日粮植酸水平对不同铜源生物学效价影响的研究

试验采用2×4因子的试验设计和D—R（depletion—repletion）技术，通过屠宰试验结合代谢试验，研究日粮植酸水平对不同铜源（硫酸铜、蛋氨酸铜、硬脂酸铜和天然饲料铜）生物学效价的影响。试验用56日龄AA肉仔鸡16只，采用强饲法，自由饮水。以淀粉和酪蛋白为主构成纯合型基础日粮，天然饲料组采用玉米─豆饼型常规日粮，含铜水平为4.29mg/kg。外加植酸：0％和1％。结果表明：日粮植酸水平对试鸡铜的表现代谢率、肝脏铜浓度及红细胞铜─锌超氧化酶活性的影响，各铜源表现出程度不同。就表观代谢率来说，硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜所受影响较大，其次为硬脂酸铜，而天然饲料铜基本不受影响。肝脏铜浓度和红细胞铜─锌超氧化物歧化酶活性受日粮植酸影响，表现出一致的趋势：硫酸铜和硬脂酸铜降低程度大，蛋氨酸铜和天然饲料铜降低较少。因而，评价指标不同，植酸水平对不同铜源的生物学效价的影响表现出一定的差异。     

不同锌源生物学效价的研究

试验用50日龄Wistar纯系雄性大鼠39只研究了不同锌源的生物学效价。试验采用3×4因子试验设计,3种锌源为硫酸锌、赖氨酸螯合锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌。在缺锌纯合日粮基础上分别添加100、200、300、400mg/kg锌构成12种试验日粮。试验共13个处理,每处理3重复。预试期35天,大鼠自由采食缺锌纯合日粮;试验期14天,饲喂各试验日粮。试验结束时屠宰大鼠,取肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、胫骨及血清样品,用于测定肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、胫骨锌浓度和血清锌、血清碱性磷酸酶活性。试验结果表明:①在本试验条件下,日粮外加锌源对组织器官锌浓度及血清锌、血清碱性磷酸酶活性影响显著或极显著。②随日粮锌水平增加,大鼠组织器官锌浓度及血清锌、血清碱性磷酸酶活性都显著或极显著地增加。③采用斜率比法,不同判据指标得到的赖氨酸螯合锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌的相对生物学效价不同。④综合考虑本试验获得的回归方程的显著性、相关系数和日粮锌水平对各测定指标的影响,血清碱性磷酸酶活性、胫骨、肝脏、血清锌浓度可以作为适合本试验条件的评定锌源生物学效价的敏感指标。设硫酸锌为100%,赖氨酸螯合锌的相对生物学效价为141%～205%,综合平均165%。蛋氨酸螯合锌的相对生物学效价为135%～206%,综合平均165%。     

斜率比法评定肉仔鸡对铜源的相对生物学利用率

本试验旨在研究肉仔鸡对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2完全随机设计,3种铜源分别为硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜,2个铜添加水平分别为10和20 mg/kg,另设1个不添加铜的对照组,共7组。选择1日龄健康雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡504只,随机分为7组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。试验期为21 d。结果表明:饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对1～21日龄肉仔鸡的末重、平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比均无显著影响(P> 0. 05)。肝脏铜含量和血浆铜蓝蛋白活性均随饲粮铜添加水平的增加而极显著增加(P<0.01)。以血浆铜蓝蛋白活性为评价指标,碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜相对于硫酸铜(100%)的生物学利用率分别为141.05%和142.07%;以肝脏铜含量为评价指标,碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜相对于硫酸铜(100%)的生物学利用率分别为127.61%和137.64%。由此可见,饲粮铜添加水平≤20 mg/kg(基础饲粮中铜含量为9.65 mg/kg)时对1～21日龄肉仔鸡无显著促生长作用; 21日龄肉仔鸡对低铜饲粮(铜添加水平≤20 mg/kg)中3种铜源的相对生物学利用率为:蛋氨酸铜>碱式氯化铜>硫酸铜。     

不同锌源和锌水平对蛋雏鸡氮、钙和磷表观代谢率

试验在蛋雏鸡饲粮中添加硫酸锌、氧化锌和纳米氧化锌,探讨不同锌源、不同锌添加水平对蛋雏鸡氮、钙和磷表观代谢率和锌净利用率的影响。试验选用448只14日龄健康均一的海兰褐商品蛋雏鸡,采用完全随机试验设计,分14个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复8只鸡。仔鸡饲养于涂塑的育雏笼,塑料饲槽和饮水器,自由饮用去离子水。试验期6周。基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型不添加锌的饲粮,共18个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮+47.48mg/kg锌,其余各组在基础饲粮中分别以饲料级硫酸锌、氧化锌和纳米氧化锌添加20、40、60和80mg/kg的锌,另设氧化锌添加100mg/kg的锌组。结果表明:饲粮中添加锌有提高氮和磷表观代谢率的趋势,提高了钙表观代谢率和锌净利用率;有机锌源和无机锌源间差异不显著。     

蛋氨酸铜对猪血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响

为了研究饲粮中添加蛋氨酸铜与硫酸铜对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清铜锌含量及粪铜辞排泄量的影响.选择体重为17.17±2.34kg(P＞0.05)的二元杂交(长×大)生长阉公猪30头进行试验,试猪按完全随机区组设计,依体重和窝别随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头猪,分别饲喂10、150、250mg/kg蛋氨酸铜和150、250mg/kg硫酸铜,试验期30 d.结果表明:饲喂蛋氨酸铜组ADG、F/G及表观养分消化率具有明显的优势;血清铜含量随饲粮铜水平的提高而发生显著变化,而高铜组组问血清锌差异不显著;蛋氨酸组粪铜排泄量比硫酸铜组粪铜排泄量显著降低.说明:添加中等水平的有机蛋氨酸铜吸收利用率比高剂量硫酸铜高,且可减少粪铜、锌的排泄.     

蛋氨酸铜对猪血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响

为了研究饲粮中添加蛋氨酸铜与硫酸铜对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响。选择体重为17．17±2．34kg（P〉0．05）的二元杂交（长×大）生长阉公猪30头进行试验,试猪按完全随机区组设计,依体重和窝别随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头猪,分别饲喂10、150、250mg／kg蛋氨酸铜和150、250mg／kg硫酸铜,试验期30d。结果表明：饲喂蛋氨酸铜组ADG、F／G及表观养分消化率具有明显的优势;血清铜含量随饲粮铜水平的提高而发生显著变化,而高铜组组间血清锌差异不显著;蛋氨酸组粪铜排泄量比硫酸铜组粪铜排泄量显著降低。说明：添加中等水平的有机蛋氨酸铜吸收利用率比高剂量硫酸铜高,且可减少粪铜、锌的排泄。     

小麦日粮中木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉仔鸡生长和养分消化率的影响

432只艾维因肉仔鸡用于研究小麦基础日粮中添加木聚糖酶(320FXU/kg)或添加750U/kg植酸酶降低日粮中0.08％的非植酸磷后,对生长性能、日粮表观代谢能、粗蛋白和植酸磷表观消化率的影响。试验结果表明:无论是单一添加木聚糖酶或植酸酶,还是同时添加这两种酶,都能提高1-6周龄肉仔鸡的增重和饲料转化率,降低死亡率。添加木聚糖酶可提高肉仔鸡小麦日粮的表观代谢能2.14％,增加氮的存留量2.58％。750U/kg的植酸酶完全可以降低肉仔鸡小麦日粮中0.08％非植酸磷。添加植酸酶的处理组可提高植酸磷的表观消化率43.25％,减少植酸磷排泄量55.0％。植酸酶和木聚糖酶对全期饲料转化率和植酸磷的表观消化率表现有明显的正互作效应(P<0.05)。     

羟基蛋氨酸螯合铜对断奶仔猪和育肥猪生长性能及组织铜含量的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加有机铜(羟基蛋氨酸铜)及不同铜源和添加水平对仔猪和育肥猪生长性能及组织铜含量的影响。本研究共分为3个试验,试验1评估日粮添加6和170 mg/kg硫酸铜及170 mg/kg羟基蛋氨酸铜对1~42 d断奶仔猪生长性能和组织铜含量的影响。试验2评估日粮不同铜源对1~21 d仔猪生长性能和肝脏微量元素含量的影响。试验3评估日粮不同铜源对育肥猪屠宰性能的影响。与对照组和硫酸铜组相比,羟基蛋氨酸铜组仔猪末重均提高6%(P0.05)。与硫酸铜组相比,羟基蛋氨酸铜组1~14 d仔猪日增重和日采食量分别提高了22.9%和8.6%(P0.05),同时显著降低了料比(P0.05)。硫酸铜组肝脏铜含量较对照组提高了2.7倍(P0.05),较羟基蛋氨酸铜组提高了4.5倍(P0.05)。羟基蛋氨酸铜组较对照组和碱铜组显著提高了肝脏铜含量(P0.05)。80 mg/kg羟基蛋氨酸铜组较对照组和160 mg/kg硫酸铜组显著提高了育肥猪屠体重(P0.05)。80和160 mg/kg羟基蛋氨酸铜较160 mg/kg硫酸铜和对照组显著提高了眼肌深度(P0.05)。综上所述,羟基蛋氨酸铜可以提高仔猪的生长性能和肝脏铜含量,但对仔猪促生长作用所需的添加量较硫酸铜小。80 mg/kg羟基蛋氨酸铜可以提高育肥猪生长性能和眼肌深度。     

2006年最新国际饲料科技文摘

1肉仔鸡日粮中不同蛋氨酸来源的相对效价；2 五水硫酸铜和碱式氯化铜对植酸酶活性和鸡产蛋性能的影响；3不同摩尔的DL-蛋氨酸和DL-蛋氨酸羟基类似物对蛋鸡生产性能的影响；4 降低日粮正负离子差对非泌乳期奶牛的影响；5 饲喂棉籽对虹鳟鱼生长和繁殖性能长期的影响。     

日粮不同铜源对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清抗氧化指标的影响

文章旨在探究日粮不同铜源对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验选择400头健康、生长状况良好的28日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组不额外添加铜,试验组分别向基础日粮中添加25 mg/kg（以铜元素计）的有机铜（氨基酸铜）、碱式氯化铜和五水硫酸铜。试验为期42 d。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮添加有机铜可显著提高仔猪终末体重和平均日增重（P <0.05）,显著降低仔猪料重比（P <0.05）。此外,日粮不同铜源对仔猪平均日采食量无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮不同铜源显著提高仔猪粗脂肪表观消化率,以氨基酸铜组粗脂肪的表观消化率最高（P <0.05）。此外,日粮不同铜源对仔猪干物质、粗蛋白、能量和有机物的表观消化率无显著影响（P> 0.05）。与对照组相比,日粮不同铜源可显著提高仔猪血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶和铜蓝蛋白活性（P <0.05）,同时,以氨基酸铜组铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性最高（P <0.05）,五水硫酸铜组铜蓝蛋白活性最高（P <0.05）,此外,日粮不同铜源对仔猪血清过...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.