北疆高产棉花(1800kg·hm-2)生长分析

采用植物生长分析法,研究了北疆高产(1800kg·hm-2)棉花干物质积累与分配、叶面积指数、净同化率、相对生长率、群体生长率的动态变化规律,分析了北疆公顷产1800kg高产棉花物质生产的特点,提出了各生育时期有关于物质生产分配的生理指标。     

大豆不同群体叶面积指数及干物质积累与产量的关系

以垦农4号和垦鉴21号大豆为试验材料,研究了大豆在３种不同密度条件下的叶面积指数及干物质积累动态与产量的关系。结果表明：各品种在不同群体条件下叶面积指数的变化趋势大致呈一抛物线,叶面积指数与产量的相关性在V3和R1达显著水平,R3、R5和R6达极显著水平;不同种植密度、品种间的干物质积累动态均存在差异;各阶段干物质积累量与产量的关系,在R3呈显著正相关,R5呈极显著正相关;KJ21后期群体发育在高密度下仍能维持较高的叶面积指数和干物质积累量,适合密植。     

长江下游棉区抗虫杂交棉适宜密度研究

以湘杂棉8号为材料,于2008-2009年在南京研究了不同密度对杂交棉群体结构、光合势、干物质积累量与分配、产量的影响。结果表明:盛铃期以前,棉花叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率随密度的提高显著增大,之后,高密度(3.9万株.hm-2以上)棉花的叶面积指数、光合势与群体生长率均较低,且铃数与铃重也降低,难以获得高产。综合分析,长江流域下游棉区抗虫杂交棉适宜密度为3.0万株·hm-2左右。     

不同缓释肥水平对超高产夏玉米产量及群体质量的影响

以玉米品种苏玉29、苏玉30为材料,设置7个缓释肥水平（N 0、270、315、360、405、450、495 kg/hm²）进行大田试验,研究不同生育阶段的叶面积指数、干物质积累及其对产量形成的作用。结果表明：（1）随着施氮量增加,籽粒产量呈单峰变化趋势,在N 450 kg/hm²水平下达最大值,两品种（苏玉29、苏玉30）分别为16193、14040 kg/hm²,且两品种均在N 405 kg/hm²水平下达边际产量。（2）高产处理下玉米群体干物质积累速率及叶面积指数在灌浆中前期大,干物质积累量多,中后期下降缓慢。对干物质积累的Richards方程解析表明,与对照相比,高产条件下干物质积累速率最大时的日期推迟了10天,且越晚产量越高;生长活跃期平均延长了9天,最大干物质积累速率平均提高了43.5%。因此,通过缓释肥运筹,降低花后叶面积指数及干物质积累下降速率,推迟干物质积累速率最大时的日期,延长生长活跃期,最终提高籽粒产量。     

籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异研究

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异,以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻,而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻,差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻,但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积,且随着生长发育的持续,群体光合物质生产优势不断加大,群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势,而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出,有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升缓降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产,是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。     

双季晚稻不同类型品种产量及其群体动态特征差异研究

在长江中游双季稻地区(江西上高),以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻4种类型20个具有代表性的品种为材料,采用湿润育秧大苗移栽种植方式,设置各类型品种最适的高产栽培处理,系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长率和净同化率等方面的差异,以期为双季稻区适宜品种的选用以及高产栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。结果表明,双季晚稻不同类型品种产量表现为籼粳杂交稻杂交粳稻常规粳稻杂交籼稻,差异极显著。籼粳杂交稻群体产量最高的原因是在保持一定穗数的基础上,极显著增加每穗粒数,进而提高群体颖花量,同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻群体相比,籼粳杂交稻群体茎蘖数于生育前期稳步增长,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗,够苗后增长平缓,高峰苗数量较少、下降平缓,成穗率中等(73.19%左右);群体叶面积指数前期增长较缓,最大值出现在孕穗期,为7.93左右,此后平稳减少,抽穗期叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均极显著增高,成熟期仍保持3.85以上;群体干物质积累量有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期少,拔节后干物质积累速度较快,孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期和成熟期显著或极显著增高,且生育中后期干物质积累比例高;群体光合势、群体生长率和净同化率表现为"前小,中高,后强"。     

新疆机采模式下棉花株行距配置对冠层结构指标及产量的影响

【目的】为了研究不同株行距配置对机采棉花冠层结构指标及产量的影响。【方法】在田间条件下,选用棉花杂交种鲁棉研24号和常规品种新陆早60号为供试材料,设置适宜机采的1膜3行等行距(76 cm+76cm+76 cm)低密度、1膜6行宽窄行(66 cm+10 cm)高密度及1膜3行等行距(76 cm+76 cm+76 cm)双株高密度3种配置方式进行试验。【结果】等行距低密度下,棉花生育前期生长旺盛,叶面积指数与光吸收率迅速增加至最高值;生育后期,叶面积指数及光吸收率下降幅度分别为10.4%~13.6%、3.7%~4.2%,低于其他两种处理,且干物质积累量较高。等行距低密度下杂交棉产量最高。【结论】等行距低密度下杂交棉实现高产的生理基础主要是:生育前期叶面积指数及光吸收率增长迅速,干物质积累较快;生育后期叶面积指数及光吸收率下降缓慢,能维持较高水平,光合生产能力较高,干物质积累量最大。     

籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异,以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻,而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻,差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻,但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积,且随着生长发育的持续,群体光合物质生产优势不断加大,群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势,而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出,有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积"稳升缓降"态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产,是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。     

玉米‘洛玉863’群体动态指标研究

‘洛玉863’是洛阳农林科学院选育而成的高淀粉型玉米新品种,为了对该品种的高产栽培和示范推广提供理论依据,通过采用田间定点定株取样和公式法,研究了品种的群体动态指标,以明晰其适宜群体产量结构和群体动态指标,为品种的高产栽培和示范推广提供理论依据。结果表明：‘洛玉863’适宜种植密度为60000株/hm2,产量结构为60000穗/hm2、穗行数15.0行、行粒数37.5粒、千粒重381.5 g,群体生产力得到了充分的发挥,产量达12599.4 kg/hm2。适宜密度下,群体各项动态指标发展协调,叶面积指数(LAI)在吐丝期最大值达到5.41,且稳定期长,成熟时仍达2.94,使‘洛玉863’活秆成熟的优点得到充分体现;叶面积持续期(LAD)总量达到335.46×104 m2?d/hm2,在各生育时期的分配合理;净同化率(NAR)与叶面积持续期(LAD)协调较好;干物质积累总量24702.3 kg/hm2,其中吐丝期以后的干物质积累量占全部积累量的60%;群体生长率(CGR)达247.0 kg/(hm2?d);灌浆速率始终保持在合理的较高水平。吐丝期以后的叶面积指数(LAI)、叶面积持续期(LAD)、干物质积累量和群体生长率(CGR)与最终的籽粒产量呈密切的正相关,可以作为适宜群体的标志。     

土壤供钾不足对棉花光合及物质积累的影响

以抗虫棉33B为试验材料,通过去除地表20cm耕层营造土壤缺K的方法,探讨了钾营养胁迫对棉花植株光合性能及物质积累的影响。钾营养胁迫对棉花植株叶面积指数、主茎功能叶片有效光合速率、棉花中后期生育进程中主茎叶片叶绿素积累以及棉株干物质积累均有明显的抑制作用,其中随着生育进程的推进,钾胁迫对于叶面积指数和棉株干物质积累的抑制作用趋于明显。以最大拟合优度为标准,利用EXCEL对观测点数据进行拟合得到的趋势线方程显示,钾胁迫没有改变叶面积指数、主茎功能叶光合速率和棉株干物质积累的动态规律,但是却一定程度上改变了主茎功能叶片叶绿素积累的动态规律。     

干旱区滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花生长和产量性能的影响

以高产棉花品种新陆早45为材料,自初花至吐絮设置常规滴灌(I500)和有限滴灌(I425) 2种处理,每种滴灌模式下设低(D12)、中(D24)和高(D36)3个种植密度,分析棉花不同生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)、群体生长率(CGR)、棉铃生长率(BGR)、净同化率(NAR)以及产量、灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)等变化。结果表明,与I500相比,I425将LAI到达顶峰的时间推迟至盛铃期并延缓了盛铃期以后的叶片衰老,显著提高了盛花期至吐絮期NAR,在不显著降低籽棉产量的前提下,提高了IWUE。在I500条件下,LAI、CGR、BGR、NAR、总生物量(TDW)、铃生物量(BDW)、总铃数(BN)、生殖器官与营养器官质量的比例(RVR)均以D24较高,D12最低;I425条件下,上述参数均以D36最高。籽棉产量以I500D24、I425D36较高,IWUE则以I425D36较高。相关分析表明,籽棉产量和IWUE与BN、RVR呈显著正相关,IWUE与NAR呈显著正相关。表明盛花期至盛铃期较快的群体生长速率、较强的物质生产能力以及较多的干物质持续向棉铃的供应,是I425D36提高产量的重要原因。     

新疆石河子棉区高密条件下冠层结构和光分布特征

对新疆石河子5个棉花主栽品种全生育期的干物质积累、生长参数、产量和盛铃期的冠层结构、光渗透能力和光分布等进行了测量分析。结果表明,作物生长速率、铃生长率以及子棉产量等均与总受光量呈正相关关系,净同化率则与单位叶面积受光量呈正相关关系,说明受光量是决定干物质生产和产量的重要因素;单位叶面积受光量即光的渗透能力与单位土地面积总受光量呈正相关关系、而与LAI呈负相关关系,说明冠层结构也是影响冠层受光量的主要因素;总受光量与LAI呈显著的正相关关系,说明LAI最大值并未达到最适宜水平。新疆地区棉花高产棉田的主要特征可以总结为叶数少、叶片大、冠层结构为椭圆形。由于叶面积指数尚未达到最适宜水平,增加种植密度可能是提高产量的一个途径。     

缩节胺(DPC)对不同密度下棉花冠层结构特征与产量性状的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下,设置适量化调和超量化调方式,每个化调下设3个种植密度,研究了化学调节剂(DPC)对不同密度棉花冠层结构及产量的影响.结果表明:随密度增加,两种化调量下均表现叶面积指数(LAI)增大、叶倾角(MFA)变大,株型变紧凑;但密度过大,群体散射辐射透过系数(TR)小,造成生育后期群体光合速率(CAP)较快...     

南疆超高产棉花光合物质生产与分配关系的研究

于2008-2009年在南疆自然生态条件下,利用普通高产和中低产棉花对比研究了超高产棉花光合物质生产与分配关系。结果表明:超高产棉花LAI花前增长速率明显快于高产、中低产棉花,盛铃期峰值大,且盛铃期后下降缓慢,后期仍能保持较高水平;叶片SPAD值与Pn(净光合速率)关系密切,即开花前超高产棉花叶片SPAD值增长较快,Pn增长较快,后期叶片SPAD值保持较高水平,Pn下降缓慢;超高产棉花地上部分与蕾铃干物质快速积累持续期长,且积累量大;超高产棉花光合产物向茎、叶器官分配集中在开花期以前,花后向茎、叶输送减少,转而向蕾铃器官分配较多,保证后期产量形成,而高产、中低产棉花开花后仍有光合产物向茎、叶输送,对产量影响较大。     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

移栽Bt棉的生长发育及其碳氮代谢研究

2002-2003年在江苏高肥力棉田,移栽条件下对9个Bt基因棉花品种(系)的生长发育特点及其碳氮代谢特征进行了研究。结果表明,中棉所29等3个杂交种在整个生长期表现为棉株高增长快,叶面积增长量大,现蕾和成铃强度大,生殖器官干物重也高,叶片全氮、可溶性糖含量高,NR、GPT、Rubisco、Sucroase活性高,表现为生长发育两旺,常规Bt棉GK19和新棉33B盛花前株高、叶面积生长快,现蕾强度大,叶片全氮含量高、NR、GPT活性高,表现为前期生长旺盛;新洋822和苏抗103结铃盛期后叶面积生长快,现蕾和成铃强度大,碳氮代谢强,表现为后期生育旺盛;sGK321和鲁棉研16整个生育期氮代谢强度大,但可溶性糖含量低、Rubisco、Sucroase等活性小,营养生长快,生殖生长弱,表现为营养生长过旺。     

Growth Analysis Using Classical and Functional Techniques in Relation to Soil Moisture in Mustard

A Reid experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil moisture on growth of two mustard cultivars using classical and functional techniques of growth analysis. Two soil moisture levels were irrigated at 10-day intervals and a rainfed control was included. Total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly increased by irrigation at most of stages of growth. Starting from a lower value, LAI and LAD reached a peak and then gradually declined. Among the growth attributes, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) increased significantly under irrigation. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased more in the irrigated plants than the rainfed plants at the later stages of growth. LAR and LWR declined throughout with increasing time and plant weight. Seed yield of the irrigated plants was positively correlated with the pre-flowering LAI and the post-flowering CGR and NAR. In the rainfed plants, seed yield was positively correlated with LAI and CGR at the post-flowering stage and negatively with the post-flowering NAR and pre-flowering LAR.     

Effects of Population on Physiological Growth Parameters of Pigeonpea Genotypes in Sole and Intercropped Stand with Sorghum CO 22

A field experiment was conducted during khariff 1984 in sandy clay loam soil under irrigated condition at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, with a view (i) to find out the possibility of introducing short duration dwarf variety of sorghum CO 22 as an intercrop with pigeonpea genotypes, (ii) to study the effect of different plant population levels and intercropping of sorghum CO 22 on pigeonpea genotypes, and (iii) to find out compatible pigeonpea genotypes and plant population level for pigeonpea based intercropping system with sorghum CO 22.
It was observed that increased plant density significantly increased the dry matter production, leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) during early stages and reduced the net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and CCR during later part of the growth. Intercropping of sorghum CO 22 significantly reduced the dry matter production LAI, CGR, NAR and RGR. Plants in the intercropped stands recorded higher CGR, NAR and RGR during later part of the growth. Among pigeonpea genotypes CO 5 was much affected due to intercropping with sorghum CO 22.     

Ontogenic Changes in Growth and Assimilate Distribution as Influenced by N Supply in Rapeseed-mustard

Brassica juncea , cv. Pusa Bold, and Brassica campestris , cv. Pusa Kalyani, were raised under field conditions with varying levels of N fertilization, i.e. 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹. Changes in dry matter accumulation in various plant parts as influenced by N supply were measured throughout the crop ontogeny. N supply up to 120 kg had an increasing effect on the growth of leaves, stem and pods during the entire period till maturity. Analysis on the assimilate distribution pattern revealed that 84–87% of the total was accumulated during the post-flowering phase. Dry matter partitioning profile during the ontogeny indicated that about 72–83 % of the total DM was accumulated in the leaves, while 17–28 % in the stem, in the preflowering phase. This trend was found nearly opposite during the postflowering phase. At maturity, however, stem and pods accounted for nearly equal amounts of dry matter accumulation. Among the genotypes, Pusa Bold recorded significantly higher DM accumulation and seed yield over Pusa Kalyani which, on the other hand, exhibited a better assimilate-partioning ability than the former. Nitrogen levels had a favourable effect on LAI, LAD and CGR in both genotypes. Highly significant correlations were obtained between seed yield vs. LAI, LAD and CGR. N fertilization up to 120 kg ha⁻¹ was found beneficial in enhancing growth and yield of rapeseed-mustard.     

基于吸收光合有效辐射和光合有效辐射截获量监测棉花生长状况

 通过光量子传感器,获取了2个棉花品种不同种植密度冠层6个关键生育时期的光合有效辐射（PAR）,分析了吸收光合有效辐射（APAR）和光合有效辐射截获量（FAPAR）与棉花冠层生长特征的关系。结果表明;棉花开花期和花铃期,为APAR与FAPAR高值期,盛铃期和盛铃末期下降,吐絮期为低值期;利用多元统计分析技术,分别建立了棉花APAR、FAPAR与棉花冠层叶面积指数、覆盖度、地上鲜生物量和地上净初级生产力的相关关系模型。采用APAR与覆盖度,FAPAR与叶面积指数相关性最高的模型方程,分别估算棉花覆盖度和叶面积指数,实测值与估测值之间呈极显著的线性相关关系,估算精度分别为99.1%和99.5%。