花生壳磁性生物炭对颜料污泥厌氧消化及重金属形态的影响

投加外源添加剂磁性生物炭（Magnetic Biochar,MBC）是解决颜料污泥厌氧消化效率低和重金属钝化效率低的有效途径。该研究选取农业废弃物花生壳制备生物炭（Biochar,BC）,而BC对厌氧消化和重金属钝化的影响有限,对其赋磁改性制得MBC以提升影响效果。设置3组厌氧消化批式试验,A组为对照组,B组投加BC,C组投加MBC,探索花生壳MBC对颜料污泥厌氧消化效率及重金属Cr和Ni钝化的影响。结果表明,MBC投加可有效提升消化系统挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile Fatty Acids,VFAs）的产量,最高VFAs浓度达914.5 mg/L,较对照组（最高浓度603.9 mg/L）提升51.4%。同时MBC可实现生物炭和Fe3O4的双重直接种间电子传递（Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer,DIET）效应的耦合,缓解消化系统的酸化并提高有机物去除率和CH4累积产量。与对照组相比,挥发性固体（Volatile Solid,VS）去除率、累积甲烷产量、平均日甲烷产量和平均日甲烷产率分别提升37.8%、56.3%、56.3%和37.2%。此外,MBC投加可有效降低颜料污泥的重金属生物可利用态分配率和提升钝化效率,与原料相比,Cr的可交换态、可还原态质量占比降低43.6%、61.6%,而可氧化态、残渣态质量占比提升53.2%、243.6%;Ni的可交换态、可还原态质量占比降低41.0%、59.2%,而可氧化态、残渣态质量占比提升65.2%、181.4%。研究结果表明MBC可有效提高颜料污泥厌氧消化效率并降低重金属Cr和Ni的生物利用度,该研究有助于实现颜料污泥的稳定化、无害化、资源化利用。     

污泥及秸秆生物质固体燃料制备中试工艺及燃烧特性

为实现污泥的无害化和资源化处置,该文利用处理量为24t/d的中试试验台,进行了化学调理剂添加比例、脱水时间、秸秆尺寸等工艺参数对污泥制备固体燃料性能影响的研究。结果表明:以Fe3+和Ca2+为调理剂,污泥及秸秆等生物质制备固体燃料最佳的铁钙比及燃料压滤最优时间分别为1∶4～1∶2和6h;化学调质法制备的污泥固体燃料存在一个脱水极限,在脱水压力为1.2MPa、秸秆或木屑添加质量比为10%时,污泥固体燃料的质量含水率最低为40%～50%;同等条件下,秸秆越长,燃料脱水性能越好;燃料着火点低,约500K,完全燃烧温度范围窄,燃烧性能好,可做替代燃料使用。该文研究成果对降低污泥处理成本、实现污泥的无害化、资源化处置具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

污泥掺混改良沙土的水分入渗及再分布规律

为探究城市生活污水处理厂脱水污泥作为土壤改良剂对风蚀沙土的改良效果,确定合适的污泥沙土掺混比例,试验以污水厂离心脱水污泥与沙漠表层土壤按污泥掺混量为10%,15%,20%,30%,50%充分掺混,以水分入渗能力、土壤饱和含水率和土壤保水能力为指标,研究了不同掺混比例"泥—沙"复合土壤中水分入渗规律和土壤保水性能,用以确定最佳污泥掺混比例和最佳保水层。结果表明:污泥与沙土的掺混比例对水分入渗湿润锋影响较大。掺混比为10%的"泥—沙"复合土壤入渗时间最短,速率最大,30%,50%的入渗时间长,速率较慢;不同污泥与沙土掺混比例,土壤水分累积入渗量的大小依次为:10%(54.15 cm)15%(47.12 cm)20%(40.80 cm)沙土(34.97 cm)30%(23.10 cm)50%(12.68 cm),累积入渗量与时间关系符合Kostiakov土壤水分入渗模型;在污泥与沙土不同掺混比对各土层含水率及水分再分布试验中,污泥与沙土掺混比为20%的复合土壤为最佳选择,保水性最好的土层是40—60 cm。     

两次投加竹炭对UASB反应器污泥颗粒化的促进作用

为考察竹炭不同投加方式对UASB反应器污泥颗粒化过程的影响,以猪场废水为培养基质,对比分析了试验组（启动初期和颗粒污泥形成后两次投加粉末竹炭）和对照组（仅在启动初期投加1次粉末竹炭）两台UASB反应器中污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明：在颗粒污泥出现后再次投加粉末竹炭可促进颗粒污泥的增殖与稳定,有利于大粒径颗粒污泥的形成和致密化,改善颗粒污泥沉降性能,进而提高有机物去除效果。试验运行至第57 天,试验组反应器底部和上部污泥颗粒化程度（SGR）分别为94.5%和60.7%,比对照组分别高出了7.9%和17.3%,其中试验组反应器底部粒径大于 1.7 mm的颗粒污泥质量分数达到了41.7%,而对照组仅为32.4%;试验组反应器化学需氧量（COD）去除率为81.6%,明显高于对照组（75.7%）。试验结果证明,在UASB污泥颗粒化过程中,于颗粒污泥出现后再次投加粉末竹炭,可加快UASB 反应器的启动。     

城市污水处理厂污泥对沙漠化土壤的改良效果

为探究城市生活污水处理厂脱水污泥作为土地改良剂对沙漠化土壤的改良效果,确定合适的污泥掺混量,试验以离心脱水污泥与沙漠表层土壤按污泥掺混量为5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%充分掺混,以土壤物理指标、营养指标为考察指标,研究不同污泥掺混量对沙土的改良效果,并与3种适于耕作土壤平行对比。试验表明沙土经污泥掺混后,随着污泥掺混量的增大,其土粒密度、土壤容重降低;污泥掺混量与土粒密度和土壤容重呈负相关,相关系数可达-0.99,-0.89,而土壤孔隙度增加,呈正相关(r=0.79),当污泥掺混量大于10%后,污泥掺混量对土壤容重、孔隙度的改良效果减缓;改良沙土中有机物含量、含水率随污泥掺混量增加呈线性增加(r0.99),持水能力与污泥掺混量呈显著正相关(r=0.99)。改良沙土较对比土壤有更强的保水能力;氮、磷元素含量和污泥投加量呈显著正相关(r0.95),污泥掺混量为15%~25%时,改良沙土氮磷含量均接近对比土壤含量,污泥掺混对土壤全钾含量改善不大,但能有效提高土壤有效钾含量。污泥掺混量为10%~25%时,改良沙漠化土壤的理化性质接近对比适宜耕作土壤。     

污泥厌氧消化过程的流变规律与脱水性能

为阐明厌氧消化过程中污泥流变学与污泥理化性能(脱水性能)之间的关联及低温水解预处理对污泥厌氧消化产气的影响,对常规污泥及低温热水解预处理污泥进行厌氧消化试验,结果表明试验结束时,低温热水解-厌氧消化的挥发性固体(volatile solids, VS)去除水平较常规厌氧消化污泥提高3.7个百分点,低温热水解预处理也使得消化污泥的脱水性提高1.59%;污泥屈服应力分别了降低了64.51%和71.47%;稠度系数分别减小了90.94%和92.83%,污泥流动性增强。整个消化过程VS/总固体(totalsolids,TS)和屈服应力随时间的变化均呈对数下降趋势;通过线性方程拟合和皮尔逊相关性分析表明,屈服应力与VS/TS、屈服应力变化与脱水性能改善两两间的拟合优度(R^2)均大于0.94,表明在厌氧消化过程中屈服应力、屈服应力变化与污泥VS/TS、脱水性能具有较好的线性关系。研究结果从流变学角度为厌氧消化过程中的监控和优化提供新思路和理论依据。     

污泥堆肥对盐碱土土壤环境和作物生长的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥堆肥为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法研究不同用量(0%,5%,10%,20%)污泥堆肥施入盐碱土后,对玉米、大豆生长情况及土壤环境的影响。结果表明,施用污泥堆肥可降低盐碱土pH值和总盐含量,提高土壤养分及酶活,增加土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮,同时施用污泥堆肥土壤重金属Zn、Cu含量增加,当施用量为20%时,土壤Zn含量超标。另外,玉米和大豆在污泥堆肥施用比例分别为10%和5%时长势最佳,且作物籽粒中重金属含量在国家食品卫生标准范围内。     

生物质炭对单一与复合污染土壤中铜、铅、铬的钝化作用

外源投加重金属硝酸盐制得铜、铅、铬单一和复合三级污染土壤(800 mg kg~(-1)、1000 mg kg~(-1)、800 mg kg~(-1)),以热解制备的生物炭为钝化剂,根据重金属钝化率对钝化剂投加量进行优化,并通过改进的BCR(European Communities Bureau of Referent)分级提取方法研究最佳钝化剂投加量下土壤中重金属形态变化。结果表明:施入生物质炭后,单一与复合污染土壤重金属有效浓度均显著降低,确定2%和10%为单一和复合最佳投加量。最佳投加量下,单一与复合过程Cu、Pb、Cr钝化率分别为26.2%、10.9%、36.5%与12.7%、6.0%、37.6%。生物质炭的施入能促进金属离子从可交换态向残渣态和可还原态转变,比较单一与复合污染,Cu、Pb、Cr可交换态减少量分别从18.4%、20.5%、37.5%变为10.5%、18.2%、46.5%,残渣态增加量分别从138.1%、64.2%、41.6%变为37.4%、58.5%、48.2%。生物炭对土壤中Cr的钝化效果最佳,在复合污染土壤中更为明显。     

木薯酒精废水初沉物调理过滤脱水的研究

以木薯干片作原料的酒精废水初沉物为对象，研究了调理作用对木薯酒精废水初沉物过滤脱水的影响。实验表明：某一种聚丙烯酸胺(CPAM)作为调理剂对木薯酒精废水初沉物的过滤速率有较大的提高，并降低了滤饼含水率。在实验数据的基础上提出调理木薯酒精废水初沉物过滤脱水滤液量和时间关系的半经验方程。     

污泥肥料在农地上的适宜施用量

1982年,日本群马县污泥肥料的生产量约1.3万吨(脱水饼),预计今后还将迅速增多。目前全县污泥肥料的用量约2.7万吨,污泥作为堆肥原料利用正在不断增多。在这种形势下,以县农业综合试验场为中心的各研究单位开展了有效利用污泥肥料的调查试验。结果证明,施用污泥或污泥肥     

Alum Sludge Dewatering Using Moringa oleifera as a Conditioner

An active component of Moringa oleifera (MO) has been used in comparison with synthetic polymers and alum for the conditioning of chemical sludge from a drinking water treatment plant. The comparison was based on dewatering characteristics of the conditioned sludge determined by capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), sand column drainage and shear strength tests. The results indicated that MO showed comparable conditioning effect as alum. Polyelectrolytes were more effective than MO and alum. Sludge conditioned with MO and alum, as in dual chemical conditioning, showed better results than MO alone. According to CST, SRF and sand drainage results, optimum doses for MO, alum and polyelectrolytes were 125, 63, and 1.8 kg/t, respectively. Comparison of the two polyelectrolytes showed that the cationic polyelectrolyte was more effective. For sand drainage tests both polyelectrolytes improved the drainage rate by 2 orders of magnitude. MO and alum improved the drainage rate by about 4.2 times. On the other hand, the improvements in cake solids concentration were similar for all the chemical conditioners. Flocs from MO and alum were relatively stronger compared to those of the polyelectrolytes. From the results of the study it could be concluded that MO alone or in combination could be effectively used and replace alum for dewatering of chemical sludge.     

Reducing Ammonia Losses by Adding FeCl3 During Composting of Sewage Sludge

The release of ammonia nitrogen during composting of sewage sludge mixed with a lignocellulosic bulking agent leads to a reduction in the agronomic value of the final compost and to harmful effects on the environment. We propose adding a cheap salt FeCl3 which can be used without special precaution to reduce ammonia losses by decreasing pH conditions. An in-vessel co-composting experiment was conducted in a large reactor (100 L) in which FeCl3 was added to sludge mixed with a bulking agent (pine shavings and sawdust) and compared with a control mixture without FeCl3. Temperature, oxygen consumption and pH were monitored throughout the composting of both mixtures. The final balance of organic matter, organic and inorganic nitrogen permitted to conclude that the addition of FeCl3 reduced nitrogen loss (by a factor of 2.4 in relation to the control) and increased mineralisation of the organic nitrogen by 1.6.     

有机物料对污染土壤上水稻重金属吸收的调控效应

采用重金属污染水稻土开展盆栽试验,研究施用有机碳源、菜籽饼和猪粪对不同水稻(汕优63,简称“SY63”;中浙优1号,简称“ZZY1”)重金属吸收的调控效应.结果表明,在重金属污染土壤上ZZY1具有一定的耐性,相同处理时ZZY1糙米、砻糠、秸秆中重金属含量均低于SY63品种,糙米中Cd含量较SY63低57.5％ ～ 83.8％,Cu含量低37.8％ ～ 69.1％,Zn含量低0.88％ ～ 31.7％,食物链风险较SY63品种低.3种有机物料中,施用菜籽饼使两水稻品种糙米中重金属含量明显低于其他处理;与对照相比,施用菜籽饼使SY63糙米中Cd、Cu和Zn含量降低73.5％、52.6％和32.1％,ZZY1糙米Cd含量降低30.5％.在供试重金属污染土壤上可选择具有一定重金属耐性的水稻品种ZZY1进行粮食生产,同时施用适量的菜籽饼以增强其抵御重金属毒害的能力,降低糙米中Cd、Cu和Zn含量及其食物链污染风险.     

利用稻壳炭提高复合肥料在土壤中的磷素有效性

[目的]研究稻壳炭添加对复合肥料在土壤中磷素有效性的影响,旨在为养分高效、环境友好型复合肥料的开发提供科学依据.[方法]以磷酸一铵(MAP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、硝酸磷肥(NP)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为磷源,设置0、5％、10％3个稻壳生物炭加入量,与尿素、氯化钾、石粉以及其他辅料制作N-P2O5-K2O比例为15-10...     

Utilization of Hydroxypropylated Waxy Rice and Corn Starches in Korean Waxy Rice Cake to Retard Retrogradation

A traditional waxy rice gel cake in Korea, Injulmi, was prepared with hydroxypropylated waxy rice and corn starches (molar substitutions 0.13 and 0.11, respectively), and the textural and retrogradation characteristics of the cake were compared with a conventional cake made of waxy rice flour. In the pasting viscogram, hydroxypropylated starches exhibited reduced pasting temperatures, but increased peak viscosities compared with the unmodified starches. Under differential scanning calorimetry, the T_g′ and ice melting enthalpy of the starch gel cakes were reduced by hydroxypropylation, which indicated that the modified starches had higher water‐holding capacity than the unmodified starches. The degree of retrogradation, as measured by the hardness of the gel cake and the melting enthalpy, was significantly reduced by hydroxypropylation and hydroxypropylated waxy rice starch was more effective in retarding the retrogradation than hydroxypropylated waxy corn starch     

调质大米半干法磨粉制备鲜米粉及其品质测定

为考察半干法磨粉对鲜米粉品质的影响,该研究选用旋风磨和布勒磨对调质后含水率为28%和30%的大米进行磨粉,分析大米粉的白度、凝胶特性及糊化特性,对加工鲜米粉的质构特性、蒸煮特性和感官品质进行了分析。结果显示:调质大米可以减小磨粉仪器机械力和热能对大米粉品质的破坏,其中调质大米经布勒磨粉碎后的白度显著高于湿磨粉白度(P0.05);旋风磨含水率为30%调质粉的凝胶硬度最大为3.45 N/cm2,与湿磨粉的无显著差异(P0.05);2种调质粉相比于湿磨粉其崩解值较小,其中布勒磨含水率为30%调质粉回生程度较低,与湿磨粉无显著差异(P0.05)。对于鲜米粉的品质,筛选得到的旋风磨含水率为30%鲜米粉的硬度为35.10 N/cm2,弹性为0.97,较湿磨米粉更柔软弹滑,感官评价总分和蒸煮特性与湿磨米粉无显著差异。以上结果表明,含水率为30%的大米经旋风磨粉碎后能够制得与湿法磨浆相媲美的鲜米粉,可为解决湿磨法废水量大、产品得率低等问题提供参考。     

Characteristics of Biochemical and Fractal Structure of Activated Sludge with Thermochemical Lysis

In this study, we investigated the structural characteristic and biochemical properties of waste-activated sludge after thermochemical pretreatment. The results show that with the increase dosage of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, the concentration of suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) declined, especially at pH 12 + H (“H” means heating). At the same time, soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) all increased as well, especially at pH 12, the greatest lysis effect appeared. Protein and polysaccharide presented a similar law with SCOD. Furthermore, the specific surface area (SSA), two-dimensional fractal dimension (D ₂), and three-dimensional fractal dimension (D ₃) all increased to a certain degree with acid/alkali pretreatment whether or not heating. Otherwise, the median particle size (d _0.5) and zeta potential decreased leading to more compact and stable floc structure and reduction effect compared with the original sludge. In Pearson correlation analysis, SSA and SS, SSA and VSS, zeta potential and SCOD, and zeta potential and protein have significant negative correlations; D ₃ and SSA have a significant correlation with SS, VSS, SCOD, and protein. Consequently, measuring the structural parameters D ₃ and SSA online can reflect the effects of sludge lysis indirectly, which will be helpful to guide the practical application.     

稻壳及硅烷添加量对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响

采用一步法连续挤出技术将稻壳粉和聚乙烯进行熔融复合制备复合材料,用硅烷作为偶联剂,研究了稻壳粉与硅烷添加量对复合材料力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：稻壳和硅烷添加量对复合材料界面有很大影响,复合材料的冲击强度、弯曲强度以及抗拉强度随稻壳添加量的增加而明显下降。添加适量的偶联剂可以改善复合材料界面相容性和稻壳在复合体系中分散均匀性,从而改善力学性能。