- to 48-h-old eggs of field strains of the stored-product insects Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Lasioderma serricorne (F) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L) following phosphine fumigation for 24, 48 or 120 h at 27 (+/- 2) degrees C was investigated. Hatching was delayed and reduced in the first few days in a phosphine-resistant strain of C ferrugineus that was treated with 2.0-7.0 mg litre(-1) doses for 48 h (5-80% mortality) and with 1.0-2.0 mg litre(-1) for 120 h (44-84% mortality). In both the exposures there were significant increases in hatching on later days when compared with the corresponding controls. Developmental delay was, however, not evident in susceptible strains of C ferrugineus, L serricorne and O surinamensis that were exposed to phosphine for 24 h.     

Graphosoma lineatum (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): a suitable host for mass rearing Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

The species Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is currently being considered as a candidate for augmentative biological control agent (BCA) against several pests, including Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Protocols for mass production of a BCA need fundamental information on its biological attributes. Here we tested a possible laboratory host for the rearing of O. telenomicida: the common bug Graphosoma lineatum L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). At tested conditions, O. telenomicida biological parameters were: r_m 0.154, offspring production 84.07 specimens/female, sex ratio (% females) 71%, juvenile development time about 16 days, population doubling time 4.52 days, emergence rate about 90%.     

First record of Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) from Israel

The presence of the Opuntia cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae) is reported for the first time from Israel. It was collected off the Indian-fig prickly-pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Cactaceae) in the Hula Valley of the Upper Galilee.     

A new genus of syringophilid mites (Acari: Cheyletoidea: Syringophilidae) from cuculiform birds (Aves: Cuculiformes)

Cuculisyringophilus crotophaginus gen. n. et sp. n. is described from the guira cuckoo Guira guira (Gmelin) from Paraguay and also was collected from the groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson from Colombia and Mexico. This new genus is closely related to Neoaulobia Fain, Bochkov et Mironov, 2000 but is distinguished by the following characters: propodosomal setae sce are situated distinctly anterior to level of setae d1, leg setae vs'II are absent, apodemes I are divergent.