家兔交配前后及妊娠期生殖内分泌变化的研究

选择新西兰母兔１０只，于交配前后及妊娠不同时期采血，测定ＬＨ、雌二醇（Ｅ２）、孕酮（Ｐ）浓度。结果显示：ＬＨ水平在交配前４小时为１８．０２±３．０５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，交配后４小时达４３．１４±８．７５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，交配后８小时达高峰水平１６５．１２±２６．４３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，是交配前９倍，其后逐渐降至交配前水平。Ｅ２浓度在交配前５天时为４２．５±１０．１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，交配前４小时为６８．７±１２．１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，交配后４小时为１１３．１±１３．７ｐｇ／ｍｌ，交配后８小时为１１８．５±１５．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，其后渐降。孕酮浓度在受孕后逐步升高，交配前４小时至交配后２天，孕酮水平在１．０ｎｇ／ｍｌ左右，交配后第２天时，Ｐ水平为１．１２±０．５３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，而在交配后第３～８天时，Ｐ水平达３．８２±０．７２～１０．１０±２．３４ｎｇ／ｍｌ，是交配前后的３～１０倍，交配后第２１天，Ｐ水平为１８．９４±３．９８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，交配后２９天为４．０２±１．０５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。因此，家兔通过交配刺激排卵，也伴有ＬＨ峰值。交配３天后，Ｐ水平大幅度提高，表明家兔妊娠也需要高水平孕酮，同时也为通过测定Ｐ水平进行家兔早期妊娠诊断提供理论基础     

莲花白鹅排卵周期血浆中LH、17β－E_2和P含量的变化

采用放射免疫分析法测莲花县白鹅排卵周期外周血浆中ＬＨ、１７β－Ｅ２和Ｐ的动态变化，结果表明，正常产蛋母鹅在排卵周期中均出现三个峰值，ＬＨ峰值出现在排卵前１０ｈ左右，比１７β－Ｅ２和Ｐ峰值提前１６ｈ左右，而其它两次峰三者同步，血浆各激素的平均值分别是２．９２４±０．２３２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２７．３３７±２４．３１８ｐｇ／ｍｌ和１６４．７４８±２３．９８１Ｐｇ／ｍｌ。但生软壳蛋母鹅在排卵前４ｈ左右见有一峰院，并以ＬＨ和１７β－Ｅ２明显，其血浆中三种激素的平均含量分别为３．２１５±０．６５７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２７．３１２±２１．８５９ｐｇ／ｍｌ和２１１．６５７±１０４．３７５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，除１７β—Ｅ２外，均高于正常产蛋母鹅的水平，但差异并不明显。     

内毒素血症山羊内皮衍生因子和脂质介质的动态变化

以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍为模型， 同步测定发病山羊血浆内皮素（ Ｅ Ｔ）、一氧化氮（ Ｎ Ｏ）、血栓素（ Ｔ Ｘ Ａ２ ）、前列环素（ Ｐ Ｇ Ｉ２）的动态变化。结果表明，注射内毒素后３、６、１２、２４ ｈ 后山羊血浆 Ｅ Ｔ、 Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２、６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α的含量，与对照组及发病前比较均显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。 Ｅ Ｔ 含量变化在发病后６ ｈ 达峰值，于１２ ｈ时点呈现回落。 Ｎ Ｏ 产物含量在发病后１２ｈ 达峰值。发病山羊血浆 Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２ 水平逐渐增高，而６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α水平逐渐下降，两者比值失衡。提示，内毒素诱导山羊微循环障碍的发病过程中， Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｅ Ｔ、 Ｔ Ｘ Ａ２、 Ｐ Ｇ Ｉ２ 可能是参与休克发生发展的重要休克体液因子。     

山莨菪碱对内毒素诱导山羊弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)的影响

３０头杂交山羊随机分成３组，第Ⅰ组（ｎ＝６）作为对照组；第Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌内毒素（１８００ＥＵ／ｋｇ）两次，间隔２４小时；第Ⅲ组（ｎ＝１２）在第Ⅱ组处理基础上提前１０分钟静注山莨菪碱（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ），于处理后第１、３、５、７、９、１２小时分别检测血小板数、血浆纤维蛋白原含量、血浆凝血酶原时间（ＰＴ）、血浆凝血酶时间（ＴＴ）、副凝试验３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ指标。结果表明：第Ⅱ组迅速发生ＤＩＣ，表现血小板减少、纤维蛋白原含量下降、ＰＴ和ＴＴ延长、３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ阳性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而第Ⅲ组血小板数在１３小时明显高于第Ⅱ组，纤维蛋白原含量于第５小时后高于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＴ和ＴＴ亦比第Ⅱ组显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１），３Ｐ和ＥＧＴ的阳性检出率低于第Ⅱ组，结果提示应用山莨菪碱能明显抑制血小板减少，阻止ＤＩＣ的发生     

四季鹅母鹅生殖内分泌的研究

本实验用放射免疫法测定了四季鹅母鹅在生长发育、产蛋和抱窝期生殖激素分泌变化的规律。结果发现，在生长发育期血浆促黄体素（ＬＨ）和１７β—雌二醇（１７β—Ｅ２）水平随日龄增长而呈上升趋势，至１８０日龄ＬＨ和１７５—Ｅ２均达到最高值，分别为１．１５６±０．１４７ｎｇ／ｍｌ和２３６．５６±３４．２９Ｐｇ／ｍｌ，开产后二者均有所下降。孕酮（Ｐ）在初生时较高达１．８６±０．４８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，之后逐步下降，至开产后Ｐ含量大幅度增加，提示：ＬＨ和１７β—Ｅ２能促进生殖器官的发育。母鹅卵巢小卵泡的Ｐ转变为１７β—Ｅ２的能力较强。在产蛋期，产蛋前ＬＨ在１３小时内，Ｐ在１２小时内（个别为２０小时）出现２次高峰。产蛋前Ｐ高峰为４—５小时，而ＬＨ峰则于产蛋前１—３小时出现。ＬＨ的峰可诱导成熟卵泡排卵，Ｐ则引起ＬＨ峰的出现。在抱窝期，促卵泡素（ＦＳＨ）、Ｐ、１７β—Ｅ２有相似的变化模式。初期较高，中期最低，至雏鹅出壳则三者水平有所回升。但促乳素（ＰＲＬ）则相反，初期急剧上升，至中期最高，接近雏鹅出壳时下降，出壳后仍维持一定水平，至休产期才降至低水平。ＰＲＬ对抱窝和母性行为上具有重要作用。     

喹乙醇在鸡体内的毒物动力学及其生化毒性和病理学研究

本文对１３只健康ＡＡ鸡单次内服喹乙醇中毒剂量（１２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）作了毒物动力学分析。用乙腈—乙酸乙酯混合溶剂提取血浆中的喹乙醇,反相高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ法）测定浓度。喹乙醇内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型。毒物动力学主要参数为：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．６３±０．２６ｈ,ｔ１／２α１．１２±０．３４ｈ,ｔ１／２β７．２６±３．０２ｈ,Ｋｅ０．５９±０．１５ｈ－１,Ｔｍａｘ１．１９±０．３１ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ７１．４０±１２．８１μｇ／ｍｌ,ＡＵＣ２５８．１２±３６．１１ｍｇ／Ｌ．ｈ。本试验表明,内服中毒剂量的喹乙醇在ＡＡ鸡体内的吸收、分布均很迅速,但消除缓慢;给药后２４ｈ,血药浓度均高于０．２μｇ／ｍｌ     

内毒素血症山羊内皮衍生因子(ET/NO)、脂质介质(TXA_2/PGI_2)的动态变化

以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍为模型，同步测定发病山羊血浆内皮素（ＥＴ） 、一氧化氮（ＮＯ） 、血栓素（ＴＸＡ２） 、前列环素（ＰＧＩ２） 的动态变化。结果表明，注射内毒素后３ｈ、６ｈ 、１２ｈ 、２４ｈ 后山羊血浆ＥＴ、ＮＯ、ＴＸＢ２ 、６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１ ∝的含量，与对照组及发病前比较均显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。ＥＴ 含量变化在发病后６ｈ 达峰值，于１２ｈ、２４ｈ 时点呈现回落。ＮＯ 产物含量在发病后１２ｈ 达峰值。发病山羊血浆ＴＸＢ２ 水平逐渐增高，而６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１ ∝水平逐渐下降，两者比值失衡。提示，内毒素诱导山羊微循环障碍的发病过程中，ＮＯ、ＥＴ、ＴＸＡ２ 、ＰＧＩ２ 可能是参与休克发生发展的重要休克体液因子。     

克伦特罗在猪体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

６头体重４７．００±４．５７ｋｇ（Ｘ±Ｓ）的健康长白和大白杂交猪，拉丁方设计试验，按４ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注、肌注和内服克伦特罗，高效液相色谱法检测血浆中药物浓度，ＭＣＰＫＰ药代动力学程序处理药时数据。静注给药的药代动力学参数是：ｔ１／２α０．６２±０．１２ｈ，ｔ１／２β４．８７±１．５６ｈ，Ｖｄ（ａｒｅａ）４．４８±０．５６ｌ／ｋｇ，ＣｌＢ０．６３±０．１１ｌ／ｋｇ／ｈ，ＡＵＣ６．３９±１．２７μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ。肌注给药的药动学参数是：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．２２±０．１０ｈ，ｔ１／２α０．５６±０．２１ｈ，ｔ１／２β４．２５±１．１０ｈ，ｔｍａｘ０．６０±０．１３ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ１．２７±０．３５μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ５．４８±１．２９μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ８５．４０±４．６９％。内服给药的药动学参数是：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．２８±０．１５ｈ，ｔ１／２Ｋｅ３．１５±０．３６ｈ，ｔｍａｘ１．４６±０．１９ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ０．６５±０．１３μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ３．９３±０．９９ｍｇ／ｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６１．０２±１０．９０％。肌注给药的生物利用度与内服比较，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

亚硒酸钠在低硒雏鸡体内药代动力学的研究

采用低硒日粮（０．０２１μｇ／ｇ）饲喂１日龄蛋用雏鸡至１２～１４日龄（血硒降至０．０２３２±０．０１１０μｇ／ｍｌ），按单剂量０．５２６ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ口服亚硒酸钠后不同时间点采集血样，用荧光分光光度法测定血硒浓度。应用ＭＣＰＫＰ药动学程序自动拟合处理血硒浓度——时间数据并求出药动学参数。血硒浓度－时间曲线符合一室开放模型，最佳药时方程为：Ｃｉ＝０．０９５９０（ｅ－０．００６１９ｔ－ｅ－０．０９４１０ｔ）。主要药动学参数：ｔ１２Ｋａ为２．０３ｈ，ｔ１２Ｋ为１１２．０２ｈ，ｔｐ为１１．９８ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为０．０８７３８μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ为１５．２１１ｍｇ／ｌ·ｈ。根据单剂量药动学参数，计算出多剂量给药参数：τ为１２０ｈ，Ｃ为０．１２６７６μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｄ＊为０．７０８１ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ，Ｄ０为０．３７１２ｍｇ／ｋｇＢＷ，Ｒ为１．９０７６。     

激光穴位照射对子宫卵巢病牛血浆β—内啡肽含量和发情的影响

３４头黑白花奶牛，患子宫炎或卵巢疾病而不孕，将其随机分为２组。激光组（２４头）用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光照射交巢穴，７ｄ为１疗程。间歇７ｄ再照射第２疗程。对照组（１０头）不用激光照射。ＲＩＡ法分析血浆β－内啡肽（β－ＥＮＤ）含量。结果发现，激光组病牛血浆β－ＥＮＤ由照射前（第０天）的１１２．８６４±５８．９４７ｐｇ／ｍｌ升高到第１疗程后（第８天）的１７５．６３４±１０４．３１０ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５），间歇１周后为（第１４天）２３７．６２７±１５３．１３６ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），第２疗程后（第２２天）为１９３．４４８±１０４．３７８ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。显著高于对照组同期测定值。同时观察到，激光组发情牛头数为２１头，发情率８７．５％；对照组发情３头，发情率３０％。组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明激光照射穴位可使病牛β－ＥＮＤ分泌增加，并参与调节生殖机能     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.