茶多酚的抗氧化作用在竞技体育中的应用

茶叶之中蕴含着许多活性提取物,而茶多酚就是其中的一种。它具有明显的抗氧化功效,能够在很多领域内得到应用,尤其是在医药和食品领域。此外,茶多酚所具有的抗氧化功效还能够有效的促进运动后的疲劳恢复。因此本文主要对茶多酚的抗氧化作用在竞技体育中的应用进行分析,综合叙述茶多酚的组成和其生物活性对运动能力的影响。     

海藻多糖用于食品涂膜保鲜的研究现状

海藻多糖具有抑菌、抗病毒和抗氧化等多种生物活性,可用于食品的涂膜保鲜。本文概述了海藻多糖的生物活性及其保鲜机理,并将目前已发现的具有活性的海藻多糖种类及其在食品涂膜保鲜中的应用现状、保鲜效果等进行综述,同时对其未来发展趋势进行展望。     

茶多酚在医药和食品中的应用进展

茶叶中的茶多酚是一种结构相近的多元酚类物质，其中75％左右是游离儿条素和酯型儿茶素，此外还包括黄酮类，花色耷和醋酸类等。茶多酚在茶叶中的数量和质量及其制条过程中的各种转化，都对成品茶的品质起着极其重要的作用。茶多酚易溶于水、乙醇、丙酮等，不溶于乙酸、氯仿、苯、石油醚。具有涩味和收敛性，呈酸性，极易被氧化。本文对近年来菜多酚在食品和医药中的应用和机理加以综述，以供参考。1在食品工业中的应用由于菜多酚是一种高效低毒的天然抗氧化保鲜剂，因而在食品工业中的应用，主要包括油脂及其制品，油炸及烘烤食品，鱼及肉…     

茶多酚市场巨大亟待国内企业深入挖掘

在食品、药品等多个领域有着广泛用途的茶多酚目前在国内外市场不断走俏。业内人士初步估算,茶多酚约有十几亿元的市场需求,亟待国内企业深入挖掘开发。 茶多酚是从茶叶中提炼的浅绿色或淡黄色的粉末,对各种食品、化妆品、保健品和药品等具有优异的抗氧化能力和防腐保鲜作用。许多发达国家已把这种纯天然的抗氧化剂作为化学抗氧化剂的最佳替代品,并广泛用作各类食品添加剂。由于茶多酚能保护大脑,防止荧屏射线对皮肤和眼睛的伤害,因而用它加工的饮品被誉为“电脑时代的饮料”。     

茶多酚对中老年人运动能力的影响

茶叶中含有一种茶多酚的物质,该物质具有很好的抗氧化功效,因此在食品、医疗药物等领域中得到了广泛的应用。本文就茶多酚的组成、生物活性对中老年人运动能力的影响以及对生物的利用程度等进行全面的论述。     

茶多酚在食品及日用品上的应用

从茶叶中提取的多酚类化合物——茶多酚,最初主要作为食品天然抗氧化剂用于油脂和含油食品的抗氧化变质,随着研究的不断深入,人们发现茶多酚在生物医学、卫生保健、食品工业及日用化工等领域也占有一席之地,应用前景十分广阔,本文仅就茶多酚在食品及日用品上的应用作一叙述。 一、茶多酚在食品工业上的应用 1.作油脂食品抗氧化剂 茶多酚的主要成分是儿茶素及其衍生物,其结构式如下图所示。由于儿茶素A环和B环上的酚性羟基具有供氢的活性,因此,其还原能力很强,为理想的天然抗氧化剂。中国农业科学院茶叶研究所的研究人员经过多年的实验,证实茶多酚对油脂和含油食品具有良好的抗氧化性能(见表1)。虽然对植物油(花生油)氧化生成过氧化合物的抑制率较低(69.4％),然而对动物油(猪油)具有优异的抗氧化效果,过氧化台物生成的抑制率高达97.5％。茶多酚用于如饼干、方便面等含油食品,其抗氧化效果也不错,过氧化合物生成的抑制率达75％以上。另外,根据新加坡生物化学教授达斯的研究结果,与普通方法冷藏的肉类相比,用茶多酚溶液浸泡过的肉类,冷藏后其过氧化合物的含量低70％～80％,表明茶多酚的抗氧化效果十分理想。     

茶多酚的生物活性及效用研究进展

茶多酚是绿茶中重要的生物活性物质，具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、降血糖血脂以及抗衰老等多方面的生物活性作用，广泛应用于医疗保健、化工、食品等领域，成为近年来研究的热点。本文就近年来茶多酚生物活性以及目前研究存在的问题进行综述，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

茶多酚的生产与利用

凡是茶叶中所含的具有多酚结构性质的化合物，统称为茶多酚。茶儿茶素类化合物，是茶多酚的主体成分。红茶中所含茶儿条素类物质经氧化生成的聚合物，也归纳在茶多酚内。这类物质均具有高灵敏度的抗氧化性能。根据近十多年来所发表的论文，抗细胞突变研究结果证明，其中有的组成成分，确有令人信服的成效。物尽其能而用之．不论社会效益和经济效益，都必然会取得更进一步的提高。从茶多酚用于单纯氧化作用为目的的食品保质（俗称保鲜）的角度考虑，利用茶多酚作为保鲜剂，比纯茶儿茶素的功效更好。而利用纯茶儿茶素的混合物，比用进一步分离…     

茶多酚在食品保鲜中的应用研究

随着我国经济高速发展,国民生活水平的提高,饮食文化产业也在不断的发展,饮食行业的问题是逐渐被暴露出来,饮食健康安全成为了一个重要的关注点。部分食品为了在运输、存储、加工时增加保质期会在其中添加防腐剂来延缓食品变质,如果过度或使用不当食品添加剂会对食物造成重大安全隐患,会对人体造成危害,给人们的健康带来极大的隐患。为了减少这方面的危害,通过提取天然植物研究制成的茶多酚,可以很好地解决这类饮食安全问题,其具有超强的防腐功能且属于绿色无公害的添加剂,对于饮食行业有着深远的影响。本文就对茶多酚深入研究分析其主要组成成分与在食品防腐中的作用,分析茶多酚在未来食品保鲜中的应用。     

茶多酚抗氧化剂在食品上的研究与应用综述

氧化是导致食品品质变劣的重要因素之一，特别是对于油脂或含油食品来说更是如此，抗氧化剂是一种能够阻止或延缓油脂自动氧化的物质。茶多酚是一种天然抗氧化剂。茶多酚与油脂中脂肪酸的结合达到抗氧化作用。茶多酚可作为油脂食品抗氧化剂，也可作为功能食品的添加剂。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.