Assessment of the uniformity of wheat and tomato varieties at DNA microsatellite loci

By analysing a number (20–38) of individuals from selected varieties of wheat and tomato, we have been able to assess intra-varietal uniformity at certain micro satellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) loci. In total, 45 varieties of wheat were analysed at between 7–9 different SSR loci, and 10 varieties of tomato were analysed at six loci. The results showed that there was variation both between varieties and between microsatellites in the degree of non-uniformity observed, and it was possible to identify a number of different probable sources of non-uniformity. Twenty-four of the wheat varieties and nine of the tomato varieties were sufficiently uniform to meet the standards currently applied for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing using phenotypic characteristics. The implications for the potential future use of SSRs in DUS testing are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于DUS测试的上海地区小麦新品种评价

本研究通过分析小麦DUS测试指南中标准品种、测试性状在上海地区的表达差异,评价小麦DUS测试指南在上海的适应性,同时对15个引进品种及9个申请审定的品种在上海的表现进行评价。通过2016-2017年的田间种植试验,用符合系数对标准品种和测试性状在上海地区的性状表现与小麦测试指南中的代码进行了差异性分析,并对性状间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,小麦测试指南中的33个测试性状中有8个性状的符合系数为1,占24.2%,数量性状的表现受环境条件的影响较大,符合系数小于0.9的2个性状都是数量性状;小麦测试指南中的42个标准品种中有21个品种的符合系数为1,其性状表达状态非常稳定。‘矮变1号’的符合系数最低,其次是‘川育6号’、‘济南16号’、‘科麦2号’,其他品种的符合系数均大于0.95。大部分品种可以作为标准品种应用于上海地区的小麦DUS测试。‘植株:高度’与多个性状存在显著相关性,3个蜡质性状间相关程度较高。‘籽粒:大小’与指南中的7个性状显著相关。引进品种在上海地区的表现较好,均具备一致性,亲缘关系较近。待审定品种‘润麦1号’表现优于所有参试品种。     

Partnering with farmers to accelerate adoption of new technologies in South Asia to improve wheat productivity

There are many socioeconomic and technological constraints that affect the production of wheat and other staple cereals in South Asia. Wheat production is one of the economic mainstays in South Asia, but the yield gap between farmers’ fields and experimental yields is wide across the region. For the last 3 years, CIMMYT and the CAZS-NR have been collaborating with farmers, NARS, and other South Asian partners to promote improved wheat varieties and new resource conservation technologies (RCTs) in farmers’ fields. Participation fostered among farmers, scientists, extension specialists, NGOs and the private sector included variety selection (PVS), and evaluation of agronomic practices. Through PVS, several farmer-preferred technologies have been identified including wheat varieties for adverse conditions in eastern Uttar Pradesh (India) and for boron deficiency in parts of Nepal. There has been considerable improvement in the access of farmers to new varieties and technologies in the rural areas. Yield increases (15–70%) have been achieved by resource-poor farmers over the existing varieties through the adoption of new varieties and RCTs. The farmers have also made substantial cost savings and achieved higher yields through resource-conserving agronomic techniques such as zero till. Seed of the new farmer-selected cultivars has been multiplied by groups of collaborating farmers and widely distributed.     

Construction of an integrated microsatellite and key morphological characteristic database of potato varieties on the EU common catalogue

The European Union Common Catalogue (EUCC) for potato contains over 1000 varieties. Each year member states add varieties to the list after they have undergone Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing according to international guidelines. A rapid and robust method for variety identification to aid the management and maintenance of existing variety collections and for the screening of new candidate varieties would therefore be a highly useful tool for DUS testing stations. A database containing key morphological characteristics and microsatellite data was constructed for varieties on the 2006 list of the EUCC for potato. Rules for scoring SSR markers in different laboratories were established to allow a harmonized scoring of markers. Almost all varieties (99.5%) were shown to have unique molecular profiles and in pair wise comparisons 99.99% of all variety pairs could be distinguished. This clearly shows the versatility of the markers and database for identifying potato samples.     

High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits of the Most Commonly Grown Wheat Cultivars in the U.S. in 1984*

All wheat varieties (106) grown in the U.S. on more than 100,000 acres (38,610 ha) as of the latest (1984) crop variety survey were characterized by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) band patterns for each variety were assigned the corresponding Payne numbers and theoretical quality scores based on those assignments. The subunit assignments were compared for the different wheat varieties and the five main wheat classes grown in the U.S. Hard red spring (HRS) and winter (HRW) wheats used mainly for breadmaking showed a remarkably high percentage of bands associated with good breadmaking quality. The allele 5+10, which has the strongest association with good quality, was present in 91 % of the hard red spring wheats and 62 % of the hard red winter wheats. Also, 91 % of all HRS and 53 % of HRW wheat varieties had quality scores of 9 or 10 (10 is the highest possible score). Evidently, by selecting for quality through close cooperation with quality testing laboratories, U.S. breeders have unknowingly selected for high quality glutenin subunits in their released varieties. HRS and HRW wheat varieties are normally grown in different environments in time and/or space, accounting to a large extent for differences in protein content (～2 %) and other quality traits in the two crops. The uniformly high theoretical quality scores of the HRS wheats compared to more variable scores for HRW wheats may help to explain the popular perception that spring wheats have intrinsically higher quality than winter wheats. Admixing grain from variable (some poorer, most good) HRW wheat varieties (due to genetics or environment) has probably also led to the perception of overall lower quality for HRW than HRS wheats. In the soft red winter (SRW) and soft white (SW) wheat classes where the end-use is typically cookies and cakes, 40 and 90 %, respectively, have the allele 2+12 that correlates with poor bread baking quality. The absence of alleles for good bread baking quality may be predictive of good quality for soft wheat products.     

Groups of bread wheat landraces in Austrian alps

Summary Using 49 morphological characteristics sixty-six accessions originating from 15 populations of bread wheat, together with 8 selections from landraces and 5 improved varieties were classified in five groups: group 1: Alpiner Bartwizen (including Hausbergweizen), Attergauer Bartweizen, which are marked by awned white ears; group 2: Awned Sipbachzeller (and its selection Otterbacher Bartweizen) and marked by awned red ears. This group also includes some awned derivatives of hybrids between group 1 and group 3; group 3: Sipbachzeller wheat, including Innviertler wheat and the selections Ritzlhofer Alt, Achleitner and Wieselburger roter Kolben; group 4: Tassilo and Tassilo-variants, and group 5: Dickkopf (Squarehead) types with lax ear, probably being derivatives of hybrids between group 3 and Dickkopf types.Most populations were contaminated with foreign material. The contamination may have been caused by the farmer who actually mixed varieties, or may have originated on the farmer's field.     

不同降水年型节水小麦产量构成与效益分析

于2003~2006年间3个不同降水年型,以28个小麦品种为材料,采用只浇冻水一水的节水措施,比较品种间产量构成因素和农艺性状等方面的差异性,并与常规灌溉管理小麦在产量水平、产量相关性状和效益等方面进行比较分析。结果表明：（1）从产量水平看,参试品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。节水栽培条件下,各品种产量水平与不同降水年型生长期降水量有着密切的关系。（2）初步认为“京农02-2”、“中麦326”、“北农9580”、“中麦12”、“京农04-133”和“京冬8”六个品种在参试品种中具有较好的抗旱性,其中“中麦326”在丰水年和平水年2个不同年度表现出较好的对不同水分条件的适应性。（3）干旱条件下,小麦分蘖成穗过程受影响最大,分蘖成穗率可以作为小麦抗旱性筛选鉴定的较早期指标。（4）在丰水年和平水年大面积推广抗旱性好的小麦品种和节水型栽培技术,可以明显改善本区水资源亏空的状况。但枯水年只灌溉一次冻水难以满足小麦正常生长需要,比正常灌溉小麦产量降低48.89%以上。     

小麦骨干亲本‘鲁麦14’的育种价值分析

为更加科学地开展小麦理论研究和提高育种成效,对‘鲁麦14’的构思设计与创制思路、突出特点和以‘鲁麦14’为亲本选育出的品种进行了系统分析。从2001年到2018年,中国科学院、中国农科院、中国农业大学和山东、江苏、河北、安徽、河南、山西、陕西、新疆、贵州、天津9省1市的89家科研单位和育种企业,以‘鲁麦14’为亲本直接育成品种39个、间接育成品种92个,这些品种通过9省2市166次审（认）定和36次国家审定。‘鲁麦14’作为新一代骨干亲本,为全国的小麦生产和育种工作做出了突出贡献。     

Exploiting the diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Viviparous-1</Emphasis> gene associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in European wheat varieties

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) reduces the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the economic value of the grain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of the Viviparous-1B (Vp-1B) gene associated with PHS tolerance in a collection of 490 widely grown winter wheat varieties from central and northern Europe. Four alleles of Vp-1B were found in the wheat varieties tested, three of which (Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb and Vp-1Bc) had previously been identified in Chinese wheat varieties. The fourth was a new allele which had a 25-bp of deletion in the third intron region compared with the nucleotide sequence of Vp-1Ba, and was designated as Vp-1Bd. The frequencies of different alleles in this set of European wheat germplasm were: Vp-1Ba (54%) > Vp-1Bc (21%) > Vp-1Bd (20%) > Vp-1Ba + c (4%) > Vp-1Bb (1%), with Vp-1Bb being present only in two French varieties, ‘Altria’ and ‘Recital’. In addition, the frequencies of the alleles differed in varieties from different European countries. For example, Vp-1Ba had the highest frequency (76%) in varieties included in the UK National List (NL), but was least frequent in the Recommended List (RL) of Sweden (19%). Similarly, Vp-1Bc was present with the highest frequency (58%) in wheat varieties from Sweden, and the lowest in UK NL varieties (8%) while Vp-1Bd had the highest frequency of 32% in German varieties, and the lowest in Sweden varieties with only 8%. The Vp-1Ba allele was present in over half of the UK wheat varieties tested but the frequency was lower in RL varieties than in NL ones. Furthermore, heterogeneities were found between Vp-1Ba and Vp-1Bc in the varieties from Sweden, Netherlands, Germany and UK.     

Dough mixing properties of a wheat-rye derived cultivar

Summary During test baking, the wheat line QT2870, bred from a rye-derived parent, Kavkaz, and having the pedigree Kavkaz/Timgalen//3^*Oxley, showed excessive dough stickiness when slightly overmixed. Conventional quality tests on QT2870 and three commercial varieties did not show any major differences which could explain this dough stickiness. However, resistogram data for QT2870 were considerably different from those for the other cultivars. The curves for QT2870 had lower breaking points and sharper curve angles, indicating that it had a lower tolerance to high speed mixing than the other varieties. Dough stickiness and a lack of mixing tolerance are likely to be major problems limiting the use of rye-derived parents in Australian bread wheat breeding programmes.     

四川省小麦品种(系)穗发芽抗性评价

穗发芽严重影响小麦产量和品质,受到生长环境、种皮颜色和遗传基因的共同控制。由于四川地区在小麦收获季节容易出现高温高湿的气候条件,是小麦穗发芽的常发和重发区。依据材料的穗发芽抗性,有目的性地配制杂交组合选育抗性品种是控制小麦穗发芽的重要策略,而系统鉴定分析各优良品种及品系的穗发芽抗性是亲本选配的重要依据。本研究调查分析了242份2000年来四川省审定小麦品种及即将成为未来几年新品种的2017—2018 年四川省区试品系的田间穗发芽情况,发现分别有23(9.5%)和67 (27.7%)份材料具有强（穗发芽率低于5%）和高（穗发芽率介于5%~15%）的穗发芽抗性。这为穗发芽抗性育种亲本的选择提供了参考;并且发现穗发芽抗性在不同类型材料中存在差异：2000 年来审定品种＜区试普通小麦品系＜区试早播早熟小麦品系＜区试特殊用途小麦品系,穗发芽抗性在未来几年品种中将有所增强;种皮颜色对穗发芽抗性具有强烈影响,随着种皮颜色加深,穗发芽抗性越强,但仍发现3 份（‘川育26’、‘川辐9 号’、‘川辐17 号’）白皮小麦材料具有强的穗发芽抗性,为白皮小麦抗穗发芽育种提供参考。其次发现在四川环境下,早播可能会提高小麦品种的穗发芽抗性。     

基于灰色关联度分析法和聚类分析法筛选小麦高产优质新品种（系）的研究

为了给筛选和评价高产优质小麦新品种提供多元化的分析方法,以黄淮南片试验中16个小麦新品种（系）为试验材料,用灰色关联度分析、聚类分析和相关性分析对其农艺性状、产量、品质进行评价。结果表明,运用灰色关联度分析法的排序结果和产量排序结果大体上一致;生育期、饱满度、株高等指标与参考数列关联度最大,关系最紧密;相关性分析表明千粒重是关乎产量与品质的一项重要指标;结合灰色关联度分析和聚类分析结果,筛选出产量、品质均较好的3个小麦新品种（系）,分别为‘轮选146’、‘安麦1350’、‘苑丰12’。这两种方法能够准确、全面地分析小麦新品种（系）,为高产优质小麦的选育提供了多元化的分析方法。     

川西北大穗大粒型小麦灌浆规律研究

摘要：本文研究大穗大粒小麦籽粒灌浆干物质积累模型及灌浆特性与粒重的相关分析。结果表明：小麦籽粒干重变化呈“S”曲线,灌浆速率和籽粒水分含量均呈正态曲线。最大灌浆速率Rmax,渐增期(R1)快增期(R2)和缓增期速率(R3),渐增期持续天数(T1)是影响粒重的重要参数,各阶段灌浆速率与持续时间呈显著负相关。因此在大穗大粒高产小麦栽培和育种中可通过选育高灌浆速率,尤其是高快增期灌浆速率的品种;通过适当的栽培措施协调灌浆速率与持续时间的矛盾,增加缓增期灌浆速率而提高粒重     

黄秋葵新品种DUS测试叶部性状的选择

为准确筛选和确定黄秋葵新品种DUS测试性状,以180 份黄秋葵种质资源为试验材料,对其叶部的形态特征进行观测和采集数据,并比较15 个性状在不同参试材料间的差异。结果表明,在所选择的性状中,4 个质量性状、5 个假质量性状和4 个数量性状存在显著差异,13 个性状可作为黄秋葵DUS测试的基本性状。     

小麦光腥黑粉菌对小麦三种防御酶活性的影响

为明确小麦光腥黑粉菌侵染小麦后对小麦茎、叶、穗部防御酶活性的影响,本研究以高感小麦光腥黑穗病品种‘东选3号’和高抗小麦矮腥黑穗病品种‘伊农18/兰考矮早8号’为供试材料,测定小麦被光腥黑粉菌侵染0~6 d后,小麦的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧歧化物酶(SOD)的活性变化。研究表明,两个小麦品种的防御酶活性均显著升高,除感病品种叶片CAT活性的升高幅度高于抗病品种外,抗病品种小麦茎和穗部POD和SOD活性均高于感病品种,且抗病品种的酶活性持续时间长,变化幅度较平缓。接菌后两个品种叶片的防御酶活性均高于茎和穗部,而穗部的CAT和POD活性出现酶活性高峰的时间最早。三种防御酶均与小麦抗病性有一定的相关性,本研究可为小麦光腥黑穗病的抗性育种工作提供理论依据。     

Resistance to Verticillium albo-atrum in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) to distinguish between varieties

France is responsible for DUS (Distinction–Uniformity–Stability) testing of new varieties of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for several European countries. Many varieties fail to be registered because of a lack of distinctness from the already registered varieties. The addition of the other traits such as disease or pest resistance could help in distinction. The aim of the present study was to optimize measurement of the resistance of lucerne to Verticillium albo-atrum. Although the resistance to V. albo-atrum is a qualitative trait for each plant, varietal resistance is a continuous variable because each variety contains a variable percentage of resistant plants. Fifty cultivars were tested for V. albo-atrum in two laboratories at random from among five private and public laboratories. Five check varieties were tested in the five laboratories in two tests. A score of resistance, corrected from the effect of the test, was given for each cultivar. A method to validate any new test is proposed. This data set can now be incremented by the resistance scores to V. albo-atrum of new varieties. It will help in distinguishing between lucerne varieties.     

Agronomic and quality characteristics of old,modern and mixture wheat varieties and landraces for organic bread chain in diverse environments of northern Italy

Wheat landraces and old varieties could have an important role for food security not only as source of gene readily available for breeders, but also because they perform well in marginal environments and are more resilient as compared to the modern cultivars. The Italian cereal sector suffers from lack of seed companies that breed specifically adapted varieties for organic and biodynamic farms. Participatory and evolutionary plant breeding (PPB and EPB) have been used in this research to (i) evaluate the agronomic characteristics of old, modern and mixture of varieties and landrace of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.) and their adaptability to organic farming in hilly and mountainous areas; (ii) assess the technological, nutritional and functional properties of grains (rheological characteristic, macro and micro elements contents and antioxidants); (iii) explore the consumers’ preferences for breads obtained by old and modern varieties. Between five and seven old (Sieve, Verna, Gentil Rosso, Andriolo, Gambo di ferro, Frassineto and Abbondanza), two mixtures and four modern (Bolero, Blasco, Arabia and Bologna) varieties were tested for two years in between two and three organic farms (FARM1, FARM2 and FARM3) in hilly areas of Piedmont. Agronomic characteristic were strongly affected by locations and years. On average, Bologna, Abbondanza and Arabia, and the two mixtures were the highest yielding varieties. Flour strength (W) varied greatly ranging from 230 in 2011 for Andriolo to 38 in 2012 for Gambo di ferro. Gluten quality, expressed by GI, was found to be almost within the optimal range but was affected by the year. All six bread samples were acceptable to the 233 consumers who scored them, but the bread produced with old wheat varieties, particularly with Andriolo and Gambo di Ferro, was the preferred one. The old varieties and their mixtures yielded less than the modern varieties but with higher stability as shown by the inability of the modern varieties in FARM1 to survive the winter (they were not harvested) while the old varieties reached maturity showing higher robustness, Therefore, the use of old bread wheat varieties and their mixture, assessed with participatory and evolutionary plant breeding, could represent a strategy for local communities to cope with climate change while improving food security and food quality.     

内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性

针对内蒙古春播小麦生育期短、干热风、高温逼熟等因素制约产量提高,且收获后光温资源极大浪费的现状,以及试种冬小麦发现的冬季冻害、春季干旱或“倒春寒”影响返青率及前茬限制等问题,本研究以“春麦冬播”种植模式为切入点,采用不同春化类型小麦品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,系统研究了不同小麦品种越冬出苗、叶片生理、根系性状及产量形成的差异,以期筛选适宜冬播的小麦品种。结果表明:供试的全部春性小麦品种及部分冬性品种可以以种子形式完成春化作用,第2年正常抽穗成熟。冬播条件下春季田间出苗率较春播小麦有所降低,但根系发达,对低温及干旱的适应性强。通过系统聚类筛选出适宜内蒙古平原灌区冬播的3个小麦品种,包括春性品种永良4号、冬性品种宁冬11号和半冬性品种河农7106,其共同特征为越冬出苗率高、抗逆性强、根系发达、产量表现较高,其中永良4号产量可达到与春播相同的水平。     

旱地小麦品种水分利用效率研究

以目前山西省12个旱地小麦主推品种和新育成品种为材料,在晋南旱地麦区进行大田试验,分析了在旱作栽培条件下,不同品种冬小麦品种籽粒产量、水分利用效率（WUE）的差异。试验表明,不同冬小麦品种之间产量、WUE和降雨生产力存在明显遗传差异,根据试验材料的籽粒产量和水分利用效率可分为3种类型：即高产高效型,产量在2900 kg/hm2以上,水分利用效率较高,平均为16.89 kg/( hm2?mm);中产中效型,产量在2700~2900 kg/hm2之间,水分利用效率平均为16.08 kg/( hm2?mm);低产低效型,产量在2700 kg/hm2以下,水分利用效率较低,平均为15.62 kg/(hm2?mm)。参试品种间耗水系数和降雨生产力间有明显的差异,耗水系数极差达132.11,降雨生产力极差达2.81 kg/(hm2?mm)。说明通过将抗旱、高水分利用效率和高产基因进行聚合杂交,可以实现抗旱高水分利用效率和高产性状统一于一体,培育出抗旱高水分利用效率和高产的小麦品种。高产高效品种可作为旱地小麦生产上的主推广品种加以应用,中产中效品种可作为搭配品种进行推广应用。     

普通小麦春化处理过程中wcor14a基因的表达分析

为进一步完善普通小麦春化特性理论基础,从不同春化特性小麦品种RNA-Seq结果中筛选得到一个春化诱导上调表达的EST序列Unigene3230,经NCBI比对与小麦wcor14a基因序列一致。为进一步明确该基因在春化过程中的功能,利用荧光定量PCR分析了wcor14a基因在非生物胁迫下的表达特性,结果显示,wcor14a基因能够响应低温、ABA、干旱等非生物胁迫。对wcor14a基因在不同春化发育特性小麦品种中的表达分析表明,该基因在不同发育特性小麦品种中的表达总体表现为春性半冬性冬性强冬性,而且表达时间表现为冬性和强冬性早于春性和半冬性。