无色书虱不同虫态对PH3抗药性的研究

在25℃±1℃,75%±2%RH条件下,用FAO推荐的测定储粮害虫磷化氢(PH3)抗性的方法,对无色书虱敏感品系YNQJLd1、弱抗品系QLD-8和强抗品系GXHZLd1的成虫、若虫和卵进行了毒力测定,分别得出相应的磷化氢致死中浓度(LC50).YNQJLd1、QLD-8和GXHZLd1的成虫LC50值分别为0.0079、0.7127和1.7586mg/L,抗性品系的抗性系数(Rf)分别为90和222倍;YNQJLd1、QLD-8和GXHZLd1的若虫LC50值分别为0.00974、081053和1.63821mg/L,抗性品系的Rf分别为83和168倍;YNQJLd1、QLD-8和GXHZLd1的卵LC50值分别为0.4317、2.1495和5.22146mg/L,抗性品系的Rf分别为5和12倍.结果表明,无色书虱同一品系成虫和若虫对PH3抗性差异不明显,卵对PH3的抗性相比成虫和若虫是最强的,也是最难防治的虫态.本研究的测定为今后的书虱磷化氢抗性研究工作提供了基础数据,为实仓的磷化氢熏蒸试验提供了可靠的参考依据.     

我国储粮书虱磷化氢抗性调查及测定

以联合国粮农组织推荐的储粮害虫磷化氢(PH3)抗药性鉴别剂量(0.03mg·L-1,熏蒸24 h),对采自我国12个省23个地市粮库的4种储粮书虱,嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila(Enderlein),无色书虱L.decolor(Pearman),小眼书虱L.paeta Pearman,虚伪书虱L.mendax pearman的成虫进行抗药性测定.结果表明,嗜虫书虱14个品系采自9个省份,成虫死亡率为0～14%(死亡率越小,说明PH3抗性越强,以下情况相同),其中9个品系小于10%,四川洪雅SCHYLe1品系为0;无色书虱13个品系采自9个省,11个品系的死亡率小于5%,其中广东茂名GDMMLd1品系为0,云南曲靖YNQJLd1品系为100%;小眼书虱3个品系死亡率最高的为4%,浙江萧山ZJXSQLp1品系为1%;虚伪书虱3个品系中,江苏盐城JSYCLm1品系死亡率为5%.对4种书虱中死亡率最低的和最高的品系进行PH3毒力测定,SCHYLe1、GDMMLd1、ZJXSLp1和JSYCLm1等4个品系的LC50值分别为:1.4379,1.3085,0.5476和0.0632 mg/L,SCHYLe1和GDMMLd1的抗性系数分别为80和165倍.可见我国储粮书虱对PH3已产生了严重抗药性,应引起储粮工作人员的高度重视.     

嗜虫书虱磷化氢敏感品系和抗性品系在不同磷化氢浓度下的种群灭绝时间研究

研究嗜虫书虱磷化氢敏感品系QLe - 3和抗性品系GLZLe - 1在 2 5℃、75 %RH条件、不同磷化氢浓度下的种群灭绝时间 ,结果表明 :在 10 0mL/m3、2 0 0mL/m3、4 0 0mL/m3、70 0mL/m3的磷化氢浓度时 ,抗性品系的种群灭绝时间分别为 13天、10天、7天、6天 ;在5 0mL/m3、10 0mL/m3、2 0 0mL/m3、4 0 0mL/m3、70 0mL/m3的磷化氢浓度下 ,敏感品系的种群灭绝时间分别为 6天、4天、3天、2天、2天。嗜虫书虱的卵不论是抗性还是敏感品系 ,对PH3的耐药性都强于成虫和若虫 ;用磷化氢熏蒸时 ,嗜虫书虱的卵孵化推迟 3～ 6天 ,增加了防治难度 ;磷化氢浓度和种群灭绝时间之间的关系可用CnT =K式表示 ,敏感品系QLe - 3的关系式为C0 .4 4TPE =4 2 .0 5 (mg·h/L) ,抗性品系GLZLe - 1为C0 .4 1TPE =138.5 5 (mg·h/L)。     

4种药剂联用对嗜卷书虱成虫的熏杀效果

测定了磷化氢、敌敌畏、大蒜油和二氧化碳及其联用对嗜卷书虱(Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel)成虫的熏蒸活性。4种药剂对试虫的致死作用随剂量的增加而增强。4种药剂对试虫的熏蒸活性从高到低依次为:磷化氢敌敌畏大蒜油二氧化碳,其LC50分别为0.33mg·L-1、0.54mg·L-1、1.60mg·L-1和259.08mg·L-1。4种药剂联用时,正交试验结果显示4种药剂对试虫死亡率的影响从大到小依次为:大蒜油、敌敌畏、二氧化碳和磷化氢。1.32mg·L-1大蒜油0.52 mg·L-1敌敌畏14%二氧化碳0.20mL·L-1磷化氢联用时具有最佳的杀虫效果。结果表明联用药剂的效果优于单一药剂,且在嗜卷书虱的防治中有较强的应用价值。     

五种储粮害虫11个品系的磷化氢抗性测定

本文运用FAO(1975)推荐的测定储粮害虫磷化氢抗性的方法，对米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗、平米象和锯谷盗五种储粮害虫的11个品系进行毒力测定，得出它们的LC50值，米象的LS2和GDSo，玉米象HNZZSz—l和GDGZSz—l，谷蠢的QQRd和Rd一7，赤拟谷盗的QQTc-4、SDQHTc—l和HNSQTc—l以及锯谷盗VOs48和HNNYOs—1等11个品系的磷化氢致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0．0088和1．3006，0．0057和0．0058，0．0042和1．3779，0．0047、2．1009和0．9926以及0．0073和0．00090mg/L。其中磷化氢敏感品系为LS2、QQRd、QQTc—4、HNZZSz—l、GDGZSz—l、VOs48和HNNYOs—1；抗性品系为GDSo、RD-7、SDQHTc-l和HNSQTc—l，抗性系数Rf分别为148、327、449和212倍，抗性非常严重。测定结果为今后的磷化氢抗性研究工作提供了基础数据。     

补充施药保持磷化氢浓度熏蒸抗性书虱实仓试验

在500 Pa正压半衰期为30 s的拱板仓中对储藏小麦中抗性488倍的嗜卷书虱LiposcelishbostrychophilusBadonnel进行磷化氢熏蒸,包括预置试虫虫笼、潮解施药、气体环流、检测浓度、补充药剂、检查效果、熏蒸后防护等。主要结果为：初次施入磷化铝片剂44 kg后,仓内磷化氢浓度下降很快,以后分别于第14 d、第19 d和第37 d先后补充施药6 kg、12 kg、12 kg,仓内磷化氢浓度保持在200 mL/m3以上的时间维持45d。在大部分时间保持磷化氢浓度200 mL/m3~500 mL/m3的情况下,虫笼中的害虫到第45 d才全部死亡,试验仓在后期隔离防护的情况下180 d没有检测到书虱。结果说明,密闭较差的仓房熏蒸中补充施药才可能有效保持磷化氢浓度,在200 mL/m3~500 mL/m3的浓度下熏蒸需要很长的时间才能完全杀死抗性嗜卷书虱。     

不同磷化氢抗性的赤拟谷盗亚致死浓度下生长发育比较

在室温30℃±2℃、相对湿度75％±50环境中研究了对磷化氢抗性和敏感的赤拟谷盗3个品系在磷化氢亚致死浓度下卵、幼虫和蛹的发育与死亡情况,3个赤拟谷盗品系对磷化氢的抗性系数分别为R1=1、R170=170和R247=247,研究中设定的磷化氢亚致死浓度分别为0mg／L、0．0028mg／L和0．014mg／L。主要结果为：磷化氢亚致死浓度下赤拟谷盗抗性和敏感品系的发育历期延长;亚致死浓度磷化氢熏蒸下,3个品系间幼虫发育速率差异不明显,但抗性品系卵期和蛹期的发育速率增加较敏感品系显著。在亚致死浓度下,赤拟谷盗敏感品系的卵、幼虫和蛹的死亡率增加都明显高于抗性害虫,抗性品系的存活能力明显大于敏感害虫。     

谷蠹、米象和锈赤扁谷盗的PH_3抗性品系对杀螟松和氯化苦的交互抗性研究

用 4个谷蠹、5个米象和 4个锈赤扁谷盗磷化氢抗性品系进行了磷化氢抗性品系害虫对杀螟松和氯化苦的交互抗性试验。对杀螟松的抗性试验用FAO滤纸药膜法进行 ,对氯化苦的抗性试验参照FAO磷化氢抗性测定法 ,在干燥器内熏蒸处理。试验结果表明米象和锈赤扁谷盗的磷化氢抗性品系对氯化苦和杀螟松没有交互抗性。但两个谷蠹的磷化氢抗性品系对杀螟松表现出一定抗性 ,其抗性系数分别为 2 .94和 5.2 4。由于并非所有的磷化氢抗性品系都对杀螟松具有抗性 ,所以我们估计这种抗性是这些害虫以前接触过此种杀虫剂或类似的杀虫剂所引起的。所有的谷蠹品系对氯化苦都没有抗性。上述结果表明 ,为控制害虫对磷化氢抗性发展而采用轮换使用药剂策略时 ,氯化苦和杀螟松都是合适的轮换对象。     

一种替代FAO方法测定储粮害虫磷化氢高抗性的方法

对3个米象的抗性品系（其中两个是国内的，一个为澳大利亚提供的）进行群体选择，对1个米象的敏感品系进行了单对选择，对3个谷蠹的抗性品系和1个敏感品系也进行同样处理，用FAO方法测出3个米象抗性品系中最高抗性品系的抗性倍数为198倍，但因谷蠹在高浓度磷化氢测定中有保护性昏迷现象，用FAO方法无法测出3个抗性谷蠹的抗性倍数，对抗性虫用低浓度0.5mg/L和对敏感虫用低浓度0.01mg/L进行不同时间的处理。用LCT50的方法可得出抗性虫的抗性倍数，使用这种LCT50方法得到最高抗性谷蠹的抗性倍数为209。同时用这种LCT50得出最高抗性米象的抗性倍数是193.7，非常接近于用FAO方法测出的198的抗性倍数，证明该方法可以用来替代FAO方法。     

敌敌畏与食用香精对书虱的诱杀效果试验

在我库进行了敌敌畏对书虱的诱杀试验。分别对1、13、20号仓采用不同的施药方式：1号仓采用80％敌敌畏乳油与食用香精约按6：1比例和双飞粉混合施药,13号仓采用敌敌畏诱杀与磷化氢环流熏蒸相结合,20号仓为对照仓,其施药方式与13号仓的磷化铝施药方式相同。密闭21天后开仓取药,结果表明：敌敌畏对书虱的诱杀效果极为显著。但杀虫不彻底,而敌敌畏诱杀与磷化氢熏蒸相结合效果较为理想。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.