四川地区猪源致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性检测

为了解四川地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况,本试验对2015～2017年四川地区40个猪场的125个病猪样本进行了大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性检测。结果共分离到37株致病性大肠杆菌,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,发现37株致病性大肠杆菌对恩诺沙星、四环素、阿莫西林、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、强力霉素的耐药性强,耐药率高于80%,对四环素的耐药率甚至达到了100%;对阿米卡星有较高的敏感性,耐药率为13.5%;所有菌株的多重耐药率高达100%,表明四川地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性强、耐药谱广。     

银川地区鸡源与牛源大肠杆菌耐药性比较

为了了解银川地区规模化养殖场大肠杆菌的耐药情况,试验采用药敏纸片法测定了160株大肠杆菌对11种抗菌药物的耐药情况。结果表明:鸡源和牛源大肠杆菌对美罗培南的敏感率均为100%;有69株鸡源大肠杆菌对庆大霉素、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氯霉素及环丙沙星的敏感性比较高,而对头孢唑啉、多西环素和复方新诺明的耐药率较高,耐药率最高的是氨苄西林和萘啶酸,达到了70.00%以上。91株牛源大肠杆菌对11种抗菌药的敏感性都比较高,除氨苄西林外,其他药物的敏感率均在70.00%以上。所有分离菌株最多对10种药物耐药,鸡源大肠杆菌中4耐菌株最多,占21.71%,而牛源大肠杆菌中有54株菌对所有抗菌药物都敏感。     

犬源大肠杆菌的药敏分析研究

(目的)为了解石河子市部分地区犬源大肠杆菌的致病性与耐药情况,(方法)本试验根据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)的标准,利用药敏纸片法,对获得的63株大肠杆菌进行包括氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、四环素、新霉素、庆大霉素、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星等在内的14种抗生素的药敏试验。结果显示,多数分离株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、四环素、庆大霉素、恩诺沙星、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明、林可霉素耐药;致病性结果显示26株分离株具有较强的致病力;为临床上正确选择抗菌药物防治犬细菌性疾病提供病原学依据,同时也为动物门诊针对犬源大肠杆菌混合或继发感染选择有效且敏感的抗生素提供可行性的治疗方案。     

西昌地区猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性检测

为了解西昌地区猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的耐药情况,本试验对2016～2018年西昌地区21个猪场的106个病猪样本进行了大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性检测。通过培养特性、染色特点和形态观察以及PCR鉴定、致病性试验,共分离到28株肠外致病性大肠杆菌。采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,结果显示28株致病性大肠杆菌对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、强力霉素、四环素、庆大霉素、复方新诺明耐药严重,耐药率高于85%,对阿米卡星和头孢喹肟保持较高的敏感性,耐药率分别为14.3%和10.7%。28株大肠杆菌的多重耐药率高达100%,表明西昌地区猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性强、耐药谱广。     

鸡大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性研究

2008～2010年在辽宁地区共采集990份鸡泄殖腔拭子样品,分离鉴定出380株大肠杆菌,用10种抗菌药物进行药敏试验。结果表明,2008年分离的大肠杆菌耐药性较轻,对氨苄西林和恩诺沙星的耐药率为74.60%和57.14%;2009年和2010年分离的大肠杆菌耐药性非常严重,对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、四环素、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明和恩诺沙星的耐药率均大于80%,多重耐药性严重。     

我国部分地区鸡、猪源沙门氏菌血清型与耐药性比较

本研究将2012—2017年分离自山东等6省份的194株鸡源和89株猪源沙门氏菌进行了血清型鉴定和9大类13种药物的药敏试验。血清型鉴定结果显示:鸡源沙门氏菌血清型以肠炎(59.69%)、婴儿(13.61%)和鸡白痢(8.90%)为主,猪源沙门氏菌血清型以鼠伤寒(58.43%)、肠炎(12.36%)、印第安纳(11.24%)和德尔卑(7.87%)为主,两者优势血清型差异极显著(P0.01)。最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分布结果显示:沙门氏菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻呋、庆大霉素、大观霉素、四环素、多西环素、氟苯尼考、磺胺甲基异噁唑、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星耐药的问题较为突出,对黏菌素E的耐药率相对较低;猪源菌株比鸡源菌株耐药严重,对11种药物的耐药率均高于鸡源菌株。2种来源的分离菌株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾、头孢噻呋、庆大霉素、大观霉素、四环素、多西环素、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星的耐药率差异均极显著(P0.01),对黏菌素E的耐药率差异显著(P0.05);猪源分离菌株的耐药问题较欧盟国家突出,与鸡源菌株5耐以上的菌株比例差异极显著(P0.01)。肠炎和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、庆大霉素、大观霉素、四环素、氟苯尼考、磺胺异噁唑和黏菌素E的耐药率差异极显著(P0.01),对氨苄西林耐药率差异显著(P0.05)。不同年份间沙门氏菌分离株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻呋、庆大霉素、大观霉素、四环素、氟苯尼考、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星和黏菌素E的耐药率差异极显著(P0.01),对多西环素和氧氟沙星耐药率差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明:肠炎、鼠伤寒分别是我国部分地区鸡、猪源沙门氏菌的优势血清型;沙门氏菌耐药性与动物来源、血清型和分离年份相关,且鸡、猪源沙门氏菌耐药情况比欧盟国家严重。     

雁源大肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

对养殖场雁源大肠杆菌进行分离培养,开展耐药性调查。采用纸片扩散法测定各分离菌株对20种抗生素的敏感性。结果表明:雁源大肠杆菌各分离株对各抗生素的敏感性不同。对氨苄西林、四环素、氯霉素和复方新诺明的耐药率均在80%以上,对头孢他啶、阿米卡星和亚胺培南敏感率均在70%以上。     

3种动物源大肠杆菌分离株的耐药性分析

为了解川渝地区养殖场中致病性大肠杆菌的耐药情况,试验采用K-B药敏纸片法对2016年西南大学荣昌校区动物疾病快速诊断及防治中心分离鉴定保存的鸡源(5株)、鸭源(3株)和猪源(2株)大肠杆菌菌株进行了药敏试验,同时选取对3种不同动物源大肠杆菌均有抑制作用的抗生素进行了最低抑菌浓度检测。结果表明:鸡源和鸭源大肠杆菌对链霉素、青霉素G、庆大霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素、四环素、林可霉素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、万古霉素均耐药;猪源大肠杆菌对恩诺沙星、青霉素G、克拉霉素、红霉素、林可霉素、复方新诺明、头孢噻吩、万古霉素均耐药;鸡源和鸭源大肠杆菌对卡那霉素、米诺环素敏感性高,最低抑菌浓度均为16μg/mL;猪源大肠杆菌对哌拉西啉、米诺环素、头孢吡肟敏感性高,最低抑菌浓度均为8μg/mL。说明这些抗生素针对大肠杆菌有良好的治疗作用,可为临床防治大肠杆菌感染用药提供依据。     

仔猪致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

由湛江市3个养猪场采集到40份仔猪黄痢、白痢腹泻粪便样品,共分离到40株大肠杆菌,其中7株是致病性大肠杆菌,三个猪场致病性大肠杆菌的分离率分别为15.4%、10%和43%。对7株致病性大肠杆菌进行药物敏感性试验,结果表明:它们均对恩诺沙星、菌必治和丁胺卡那霉素敏感,而对复方新诺明、阿莫西林、氨苄青霉素、四环素和庆大霉素的耐药率为100%,对氯霉素、头孢氨苄和痢特灵的耐药率为85.7%,对卡那霉素和链霉素的耐药率为57.1,%对氟哌酸和环丙沙星的耐药率为14.3%。猪场选用较敏感药物来防治仔猪大肠杆菌病,使疫病得到了有效控制。     

绿头鸭源大肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

采用K-B纸片法对吉林省向海地区绿头鸭源大肠杆菌进行17种抗生素的敏感性测定和分析,结果表明:受试的43株绿头鸭源大肠杆菌中有35株对17种药物均有不同程度的耐药性,其余8株均为敏感菌株。菌株对头孢噻吩、氨苄西林、多西环素耐药率分别为46.5%、44.2%、44.2%;对氨曲南、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、氯霉素敏感率均达90%以上。     

食品动物源沙门氏菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测与分析

为了解食品动物源沙门氏菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药性(Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance,PMQR),采用微量肉汤稀释法和PCR方法,检测了316株食品动物源沙门氏菌对20种抗菌药物的敏感性,以及菌株中PMQR基因的携带率.结果显示:316株沙门氏菌对20种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药性,95.57％菌株为多重耐药菌;316株菌中未检出qnrA、qnrC、qnrD、qnrS和qepA基因,7.91％菌株检出qnrB基因,15.19％菌株检出aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr基因,7.91％菌株检出oqxA基因,8.86％菌株检出oqxB基因,这是首次在沙门氏菌中发现oqxAB基因;98.11％PMQR阳性菌同时携带2种及以上的耐药基因,呈8～17耐的多重耐药性,其中以qnrB和aac(6′)-Ibcr基因型为主;53株PMQR阳性菌分属于5种不同的基因型,耐药表型或耐药基因型不同的菌株却有相同的PFGE谱型.本次检测的316株食品动物源沙门氏菌耐药较为严重;菌株主要携带qnrB、aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr及oqxAB基因;不同来源菌株存在同一耐药克隆株的流行.     

水貂沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

为指导临床合理用药并为治疗患病水貂提供依据,本试验对山东省某水貂养殖场送检的7只疑似患有沙门氏菌病的病死水貂的肝脏和脾脏样品进行细菌分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析,通过分离纯化方法从样品中分离菌株,并采用革兰氏染色、生化鉴定和PCR方法对分离菌株进行鉴定。运用K-B药敏法检测菌株对临床常用药物的敏感性,并通过PCR方法检测菌株耐药基因及Ⅰ类整合子的携带情况。结果显示,本试验分离得到的7株菌均为革兰氏阴性、短小的杆菌;生化反应检测显示,分离菌株葡萄糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇、MR试验、枸橼酸盐、硫化氢试验均表现为阳性,初步鉴定分离菌株为沙门氏菌;PCR产物测序结果进一步表明7株分离菌均为沙门氏菌;药敏试验结果显示,7株沙门氏菌对头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星、氟苯尼考和多黏菌素较敏感,对氨基糖苷类药物、四环素和氨苄西林表现为耐药;耐药基因检测结果显示,7株沙门氏菌共检测出8种耐药基因blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-1G、aadA1、aac(3′)-Ⅳ、aac(3′)-Ⅱc、aph(4′)-Ⅰa、aph(3′)-Ⅶ和oqxAB,以及基因盒为aadA1、arr-3-aacA4和blaPSE-1的Ⅰ类整合子。综上可知,本试验在送检的7只患病水貂的肝脏和脾脏样品中分离到7株沙门氏菌,分离菌株均为耐药菌株,且主要表现为多重耐药现象;耐药基因呈多样性,且存在位于质粒上的耐药基因扩大了耐药基因的传播范围,增加了细菌的耐药性,为临床用药治疗带来困难。     

Prevalence of ESBLs and PMQR genes in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from the non-human primates in six zoos in China

The aim of this study is to characterize the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Escherichia coli from captive non-human primates. A total of 206 E. coli isolates were collected from primates in six zoos in China in 2009 and their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobials were tested by broth microdilution. The susceptibility patterns of E. coli strains varied greatly among different zoos reflecting different backgrounds of antimicrobial usage. Both the ESBL-encoding genes and the PMQR genes were detected by PCR. Of the 206 strains, 65 (32%) were confirmed as phenotypic ESBL producers with bla(CTX-M) (27%, bla(CTX-M-15), n=31, bla(CTX-M-3), n=23 and bla(CTX-M-14), n=2) mainly mediating the ESBL phenotype. qnrS1 (18%, n=36) and oqxAB (15%, n=31) were the predominant PMQR genes and the prevalence of PMQR genes was much higher among phenotypic ESBL producers than that among phenotypic non-ESBL producers from any zoo. Notably, the PMQR genes qnrS1 and oqxAB and β-lactamase genes bla(TEM-1) and bla(CTX-M-3) were found together in 23 E. coli isolates in two zoos in Shanghai. PFGE analysis of these 23 isolates demonstrated nearly identical PFGE profiles (similarity matrix >97%) indicating this specific E. coli genotype was prevalent in these two zoos. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these four genes coexisting in an E. coli genotype and the first report of antimicrobial resistance profiles in E. coli isolated from primates in China.     

广州市农贸市场猪肉源伦敦沙门菌的流行情况及耐药性分析

本研究旨在探究广州市2016年5—10月农贸市场猪肉源伦敦沙门菌的流行和耐药情况。从广州市农贸市场采集样品198份,分离得到28株猪肉源伦敦沙门菌,用K-B法测定其对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,用PCR方法鉴定其所携带的耐药基因。结果表明,市场猪肉样品中沙门菌的阳性率为74.2%（147/198）,伦敦沙门菌的分离率为19%（28/147）,其对磺胺异唑、四环素的耐药率分别为78.6%和75.0%;其次为链霉素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、氯霉素和氟苯尼考,耐药率依次为71.4%、67.9%、67.9%、67.9%、46.4%和42.8%;对萘啶酸（3.6%）和多黏菌素B （3.6%）耐药水平较低。有71.4%（20/28）的菌株对3种及3种以上抗菌药物耐药。氨基糖苷类耐药基因检出率为100%,aadA2（7.1%）、strA（37.9%）、aadB（100%）;酰胺醇类耐药基因检出率为42.6%,cat1b（39.3%）、floR（39.3%）;磺胺类耐药基因检出率为67.9%,sul1（60.7%）、sul2（60.7%）;四环素类耐药基因的检出率为78.6%,均同时携带tetA和tetB;β内酰胺类耐药基因bla_TEM检出率为10.7%;喹诺酮耐药基因qnrA、oqxAB和aac（6’）-lb-cr检出率为3.6%、10.7%和7.1%;黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1检出率为3.6%。伦敦沙门菌在广州农贸市场猪肉中是主要流行血清型之一,其对传统抗菌药物磺胺异唑、四环素、链霉素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林等耐药性严重,携带多种耐药基因,且具有多种多重耐药表型。这提示人们需要对市场沙门菌进行常态化检测与监测,加强对抗生素使用的监管,确保公共卫生和食品安全。     

动物源性空肠弯曲杆菌耐药性地域差异性分析

从上海家禽批发市场采集鸡盲肠内容物样品,分离到47株空肠弯曲杆菌,从上海屠宰场采集猪盲肠内容物样品,分离到99株空肠弯曲杆菌,分别测定分析了这些空肠弯曲杆菌耐药性; 通过对不同产地鸡源空肠弯曲杆菌耐药性状况比较结果显示,江苏南通、江苏海门和浙江金华分离到的鸡源空肠弯曲杆菌对9种抗生素(见表1)都有不同程度的耐药性,对万古霉素、红霉素和氨苄青霉素的耐药性达到100%。江苏海门、上海崇明和浙江温岭、金华等地的菌株分别对克林霉素和氨苄青霉素显示了高耐药性,分别达到90%、100%;通过对不同产地猪源空肠弯曲杆菌耐药性状况比较结果显示,山东莘县分离到的猪源空肠弯曲杆菌对9种抗生素都有不同程度的耐药性,对万古霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氨苄青霉素的耐药性达到80%以上。河南孟津和安徽淮北分离到的猪源空肠弯曲杆菌对除头孢拉定之外的8种抗生素都有不同程度的耐药性,对氨苄青霉素的耐药性达到100%。结果显示动物源性空肠弯曲杆菌耐药性存在明显的地域差异性。     

Antibiotic resistance of staphylococci from humans, food and different animal species according to data of the Hungarian resistance monitoring system in 2001

Based on data of the Hungarian resistance monitoring system the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus strains of human and animal origin was studied. No methicillin-resistant staphylococci harbouring mecA gene were isolated from animals in 2001. Penicillin resistance, mediated by penicillinase production, was the most frequent among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans (96%), from bovine mastitis (55%), from foods (45%) and from dogs. In staphylococci isolated from animals low resistance percentages to aminoglycosides (0-2%), fluoroquinolones (0.5-3%) and sulphonamides (0.5-4%) were found but in strains isolated humans these figures were higher (1-14%, 5-18% and 3-31%, respectively). The most frequent antibiotic resistance profiles of strains isolated from animals and food were penicillin/tetracycline, penicillin/lincomycin and penicillin/lincomycin/tetracycline. Penicillin/tetracycline resistance was exhibited by strains from mastitis (3), samples from the meat industry (31), poultry flocks (1), poultry industry (1), noodle (1) and horses (2). Penicillin/lincomycin resistance was found in 10 Staphylococcus strains from mastitis, 1 from the dairy industry, 1 from the meat industry and 6 from dogs. Isolates from mastitis (2), from the dairy industry (2), from pigs (1), from the meat industry (1) and from poultry (1) harboured penicillin/lincomycin/tetracycline resistance pattern. Multiresistant strains were usually isolated only from one and sometimes from two animal species; therefore, the spread of defined resistant strains (clones) among different animal species could not be demonstrated. These results also suggest that the transfer of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus from animals to humans probably occurs less frequently than is generally assumed.     

Antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotica resistance Escherichia coli isolated from calves on a modern farm with therapeutic problems and unsatisfactory management conditions.

On a farm with therapeutic problems and unsatisfactory management conditions, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotic resistance has been studied in E. coli isolated from calves which were 5 and 30 days old. Strains with resistance to up to seven antibiotics as well as transferable resistance against up to five antibiotics were recorded. On an average, 4.2 strains with different patterns and 4.0 different strains with transferable resistance were isolated from each calf. The corresponding figures previously found for healthy control calves were 1.6 and 1.1 strains, respectively. Resistance and transferable resistance were most common against sulphonamide and penicillin.     

豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及基因多态性分析

为了解豫北地区规模化养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性及基因多态性,对分离的21株猪源大肠杆菌进行药物敏感实验,采用PCR技术对其耐药基因进行检测,RAPD技术进行基因多态性分析。结果表明:豫北地区规模化养殖场分离的猪源性大肠杆菌菌株对常见16种抗生素存在不同情况的耐药性。其中对四环素、红霉素、麦迪霉素、阿莫西林、磺胺异恶唑、环丙沙星、新生霉素、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星、甲氧苄啶的耐药率均为100%,对庆大霉素、洛美沙星的耐药率为85%以上,对其他药物的耐药率相对较低;PCR检测得到8种耐药基因的条带;对菌株进行RAPD分析得到7种不同的基因型。大肠杆菌极易产生耐药性,耐药基因广泛存在于耐药菌株中,但耐药表型与耐药基因之间无绝对相关性。豫北地区猪源大肠杆菌感染多重耐药十分严重,严重影响了该地区猪源大肠杆菌病的诊治和预防。     

湖南省奶牛源金黄色葡萄球菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了掌握湖南省内奶牛源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药,抽取牛乳样品,通过对细菌的分离培养和纯化,采用基质辅助激光电离飞行时间质谱仪和全自动生化鉴定仪进行鉴定,并对分离菌株进行18种抗菌药物耐药性检测;结合耐药表型和mecA基因检测判定MRSA菌株。结果显示,2020-2021年从湖南地区257份牛乳样品中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌39株,89.74%的临床分离菌株表现为不同程度耐药,其中对青霉素耐药最为严重,耐药率达82.05%;对红霉素、克林霉素、替米考星、庆大霉素、头孢西丁耐药率在20%-35%之间;对多西环素及万古霉素绝对敏感,耐药率为0。38.46%分离菌株表现为多重耐药,以7重耐药最多。鉴定出19株MRSA,其中包含15株OS-MRSA和4株OR-MRSA。本研究可为湖南省内奶牛企业制定合理用药措施提供依据。     

Drug Resistance and Evolution of Haemophilus parasuis Isolates from Guizhou Province During 2013 to 2019

This study was aimed to reveal the trend of drug resistance about Haemophilus parasuis (Hps) in Guizhou province and guide clinical use of Glasser's disease then slow the emergence of drug-resistant Hps strains.K-B slip-agar diffusion method was used to test the 15 common antibiotics resistance of 517 Hps strains isolated from 9 districts in Guizhou province from 2013 to 2019.The drug resistance differences of strains isolated from different time and districts were analyzed.The results showed that 14.36% to 70.58% isolates indicated drug resistance to 15 antibiotics,the proportion of EFT resistant strains was the lowest and SXT resistant strains was the highest.Compared with 2013,the resistance rate of Hps strains isolated in 2019 to 13 antibiotics increased by 4.52% to 324.68%.Among them,the proportion of drug-resistant strains of 13 drugs increased which EFT resistant strains increased at the fastest rate to 324.68% while STR resistant strains slowest rate to only 4.52%.The rate of TET resistant strains showed negative growth which decreased by 2.21% and 8.63%,respectively.Compared with Kaili,Bijie and Xingyi of Guizhou,the strains isolated from Anshun,Zunyi and Guiyang districts showed higher drug resistance rate of EFT,MC and DO which with low resistance in Guizhou province,but lower of SXT,AML and STR which with high resistance in Guizhou province.The results indicated that the resistance of Hps strains to 15 commonly antibiotics in Guizhou province was serious with rising tendency and the resistance rate of certain strains showed obvious differences between different districts.