育苗密度、基质与蔬菜秧苗素质相关性研究

国外蔬菜育苗很早就采用了较小密度和优良基质来提高秧苗素质。以番茄为例,美国的标准密度是63株/m~2,英国的密度60株/m~2,比200株/m~2定植后早熟5天,前期产量增加50％。一些发达国家无土育苗的基质大都采用泥碳、岩棉、蛭石,无土育苗的番茄比有土育苗秧苗生育期缩短20～30天,素质好,定植后前期产量及总产量高。     

漂浮育苗技术在黄兰育苗中的应用

漂浮育苗是将植物种子播在填有特殊“无土”基质的育苗盘上,将盘悬浮在有营养液的池中,植物生长所需的水分和养分通过基质提供的一项新的育苗技术。利用漂浮育苗技术进行黄兰育苗,能缩短育苗时间,使苗健康无病、根系发达,降低育苗成本,适宜在生产上应用推广。     

蚯蚓粪对鹅掌楸容器苗生长及养分吸收的影响

在容器育苗基质中添加体积比为5％～20％的蚯蚓粪,通过无纺布容器育苗试验,研究了不同育苗基质对鹅掌楸根际环境中的微生物数量、根系建造和活力、养分吸收及育苗效果的影响.结果表明,育苗基质中添加蚯蚓粪可不同程度地提高鹅掌楸根际环境中细菌数量和微生物总量,真菌数量有所降低,但对放线菌数量影响差异不显著.蚯蚓粪有利于鹅掌楸根系的生长,尤其是增加了毛细根的重量和在根系体系中的比例,根系活力也有显著提高.此外,育苗基质中加入蚯蚓粪还提高了鹅掌楸根、茎和叶干物质的积累量,虽然对植物体内氮和磷的含量影响较小,但蚯蚓粪的添加显著提高了植物体内钾的含量.同普通育苗基质相比,加入15％体积比例的蚯蚓粪使氮、磷和钾的养分吸收量分别提高了22.23％,15.58％和26.66％.综合分析认为,育苗基质中加入一定比例的蚯蚓粪可显著改善鹅掌楸的根际环境,促进育苗植物对养分的吸收和利用,提高无纺布容器育苗效果.在试验蚯蚓粪添加比例中,育苗基质中添加体积比例为15％的蚯蚓粪效果最为显著.     

有机基质栽培对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响

无土栽培技术已在世界各国广为推广,并成功地应用于花卉、蔬菜生产。20世纪80年代,我国北京建成第一座蔬菜机械化无土育苗工厂。此后,深圳、广州、上海、昆明、重庆等地也采用无土栽培的方法种植花卉、蔬菜,我国无土栽培面积呈逐年上升趋势。本文依据甘肃省酒泉市当地农业生产特点,研究使用取材容易、价格便宜、无公害、新型的有机基质,分析黄瓜在不同配比的基质中生长的各种性状,从而筛选出一种最佳的基质配方。1材料与方法1.1材料试验地点与品种:试验在甘肃省酒泉市现代节水农业科技示范园区内进行。供试黄瓜品种为津春4号。育苗采用穴盘,…     

有机基质栽培对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响

无土栽培技术已在世界各国广为推广，并成功地应用于花卉、蔬菜生产。20世纪80年代，我国北京建成第一座蔬菜机械化无土育苗工厂。此后，深圳、广州、上海、昆明、重庆等地也采用无土栽培的方法种植花卉、蔬菜，我国无土栽培面积呈逐年上升趋势。本文依据甘肃省酒泉市当地农业生产特点，研究使用取材容易、价格便宜、无公害、新型的有机基质，分析黄瓜在不同配比的基质中生长的各种性状，从而筛选出一种最佳的基质配方。     

不同配方栽培基质对番茄苗期生长的影响

以腐熟中药渣、腐熟菇渣、泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩以及45%的缓释肥(15-15-15)为原料,按照不同比例复配成6种栽培基质,选取进口泥炭作为对照,研究不同配比的栽培基质对番茄苗期生长的影响,以筛选出理想的番茄育苗基质配方。结果表明:腐熟中药渣:泥炭:腐熟菇渣:蛭石:珍珠岩以5:1:1.5:2:1(体积比)并添加2 kg/m345%缓释肥的基质培育的番茄在株高、茎粗、根系形态及根系活力等方面均优于其他配比的育苗基质,主成分分析和聚类分析结果也得到了类似的结果,表明该配方的基质可推荐作为番茄育苗的专用型有机营养基质。     

蚯蚓粪复合基质对番茄穴盘育苗影响的试验研究

以蚯蚓消解半腐熟后的牛粪和蘑菇渣所得的蚯蚓粪为主要原料,与蛭石按照不同比例混合作为番茄的育苗基质,研究蚯蚓粪复合基质对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响,以利于蔬菜穴盘育苗新型基质的开发,为蔬菜工厂化育苗提供性能可靠、廉价、取材广泛的育苗基质。结果表明:各个处理基质容重在0.43～0.79 g/cm3之间,总孔隙度在65.32%～72.95%之间,大小孔隙比在1∶1.53～1∶2.02之间,pH值在5.45～8.75之间,EC值在0.91～1.38 mS/cm之间,除了pH值以外其他理化特性都在较适宜的范围;相较对照,蚯蚓粪复合基质有较高的pH值,但没有对番茄最终出苗情况产生影响;蚯蚓粪复合基质促进了番茄幼苗生长发育,其作用效果与基质混合比例有关,蚯蚓粪∶蛭石=2∶1(V∶V)育苗效果较佳,与对照相比,其株高、茎粗、地下部干重、全株干重、壮苗指数分别显著增加23.12%、11.76%、57.14%、38.24%、60.34%(P0.05)。     

蔬菜育苗基质研究进展

在农业现代化进程的推动下,蔬菜育苗方式得到了极大的改变,开始朝着工厂化、科学化、市场化方向发展,使得蔬菜育苗的时间大大较短,在一定程度上还能提升蔬菜幼苗的存活率和生产效率,提高其经济效益。在工厂化蔬菜育苗中,蔬菜育苗基质是最重要的部分,基于此,以蔬菜育苗基质为中心进行简要探讨,以蔬菜育苗基质作用、各方面的性能评价、常见的几种蔬菜育苗基质以及研究现状论述来加强对工厂化蔬菜育苗和育苗基质的了解。     

钵苗高速移栽机器人夹苗装置的设计

在实现农业现代化的进程中,大力推进蔬菜和花卉种植现代化是加快农业现代化进程的一个重要方向。工业化、规范化以及智能化培育幼苗是钵苗移栽产业未来的发展趋势。其中,穴盘育苗是采用轻基质无土材料作育苗基质,机械化精量播种,一穴一粒,一次性成苗的现代化育苗技术,是温室花卉和蔬菜专业化栽培的主要方式。基于此,对穴盘育苗过程中的育苗夹取装置进行选型和设计,确定了夹苗装置的主要参数与气动驱动装置。     

椰糠对六月雪硬枝扦插生根的影响

以重要的园林绿化和盆景植物六月雪为材料,探讨基质中添加不同比例的椰糠对六月雪扦插生根的影响。结果表明,添加40%椰糠的基质中插穗生根率最高,可达94%,添加20%椰糠的基质中新根生长发育较好;除了根系长度和根系直径外,两种基质对生根与新根生长的影响,没有显著的差异;随着比例增加,椰糠对根系生长发育的促进作用逐渐消失。在粗砂中添加20%～40%的椰糠,可用于六月雪扦插育苗。     

Study on Effects of Different Medium Compositions on Growth and Seedling Quality of Two Tomato Varieties Under Greenhouse Conditions

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of different medium compositions on physicochemical properties and the growth of two tomato varieties. Five treatments were applied, combining medium composition with rice husk ash (RHS) and coconut fiber (CF) with the following proportions: 1/3 Peat moss + 1/3 rice husk ash + 1/3 coconut fiber (T1); 1/3 Vermicompost + 1/3 rice husk ash + 1/3 coconut fiber (T2); 1/3 Cattle manure compost + 1/3 rice husk ash + 1/3 coconut fiber (T3); 1/3 Chicken manure compost + 1/3 rice husk ash + 1/3 coconut fiber (T4); 1/3 Hog manure compost + 1/3 rice husk ash + 1/3 coconut fiber (T5). The results demonstrated that between pH, electrical conductivity (EC) value, and nutrient content in the media, there was a significant difference that led to different concentrations of total macro- and micronutrients in the shoots of both varieties. In addition, the root weight, shoot weight, and root volume were affected by medium composition for two varieties in seedling stage. A mixture of cattle manures composted with RHS and CF under the rate (1:1:1 by volume), respectively, gave the highest value of germination rate, plant height, leaf number, and plant biomass. Medium composition significantly influenced the germination rate and elongation of seedlings, specifically for each tomato variety. Therefore, cattle manure compost as a medium supplement improves seedling quality and growth of the two tomato varieties.     

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF COMPOSTED PISTACHIO HULL AND RICE HUSK AS POTTING MEDIUM ON SCINDAPSUS AUREUS VEGETATIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN GREENHOUSE CONDITION

Pistachio hull is a horticultural waste product obtained during dehulling process of pistachio nuts. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of pistachio hull and rice husk compost, as culture medium, on vegetative and physiological characteristics of pothos (Scindapsus aureus) plants. Rooted cuttings were used as plant materials and cultured in pots (40 × 30cm) filled with the following media: S₁ = 100% peat (control), S₂ = 100% rice husk, S₃ = 70% rice husk + 30% pistachio hull, S₄ = 50% rice husk + 50% pistachio hull, S₅ = 30% rice husk + 70% pistachio hull and S₆ = 100% pistachio hull. The vegetative parameters were affected by media type, so that no plants survived in 100% pistachio hull. The application of 50% pistachio hull and 50% rice husk (S₄), increased shoot fresh weight, and potassium (K) concentration of shoot and root compared to control. Fresh and dry root weight and phosphorus (P) concentration of shoot was increased with S₂ treatment (100% rice husk).     

Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrient Composition of Cocoyam Grown in an Organically Fertilized Soil

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate the influence of cow dung and rice husk application rates on soil chemical properties and nutrient composition of cocoyam cormels. The treatments comprised four rates each of cow dung and rice husk (0, 10, 20, and 30 t/ha) arranged as a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design with three replicates. The treatments were incorporated into the soil 2 weeks before planting of cocoyam each year. After 2 years of cropping, soil samples were collected from the respective plots and analyzed so also cocoyam cormels. Cow dung application positively and significantly (P < .05) affected soil pH, organic matter (OM), and the soil nutrients (r = 0.95, 0.98, and 0.94–1.00, respectively) while rice husk application significantly and positively influenced soil OM, nitrogen and phosphorus (r = 0.98, 0.95, and 0.98, respectively). Aside potassium content that was enhanced, cow dung application did not significantly affect the nutrient composition of the cocoyam cormels. However, 30 t/ha of applied rice husk caused significant reduction in crude protein and fiber contents but significant increase in carbohydrate. There was negative and significant correlation between rice husk and the cormels crude protein (r = ?0.97). A total of 20 t/ha each of the organic fertilizers was found to be optimum for improving soil fertility and invariably yield without compromising the nutrient content of the cocoyam cormels.     

Growth and yield response of lettuce to irrigation and growth media from composted sawdust and rice husk

In sub-Saharan Africa, manure and loam soil are popular growing media substrates. However, their poor physiochemical properties limit their use in growing media. Following a survey of farmers, single species sawdust, mixed species sawdust, and rice husk (RH) were selected and composted with poultry manure. Additionally, the RH was charred for use in soilless media. Objectives were to produce feedstock-specific composts and determine appropriate proportion for using them in containerized systems. Three composts produced were amended with soil in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 (v/v) in an initial experiment. In a second experiment (soilless), the single sawdust and RH compost were each amended with RH biochar in ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 (v/v) and subjected to half or full pot irrigation. RH compost amended soils gave the highest lettuce yield. In the soilless media, 2:1 ratio (v/v) of biochar to sawdust compost gave the highest yield.     

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZELNUT HUSK RESIDUES WITH DIFFERENT DECOMPOSITION DEGREES FOR SOILLESS GROWING MEDIA PREPARATION

In this study, the main physical, physiochemical, and chemical properties of hazelnut husk have been determined for the suitability as a container growing medium. Four substrates were prepared based upon decomposition degree: raw (H₁), medium decomposed (H₂, H₃), and strongly decomposed hazelnut husk samples (H₄), to determine the optimum growing medium parameters. Particle size was the key parameter to determine the physical properties, which was decreased with the increasing decomposition degrees. The main physical parameters were in the ranges for the ideal growing medium characteristics for H₄. Except for raw material (H₁), chemical characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon (C)/nitrogen (N), and nutrients were within acceptable ranges. The results indicated that hazelnut husk could be an alternative growing media component for containerized crops, if optimum particle size within the range of 0-2mm is obtained, for both aeration and water holding requirements.     

稻壳基生物炭对生菜Cd吸收及土壤养分的影响

探讨稻壳基生物炭对Cd污染土壤上叶菜吸收Cd和土壤Cd形态的影响作用,明确稻壳基生物炭对土壤Cd污染的调控效应,可为合理利用稻壳基生物炭降低叶菜Cd含量提供参考。采用盆栽试验,研究了稻壳基生物炭在不同用量水平下对2茬生菜地上部Cd含量、土壤养分含量及Cd赋存形态的影响。结果表明,在5~25 g-kg-1用量范围内,稻壳基生物炭显著降低了2茬生菜地上部和根系Cd含量,且在最大用量25 g-kg-1时效果最好,地上部Cd含量分别比未施稻壳基生物炭的对照处理降低了19.6%和45.8%,根系Cd含量分别降低了36.8%和28.0%。在25 g-kg-1用量水平下,稻壳基生物炭对土壤p H、有效磷、速效钾及有机质含量提升效果明显,但显著降低了土壤碱解氮含量。施加稻壳基生物炭对土壤有效态Cd含量及Cd化学形态也有不同影响。随着稻壳基生物炭用量的增加,土壤NH4OAc提取态Cd含量和弱酸提取态Cd含量显著降低,在用量为25 g-kg-1时,分别比对照降低17.9%和10.4%,可还原态Cd含量无显著变化,可氧化态Cd含量呈减低趋势,残渣态Cd含量增加17.6%。因此推测,提升土壤p H、降低土壤有效态Cd含量、增加残渣态Cd含量可能是稻壳基生物炭降低生菜体内Cd含量的主要原因。稻壳基生物炭可以作为土壤改良剂,抑制Cd污染土壤上叶菜对Cd的吸收,改善土壤养分状况。     

Nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents of field vegetables — Recent data for fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances

When calculating fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances, growers and advisers usually do not do site specific measurements but use data from look up tables. Data given by older literature sources, however, do not take into account today's cropping practices. Therefore a databank on nutrient contents of total yields, marketable yields and harvest residues of 22 field vegetable crops is presented. This databank was compiled using results from topical field experiments and from recent literature.     

均衡施肥对滩涂盐碱农田稻麦轮作系统土壤养分与作物生长和养分吸收的影响

以耐盐小麦和水稻为材料,研究了滩涂盐碱地养分均衡对轮作稻麦生长和养分吸收的影响。试验设不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(TF)、中量元素肥料+常规施肥(TS)、螯合态微量元素肥+常规施肥(TM)和中量元素肥料+螯合态微量元素肥料+常规施肥(TSM)5个处理。结果表明:(1)大量元素方面,小麦季TSM处理显著提高了土壤碱解氮和速效钾水平,分别较TF处理增长23.22%和7.10%;水稻季TSM处理土壤有效磷和速效钾显著提高,较TF处理分别提高19.78%和7.44%;稻麦轮作体系均衡施肥(TSM)显著降低了土壤含盐量,由3.09 g/kg土降为1.88 g/kg土;(2)中微量元素方面,小麦季TSM处理显著提高了土壤S、Fe含量,分别较TF处理增长了196.3%、13.75%;水稻季TSM处理土壤Si、Ca、Fe、Mn含量较TF处理显著提高,分别增加了27.42%、11.60%、12.05%、16.20%;(3)TSM处理小麦和水稻生物量明显提高,较TF处理增长了19.47%和20.12%,且TSM处理较TF处理作物养分含量显著提高(P0.05);(4)施肥处理明显提高了稻麦植株中各营养素的积累,作物产量增加,TSM处理小麦和水稻较CK分别增产了14.37%和46.46%,与TF处理相较,小麦增产7.55%,水稻增产效果不显著。综上所述,均衡施肥有效提高了养分库容和养分利用效率,促进了盐碱地轮作稻麦生长和产量形成。因此,在常规施肥的基础上配施中微量元素肥料作为优选的均衡施肥模式可作为滩涂盐土粮食轮作区主要施肥模式加以推广应用。     

稻壳粉添加剂提高污泥的脱水效果研究

利用农业废弃物稻壳粉能有效提高污泥的脱水性能。该文研究了稻壳粉投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响及调理机理,同时分析稻壳粉调理对污泥滤液和脱水后污泥主要性质的影响,并进行技术经济分析。试验结果表明,稻壳粉的最佳投加量为70%污泥干质量(DS);在最佳调理条件下,与单独投加三氯化铁(FeCl_3,138.09g/kg)相比,污泥比阻降低了59.73%,污泥净产率提高了45.27%,污泥泥饼的含固率从13.99%提高到23.97%;扫描电镜结果表明,稻壳粉调理后的污泥泥饼具有不可压缩性和可渗透性,有利于污泥中水分的脱出;同时,稻壳粉的投加可有效降低滤液浊度和溶解性化学需氧量。因此,利用稻壳粉来调理污泥具有较大的潜力。     

番茄的营养液膜栽培配套技术研究

营养液膜技术(Nutrient Film Technique)作为第三代水培新技术,在克服连作障碍、生产无公害蔬菜和提高蔬菜产量上具有明显优越性。作者以营养液膜技术,结合我国国情,在栽培设施、供液方式、育苗和定植方式、营养液更新方法、合适的营养液浓度和管理方法等方面,进行简易化栽培研究,使得番茄增产增值,成本大幅度降低,基本形成了现阶段我国保护地番茄营养液膜栽培配套技术规范。