大白菜组织结构感官品质与评定指标的关系

以１７个大白菜品种为试材，探讨组织结构与感官品质及营养成份的关系。结果表明，三者密切相关。质地受导管壁厚度及中肋细胞大小的影响。组织结构与产品贮藏营养物质、风味和质地密切相关。可用公式Ｙ＝２．１７２５６８－０．０３１６Ｘ１（短缩茎溶生腔％）＋５．００９３９Ｘ２（叶肉厚ｍｍ）对感官品质进行定量评价。     

基于感官模糊建模和糖酸分析评价‘红美人’杂柑的品质

为科学评价柑橘果实品质差异，以9份‘红美人’（‘爱媛28’）杂柑为研究材料，对其常规品质指标、可溶性糖和有机酸含量进行检测，同时组织评价人员对样品各感官属性喜好度及属性权重等级进行评价。关联6个感官属性的感官评价结果与相关风味物质代谢数据，结果表明：‘红美人’汁胞中的可溶性糖主要是果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖，其中样品3和8可溶性糖含量较高，样品1和9较低；汁胞中的有机酸主要是柠檬酸，还有少量的苹果酸，其中样品5、3和1总酸含量较高，样品9最低；评价人员对各品质属性的关注度依次为果肉甜度>果肉酸度>果肉化渣性>果实香气>果实色泽=果实外形，且感官综合评价得分最高的是样品9、3和2；感官综合得分与果肉甜度、果肉化渣性和果实香气具有显著相关性；糖度感官评价与果糖、葡萄糖、总糖和可溶性固形物呈显著正相关，与苹果酸显著负相关。     

黄瓜质地与组织结构、纤维素及果胶含量的关系

通过对不同质地品质黄瓜品种的石蜡切片观察及纤维素和果胶含量分析,发现果皮比较薄,由表皮向内薄壁细胞体积增加快,果肉细胞形状规则,圆形、近圆形细胞多的品种,质地品质好。纤维素含量高,果胶含量低的果实不脆,含量适中的果实脆嫩,品质好。黄瓜肉质脆性与组织结构、纤维素、果胶含量关系密切。     

福鼎槟榔芋特征特性与高产栽培技术要点

福鼎槟榔芋特征特性与高产栽培技术要点马静，张一言（福建省福鼎县农科所３５５２００）（福鼎县农技站）福鼎槟榔芋又名山前芋、福鼎芋，属天南星科芋属的一个栽培种。它以个体大，品质优，质地松酥，香气浓厚，风味独特，富含淀粉、蛋白质及各种氨基酸而享誉国内外，于...     

西瓜品质构成分析

利用43份材料,对构成西瓜品质的性状进行全面分析,研究了西瓜感官品质与理化性状之间的关系以及各性状间的相互关系。相关分析结果表明,感官鉴定是评价西瓜品质的重要因素,甜度、风味、质地、多汁度和剖面颜色5项评价与综合评价均表现为极显著的正相关关系,糖、有机酸与感官鉴定各项目均表现为正相关,果胶、纤维、含水量与感官鉴定各项均表现为负相关。通径分析和主成分分析结果显示,在检测的20项理化性状中,可溶性固形物含量、各种糖含量、含水量、纤维含量等性状是决定西瓜品质的主要性状。     

柑橘鲜果检验方法进展

果实品质是决定果品市场竞争力的主要因素，但影响果实品质的因素很多，包括感官品质、风味品质和营养品质等，各因素之间存在密切相关性或相对独立性。在实际果品分析试验过程中，参考文献中有关分析试验方法很多，由于采用不同方法获的结果有一定的差异性，故果实品质指标参数的采集需要标明采用的试验方法及相关设备，只有这样方可作出比较正确的评价结果。     

基于质地多面分析法对平菇质构特性的分析

以平菇108-2、108-3及108-9 3个供试菌株为试材,采用感官评价和质构仪质地多面(TPA)分析法,研究发酵料及发酵熟料2种栽培模式对平菇子实体不同部位质地参数的影响,以期为平菇子实体质构分析和平菇育种提供参考依据。结果表明：不同模式下子实体质地特性差异主要是由品种决定;TPA质地参数可以代替感官品质评价,菌柄的质地参数大多高于菌盖;利用多元统计分析(主成分分析和相关性分析)能够提取到4个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到79.54%,其中硬度、咀嚼性及内聚性3个参数可用来反映平菇子实体质地特性。     

不同生态区富士苹果果皮解剖结构的特征与差异

通过对我国不同生态区富士苹果果实品质的调查和解剖结构观察，发现不同生态区富士果皮角质膜厚度、质地均一程度和外表光洁度各异；果皮角质膜质地均一是果面光洁的重要特征；表皮细胞的大小、形状和排列方式等影响角质膜厚度和质地均一性；不同地区果皮机械组织厚度、细胞层数、细胞大小和排列方式各异。在相对湿度低、降雨量少的地区，表皮细胞稀疏，机械组织发达。     

薄皮甜瓜组织结构、纤维素及果胶含量与果实感官品质的关系

以玉美人、龙甜3号、高甜黄金道、日本甜宝和香沙蜜5个薄皮甜瓜品种为试材,鉴定了成熟期各品种感官品质,观察了石蜡切片,并测定了果实中纤维素和可溶性果胶含量。结果表明:薄皮甜瓜表皮细胞切面小,表面积大,薄壁细胞递增快,近圆形细胞较多,且大小均匀,则果实感官品质好。同时,成熟果实中纤维素含量在0.24%～0.28%之间,可溶性果胶含量低,利于感官品质的提高。薄皮甜瓜感官品质与成熟果实中组织结构、纤维素和果胶含量关系密切。     

袋栽平菇输液式补水试验研究

以袋栽平菇为试验材料，研究输液式补水方法对平菇产量、单丛重量和感官品质的影响，结果表明：（1）袋栽平菇通过输液式补水处理后总产量增加。补水处理从4潮菇开始产量明显增加，其中以第1潮菇采收后补水10min／d的增产效果最好，达到18．5％。（2）输液式补水处理后，从第4潮菇开始可明显提高单丛菇重，但各处理间单丛菇重的差异不明显。在平菇的采收后期，通过输液式补水所产出菇的感官品质明显较对照（不补水）好。（3）每天对平菇茵袋直接输入10mL的水分即能提高平菇的产量和品质。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.