热休克蛋白在细胞凋亡级联中的调控作用

机体在高温刺激下可诱导合成热应激相关蛋白,这些蛋白主要是热休克蛋白家族成员。热休克蛋白在信息传递、细胞代谢、生长及分化等过程中发挥着关键的调控作用,并在细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要的调控作用,以最大限度地保护机体。热休克蛋白在线粒体信号通路和死亡受体信号通路的级联反应中通过削弱、阻断凋亡信号,或激活存活信号对凋亡进行负调控,从而减少细胞损伤,促进细胞存活。     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用

细胞凋亡属机体的生理机制 ,是多细胞生物更新正常细胞和清除异常细胞的重要手段 ,线粒体为细胞各种生命活动提供能量 ,二者紧密相关 ;线粒体参与细胞凋亡 ,并且是细胞凋亡的调控中心。淋巴细胞 ,巨噬细胞 ,神经细胞 ,肿瘤细胞等的凋亡都证实了这一点 ;NO和 Ca2 诱导的细胞凋亡也通过线粒体来完成 ;在线粒体调控细胞凋亡机理的研究上也有大量研究成果 ,如 :半胱天冬酶的诱导机制 ,细胞色素 c引起细胞凋亡的机制 ,胞内氧化还原电势改变引起细胞凋亡 ,Bcl-2家族蛋白调控细胞凋亡等。但线粒体参与调控的凋亡机制并不是唯一的细胞凋亡通路。本文综述了近年来有关线粒体与细胞凋亡关系的研究进展     

视黄酸对细胞凋亡的调控作用及机制

视黄酸（RA）是维生素A在动物机体内的代谢终产物和功能性物质，已经证明其对动物健康和生产性能具有重大影响，但是具体机制尚不明确。细胞凋亡是动物细胞维持正常生长和生产的重要方式。本文从RA在体内合成及转运、细胞凋亡信号通路和RA对细胞凋亡调控机制3个方面，对RA调控细胞凋亡的双向作用和机制进行综述，以期为RA在动物饲养和健康维持方面的应用与研究提供理论支撑。 [关键词] 视黄酸|细胞凋亡|调控|机制     

钙离子与细胞凋亡

细胞死亡的方式有两种:凋亡和坏死。而细胞凋亡作为生命的基本现象之一,是调节生物发育和衰老的重要机制。钙离子作为第二信使参与细胞凋亡的调控,目前主要有三条主要信号通路发挥作用。     

钙离子与细胞凋亡

细胞死亡的方式有两种：凋亡和坏死。而细胞凋亡作为生命的基本现象之一,是调节生物发育和衰老的重要机制。钙离子作为第二信使参与细胞凋亡的调控,目前主要有三条主要信号通路发挥作用。     

BmATG5蛋白作为分子开关调控家蚕细胞自噬和凋亡关系的研究进展

细胞自噬(autophagy)和凋亡(apoptosis)是昆虫蜕皮与变态发育过程中细胞死亡最主要的2种方式。家蚕(Bombyx mori)是鳞翅目的模式昆虫之一,有关细胞自噬和凋亡的研究也比较深入,包括细胞自噬和凋亡的形态特征、诱导信号和通路、对蚕体发育的影响、自噬相关蛋白的鉴定和功能等。前期研究揭示家蚕自噬相关蛋白Bm ATG5和Bm ATG6具有自噬与凋亡的分子开关功能,但它们调控细胞凋亡的具体机制至今不详。本文在简要综述昆虫及家蚕细胞自噬和凋亡研究的基础上,重点介绍了Bm ATG5调控细胞凋亡分子机制研究的最新进展,为深入揭示Bm ATG5的分子调控功能,以及其应用于鳞翅目害虫防治和家蚕变态发育调控的研究提供参考依据。     

葡萄糖调节蛋白94在内质网应激诱导肝细胞凋亡中的调控机制研究进展

细胞内质网应激在畜禽和人类许多的应激反应中普遍存在。细胞在持续内质网应激下诱发未折叠蛋白反应并激活细胞凋亡信号通路。葡萄糖调节蛋白94(GRP94)是内质网应激的标志蛋白,并通过内质网信号途径调控细胞凋亡的发生。本文主要就GRP94及其互作蛋白对内质网应激诱导的肝细胞凋亡的调控机制,及GRP94在肝疾病中如何发挥作用进行综述,以期为畜牧上引起内质网应激的生产条件调控以及临床上与内质网应激相关细胞凋亡的肝病治疗提供参考。     

香猪睾丸2种miRNA在不同生长发育阶段的变化

旨在研究贵州从江香猪睾丸组织miRNA-34c和miRNA-221的表达变化,探讨其对睾丸发育的调节作用。用实时荧光定量PCR法检测1~4和18月龄香猪睾丸组织中miRNA-34c和miRNA-221的表达量变化,应用生物信息学软件推测miRNA-34c和miRNA-221的靶基因和信号转导通路。结果:miRNA-34c从2月龄开始表达量上升,3月龄达到峰值,之后下降。推测miRNA-34c的靶基因有594个,涉及细胞过程、代谢调节、转录调控、RNA聚合酶II启动子转录调控、细胞增殖正调控及繁殖等过程。miRNA-221的预测靶基因有429个,与细胞凋亡、转录调控、繁殖过程、发育等有关。miRNA-34c信号转导通路显著富集于pre-NOTCH转录和翻译信号通路、pre-NOTCG表达和生物学过程、NOTCH信号通路、生物发育通路,轴突传导、L1CAM作用信号等。miRNA-221靶基因的信号通路集中在细胞凋亡、Erb B和Ras信号通路等。本研究结果提示,miRNA-34c和miRNA-221参与香猪睾丸发育的调节。     

姜黄素的生物活性及其调节动物肠道黏膜屏障功能的分子机制

姜黄素是从姜科植物姜黄中提取的一种天然植物多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、抗炎、免疫调节和代谢调控等功能。研究表明,姜黄素主要通过模式识别受体、核受体、细胞凋亡和细胞自噬等信号通路发挥其生理作用,还能够通过细胞能量代谢调控细胞增殖与分化。本文主要综述姜黄素调节动物肠道黏膜屏障功能的作用机制,为新型饲料添加剂的开发及其在畜禽养殖中应用提供科学理论依据。     

寄生性原虫影响宿主上皮细胞凋亡研究进展

凋亡是宿主与寄生虫长期进化过程中形成的调节机制之一，对寄生虫感染引起宿主先天免疫反应具有重要的调控作用。隐孢子虫、十二指肠贾第虫和芽囊原虫等寄生性原虫感染可诱导宿主胃肠道上皮细胞发生凋亡。NF-κB信号通路和非编码RNA等参与调控隐孢子虫感染诱导的宿主上皮细胞凋亡，已报道的凋亡途径包括Fas/FasL和TRAI/TRAIL途径；十二指肠贾第虫感染通过内、外两种凋亡途径调控宿主上皮细胞的凋亡，TNFR1信号通路参与细胞凋亡的调控；芽囊原虫和十二指肠贾第虫感染在诱导宿主上皮细胞凋亡水平上存在虫株间的差异。因此，探索隐孢子虫、十二指肠贾第虫和芽囊原虫诱导宿主上皮细胞凋亡机制，对研究寄生性原虫入侵机制及开发设计抗寄生性原虫药物和疫苗具有重要意义。     

镉致细胞凋亡的分子机制研究进展

镉是一种公认的对人和动物健康有害的金属元素,可诱导机体多种组织细胞发生凋亡。镉致细胞凋亡的信号转导通路主要包括线粒体通路和死亡受体通路,作者主要从这两条途径对镉诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制进行综述。     

Mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK mediate Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI-induced apoptosis in porcine alveolar macrophages

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxins (Apx) are major virulence factors that play important roles in the pathogenesis of pleuropneumonia in swine. A previous study has demonstrated that native ApxI at low concentrations induces apoptosis in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) via a caspase-3-dependent pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ApxI-induced apoptosis remain largely unknown. In this study, it was shown that ApxI treatment in PAMs rapidly induced phosphorylation of both p38 and JNK, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Application of a selective p38 or JNK inhibitor significantly reduced ApxI-induced apoptosis, indicating the involvement of p38 and JNK pathways in this event. Furthermore, activation of both caspase-8 and -9 were observed in ApxI-stimulated PAMs. Inhibition of caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity significantly protected PAMs from ApxI-induced apoptosis. In addition, Bid activation was also noted in ApxI-treated PAMs, and inhibition of caspase-8 suppressed the activation of Bid and caspase-9, suggesting that ApxI was able to activate the caspases-8-Bid-caspase-9 pathway. Notably, inhibition of p38 or JNK pathway greatly attenuated the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9. This study is the first to demonstrate that ApxI-induced apoptosis of PAMs involves the activation of p38 and JNK, and engages the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.     

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces apoptosis through FasL- and mitochondria-mediated pathways

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been reported to induce apoptosis in swine testis (ST) cells. However, the mechanisms underlying TGEV-induced apoptosis are still unclear. In this study we observed that TGEV infection induced apoptosis in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TGEV infection up-regulated FasL, activated FasL-mediated apoptotic pathway, leading to activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid. In addition, TGEV infection down-regulated Bcl-2, up-regulated Bax expression, promoted translocation of Bax to mitochondria, activated mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, which in turn caused the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9. Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activated downstream effector caspase-3, followed by the cleavage of PARP, resulting in cell apoptosis. Moreover, TGEV infection did not induce significant DNA fragmentation in ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl) pretreated PK-15 cells or cells infected with UV-inactivated TGEV. In turn, block of caspases activation also did not affect TGEV replication. Taken together, this study demonstrates that TGEV-induced apoptosis is dependent on viral replication in PK-15 cells and occurs through activation of FasL- and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路及其与热应激反应的关系

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)信号通路存在于所有生物体内的大多数细胞内,是哺乳动物细胞重要的信号转导通路,可将细胞表面信号刺激转导至细胞及其核内,与细胞增殖、存活、分化、凋亡等生理病理过程密切相关。在机体发生热应激时,MAPKs信号途径被激活,调控机体产生一系列生物学功能变化。作者综述MAPKs信号转导通路的激活机制和生物效应,重点阐述了MAPKs通路与热应激反应之间的关系。     

Selective apoptotic behaviour of bovine herpesvirus 1 in an epithelial-like microenvironment

Apoptosis seems to play an important role in the pathogenic profile of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection. Nitric oxide (NO) is also important as a signal molecule. In this study, apoptosis was selectively induced in HEp-2 cells in the early stage [1-3 h postinfection (PI)] of BHV-1 multiplication, and this apoptotic process was realised through the caspase-8, and partially through the caspase-3, pathway. BHV-1 infection inhibited staurosporine- (SS-) induced apoptosis only if the SS was added at 6 h PI. The results of this study showed that the 'NO-apoptosis' relation was realised through the caspase-8 pathway ('outer membrane receptor' pathway) at a later stage of infection in apoptosis induced by BHV-1 + SS. Our previous report (Yazici et al., 2004) and this study together showed that BHV-1 might induce and inhibit cell-type-specific pathways of apoptosis.     

粪肠球菌感染小鼠的脑组织病理学观察及转录组学差异分析

旨在通过构建小鼠感染粪肠球菌后的脑部损伤模型，对不同感染时期脑组织的病理学观察及转录组学差异分析，探索粪肠球菌引起脑组织损伤的机制。本试验选择1株致脑膜炎粪肠球菌，以小鼠为感染动物，感染粪肠球菌后，分别在2、4、6、12、24、36、60和72 h采集小鼠脑组织，观察脑组织的损伤程度，挑选早期、明显期和转归期3个时间点，通过转录组学测序，对差异表达基因进行分析，使用荧光定量PCR对转录组学数据进行验证。结果显示：小鼠感染粪肠球菌12 h后，脑组织开始出现病变，通过病理组织学观察发现小鼠脑组织先后出现了脑膜及脑组织血管充血，血管周围间隙增宽，脑组织因水肿有网格状间隙，微血栓形成及炎性细胞浸润。对转录组学差异基因分析，GO富集结果显示主要富集到对β干扰素的反应、细胞对β干扰素的反应、对其他生物的防御反应、对γ干扰素的反应、对细菌的反应、外在凋亡信号通路、调节外在凋亡信号通路、神经元凋亡过程、内皮细胞迁移等生物进程中。KEGG富集结果显示差异信号通路主要富集在过氧物酶体、NOD样受体信号通路、氧化磷酸化、钙代谢信号传导途径、PI3K-Akt信号传导途径、Wnt信号通路、MAPK信号通路、GnRH分泌、VEGF信号通路、紧密连接等一些与脑组织损伤相关的通路上。粪肠球菌感染小鼠后，影响脑组织过氧物酶体、NOD样受体信号通路、氧化磷酸化、钙代谢信号传导途径、PI3K-Akt信号传导途径等通路改变，这些通路与蛋白磷酸化、炎症的发生及血脑屏障通透性的改变有关，为进一步研究粪肠球菌引起脑组织损伤机制提供研究方向和理论基础。     

miRNA合成途径研究进展

miRNA是一类约22个核苷酸组成的非编码小分子RNA,通过碱基互补配对的方式识别靶mRNA,利用RNAi沉默机制调控基因的转录后表达。它存在于动物、植物、病毒及许多微生物中,且其表达具有严格的时空属性,研究发现miRNA与组织细胞的生长发育和凋亡、癌症等进程相关。miRNA经典的生物合成过程包括微处理复合物的加工、核输出和Dicer酶处理,最后成熟的miRNA与AGO蛋白形成miRISC复合物。此外还存在其他的合成通路如mirtron通路、tRNA通路及内源性siRNA通路。本综述阐述了miRNA生物合成途径的基本原理及其研究进展,为miRNA的研究和应用提供参考。     

Influenza viruses and intracellular signalling pathways

It has been described in the last years that after influenza virus-infection a variety of intracellular signalling pathways have been induced. There are examples and suggestions how the viral replication cycle leads to the activation of intracellular signalling pathways. A variety of signalling pathways are activated after virus-infection as an alert-response against the invading pathogen that can be considered as an antiviral response of the host cell. Nevertheless, it was also shown, that viruses are able to suppress these cellular responses to assure their own replication. Moreover, viruses are also able to activate and misuse cellular signalling pathways for their own survival. The NF-kappaB signalling pathway is an excellent example of these sceneries. Activation of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway mediated by the virus can partially be blocked by the NS1 protein to suppress a strong antiviral IFN alpha/beta response. At the same time the virus takes advantage of the remaining NF-kappaB activity for virus related apoptosis and for its own replication. This is a highly effective and economic way for the virus to control its replication without the need for specific viral inducers of cellular responses. This demonstrates, that there are no "all or nothing" reactions in the field of interactions of Influenza viruses with intracellular signalling pathways. In one situation cellular antiviral responses can be misused by the virus of its own replication and at another point the same signalling pathway may even be turned into a pro-viral activity. When the impact of a given signalling pathway on viral growth is evaluated these bivalent functions of these pathways should be taken in consideration. Nevertheless, a signalling pathway that supports viral growth is an excellent target for antiviral therapy (Ludwig et al. 2003).     

Aflatoxin B1 impairs mitochondrial functions,activates ROS generation,induces apoptosis and involves Nrf2 signal pathway in primary broiler hepatocytes

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is known as a mycotoxin that causes various health problems in animals, but the precise mechanism of AFB1 on mitochondrial functions and apoptosis in primary broiler hepatocytes (PBHs) is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AFB1 on the mitochondrial functions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like factor 2 (Nrf2)‐related signal pathway in PBHs. Here, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS generation, antioxidative genes and apoptosis in PBHs induced by AFB1 were investigated. The results showed that AFB1 evoked mitochondrial ROS generation, decreased MMP and induced apoptosis in PBHs. AFB1 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, and expression of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3, upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Nrf2 and downregulated mRNA expressions of NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1, superoxide dismutase and Heme oxygenase 1 in PBHs. The expression of Bax was also observed in cytoplasm. These findings suggested AFB1 results in a significant impairment of mitochondrial functions, activates ROS generation, induces apoptosis, and is involved in Nrf2 signal pathway through mitochondria ROS‐dependent signal pathways in PBHs.