花生品种资源的收集保存鉴定

至１９９０年，共收集花生种质资源４３２９份，其中４１５０份完成了繁种入库任务，并开展抗病性和品质鉴定分析工作。鉴定出抗锈病资源２５５份、抗旱斑病２２２份、抗晚斑病９２份、抗根结线虫病２份，抗青枯病８５份。抗锈兼抗早斑病的１７０份；抗锈兼抗晚斑病种质５１份；抗旱斑兼抗晚斑病的５６份；抗三种叶部病害的４５份；抗青枯病兼抗根结线虫病的２份。通过蛋白质、脂肪、油／亚比分析筛选出蛋白质含量在３２％以上的２６２份；含油量在５６％以上的资源２２６份；油／亚比在３—５．４９的品种５０份。     

产量和株型性状良好的抗晚斑病花生新种质创制

花生晚斑病抗性常与不良的产量和株型性状相连锁,为发现更多综合性状优良的抗晚斑病品种,以感病亲本中花5号和抗病亲本ICGV 86699及其杂交构建的重组自交系群体（recombined inbreed lines, RIL）为材料,进行晚斑病抗性、产量和株型相关性状的调查,以筛选综合性状优良的抗病新种质。结果表明,4个环境下共发现18个稳定高抗和26个稳定中抗晚斑病的家系;在两个环境中对百果重和单株结果数进行考察,筛选出38个百果重（≥180.0 g）和单株果数（≥20.0个）都比较大的家系;同样,在两个环境中筛选出主茎高（30～60 cm）和总分枝数（≤20.0个）适中的家系54个。综合分析晚斑病病害等级、产量和株型相关性状,共鉴定出4份产量和株型相关性状优良的抗晚斑病新种质,其中1份高抗晚斑病,3份为中抗晚斑病。该研究结果为培育综合性状优良的抗晚斑病花生品种奠定了理论和材料基础。     

花生种质资源的性状鉴定及综合评价进展

评述了近１５年来我国花生种质资源的研究进展。通过对已收集保存的６３９０ 份栽培种花生种质资源进行多种植物学性状、经济性状、抗病性和品质性状的鉴定评价,明确了我国拥有花生资源材料主要性状的变异和分布规律。筛选评价出抗青枯病种质１１２ 份,抗叶部病害（锈病、早斑和晚斑）种质２４８ 份,抗根结线虫种质３ 份,高蛋白种质（＞ ３３％ ）８３ 份,高油分种质（＞ ５７％ ）５５ 份,高油酸种质（＞６７％ ）２２ 份,高亚油酸种质（＞ ４７％ ）１８份,并获得了一批兼备多种优良性状的优异种质。     

花生种质资源的综合评价

对５７００份花生种质资源的植物学性状和经济性状、抗病性和种子品质性状进行了鉴定评价,筛选出高抗锈病种质９２份,高抗早斑病种质７７份,高抗晚斑病种质５３份,高抗根结线虫资源３份,高抗青枯病资源１０２份,抗锈病兼抗早斑病资源５８份,抗锈病兼抗晚斑病资源４９份,抗锈病兼抗早、晚斑病资源４５份,抗青枯病兼抗根结线虫资源２份,抗青枯病兼抗锈病资源１份。蛋白质含量达３４％以上的３３份,含油量达５８％以上的２４份,油酸含量达６７％以上的１８份,亚油酸含量达４７％以上的１５份。不同类型不同来源的花生品种的植物学性状、经济性状、抗病性和种子品质性状均有显著差异。     

甜菜优异种质资源创新利用与评价

通过对107份甜菜种质的主要农艺性状鉴定和品质分析，鉴定筛选出一批甜菜优异种质资源．再经两年多点的异地鉴定试验，对其参试种质的丰产性、高糖性和抗病性进行综合的评价及稳定性分析，从中选出9份产质量性状非常稳定的优异种质材料，其中优异种质79018具有丰产性、抗褐斑病及适应性好等特点，达到了国家甜菜优异种质一级标准，目前已被国内主要甜菜育种单位配制杂交组合，并参加区域试验。     

玉米种质抗灰斑病鉴定与评价

对40份常用玉米自交系和22份回交群体(导入系)进行抗灰斑病鉴定与评价,筛选出对灰斑病表现高抗自交系1份、抗病自交系3份、中抗自交系9份及多份抗病回交导入后代。研究结果表明,在供试玉米种质中多数自交系表现为感病,抗病种质较少。采用回交育种方法进行玉米灰斑病抗性改良,在受体与供体均为抗病材料的后代中抗病株率较高;在受体为感病材料、供体为抗病材料的后代中存在一定数量的抗病株。     

大豆主要病害双抗种质鉴定初报

2002—2003年采用人工接种与田间试验相结合方法,对黑龙江省新品种(品系)及一些国内外种质资源 进行灰斑病、疫霉病、镰刀菌根腐病、大豆花叶病毒病进行鉴定筛选,从中鉴定出3份抗灰斑病、疫霉病的双抗资 源,龙品8802、HR41和钢9491 - 2; 3份抗根腐病、疫霉病的双抗资源,抗线2号、邓恩和大粒黄; 2份抗病毒病、灰斑 病的双抗资源,合丰44号和合丰45号。同时鉴定出一大批单抗种质。并建立了比较全面的抗性调查评价体系。     

中国大麦种质资源优异特性研究

80年代，中国大麦种质资源有13237份．其中栽培大麦11791份、野生大麦1446份（含多年生野大麦121份）．国家组织了大麦种质资源的综合鉴定，包括农艺性状 ，抗三病一黄花叶病、黄矮病、赤霉病，抗三这一早、湿、盐，以及品质鉴定．有些单位还开展了其它签定，如耐酸铝等．初步筛选出一批具有抗性强、质佳、农艺性状好的优异种质资源．为促进种质资源的交流，益于在种和遗传等研究，特将鉴定结果整理综述如下．大麦种质资设抗病性往走一、抗大￡黄花叶病鉴定大麦黄花叶病是由病毒诱发、病土传染、禾谷多粘菌为传天介体、主要危害各大麦区大麦…     

大豆优异抗病种质东农9674

通过对大豆品种间杂交后代在田间发病条件下的连续选择和鉴定，创新了可以抗１０个灰斑病生理小种，兼抗花叶病１号株系的抗病种质东农９６７４。多年多点鉴定和多年接种鉴定表明，东在９６７必高抗灰斑病，抗性稳定，根系发达，固氮能力强、耐重迎茬。是大豆抗灰斑育种和多抗育种的优异种质资源和亲本材料。省内外育种单位作为亲本引用，已作了２０个杂交组合。     

抗甘薯茎线虫病优异种质资源的筛选与评价

“八五”期间对入库的１４９６份甘薯品种资源进行综合鉴定评价,筛选出３２４份高抗至抗甘薯茎线虫病类型的抗性资源。本文对这些抗性资源的兼抗病性,抗逆性,产量及品质进行了分析研究,筛选出兼抗两种或两种以上病的优异种质３８份,以期为育种和生产提供依据。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.