盐度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长与存活的影响

本文就盐度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼的生长及存活的影响进行了探讨,结果表明:漠斑牙鲆幼鱼适宜盐度范围为0～36,最适盐度范围为6～18。在适宜盐度下,漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长快,存活率高。过高或过低的盐度对幼鱼的生长发育均有一定的抑制作用。     

漠斑牙鲆仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼对低盐度的耐受力和淡水驯化技术的研究

研究了漠斑牙鲆仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼对低盐度的耐受力和漠斑牙鲆的淡水驯化技术。初孵仔鱼在盐度为5的水中最多存活5d,5d以后全部死亡。30日龄稚鱼在4h10min淡水组全部死亡,对淡水的耐受力较低,而盐度为5～25的各组72h的存活率都在95.00%以上。90日龄幼鱼经缓慢淡水驯化9d后存活率可达98%以上,对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼进行淡水驯化的最佳年龄为90日龄。淡水驯化影响幼鱼初期的摄食,以后则逐渐趋于正常;急性淡水驯化对幼鱼的伤害比缓慢淡水驯化大;漠斑牙鲆对低盐的耐受力随生长和发育逐渐增加,年龄是影响幼鱼对低盐度耐受力的主要因素。     

漠斑牙鲆幼鱼和成鱼对盐度的耐受力试验

盐度是影响漠斑牙鲆生长发育和繁殖的重要因素之一。试验证实,漠斑牙鲆在盐度0～60的环境中能够生存,生长的最佳盐度为5～35,对盐度的适应性广,这一点很有利于该鱼种在我国南、北方的海域和内陆广大地区进行大范围推广。莱州市大华水产有限公司、莱州市海洋水产研究所在“漠斑牙鲆规模化养殖技术研究”项目中,进行了漠斑牙鲆幼鱼和成鱼对盐度的耐受力试验。     

温度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长与存活的影响

本文根据温度实验,对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼的生长及存活的影响进行了探讨。结果表明：漠斑牙鲆幼鱼适宜生长温度范围为15—30℃,最适温度范围为18～27℃。在适宜温度下,漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长快,存活率高。过高或过低的温度对幼鱼的生长发育均有一定的抑制作用。在生产上,当培育水体温度低于15℃时应进行人为加温,对促进幼鱼的生长发育与存活有积极意义。     

漠斑牙鲆在我国北方养殖前景的探讨

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma),又名南方鲆,隶属于蝶形目,鲆科,牙鲆属.该鱼具有广盐和广温两大特点,盐度0～60‰,水温5～35℃可存活,生长最适盐度为5～25‰、水温25～32℃,同龄的雌性大于雄性.     

不同水色对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响

为了解在不同水色下漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)幼鱼体重和全长增长以及生长效率和存活率的情况,找到适合漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长的最适水色,在漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长最适温度25℃下,采用人工色素调节水色的方法设定五个水色组,即黄褐色A、蓝色B、绿色C、黑色D、红色E水色组以及对照组F,试验分三个阶段进行,分别研究在这五个不同水色下漠斑牙鲆幼鱼体重和全长增长、生长效率、存活率的情况。结果表明,当水色是黄褐色A时漠斑牙鲆幼鱼体重增长和全长增长最快。在第二阶段试验中发现漠斑牙鲆幼鱼最大生长效率出现在黄褐色A水色中。在第三阶段试验中发现在黄褐色A水色中漠斑牙鲆幼鱼存活率最高。综合三个阶段结果得出,黄褐色A色对漠斑牙鲆稚、幼鱼的影响效果明显,且不会降低成活率,是适合漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长的最适水色。     

漠斑牙鲆淡化试验报告

2005年我们对漠斑牙鲆的幼鱼（图见彩中插2）淡化技术进行了研究，取得了淡化盐度到0、成活率98％以上的良好效果。现将试验情况报告如下：     

地下深井水室内养殖漠斑牙鲆试验

漠斑牙鲆属于广盐性种类.成鱼生活于河流或盐度较低的水域,繁殖季节洄游到深海,幼鱼经60～80d生长发育变态后,进入淡水或半咸水水域生活,其适温范围在4～30℃,能在盐度0～36‰的盐水、半盐水、淡水中生长.该品种具有生长快、品质优、适应性广、抗逆能力强、耐低溶氧、易运输等特点.在我国北方地区已经繁育成功,是一种推广前景较好的名贵养殖品种.2004年6月,警卫局固安生产基地从北京引进4cm左右漠斑牙鲆5 000尾进行试验养殖,经过7个月的饲养,漠斑牙鲆生长效果较好,成活率较高.为廊坊地区及周边渔业养殖生产单位提供了一个新的养殖品种.     

淡水闭合循环养殖条件下养殖密度和个体大小对漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)幼鱼生长的影响

以新疆伊犁河生态渔业中心漠斑牙鲆循环水养殖系统为实验平台，在生产规模上研究了闭合循环淡水养殖条件下养殖密度和个体大小对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响。结果表明：漠斑牙鲆池底覆盖率低于34％时，养殖密度对漠斑牙鲆生长的影响不显著（P〉0．05）；养殖密度对个体大小的分化具有显著影响（P〈0．05），加强养殖管理可以降低该影响；漠斑牙鲆全长120mm时，性别分化基本完成，雄鱼规格和生长速度明显低于雌鱼。     

急性盐度胁迫对细鳞鱼刺幼鱼存活及摄饵的影响

以捕获的细鳞鱼刺(Terapon jarbua)幼鱼为对象,在水温26.0～29.5℃条件下,设置0、5、10、20、30、40、50、55、60、65共10个盐度梯度,进行盐度骤变对细鳞鱼刺存活、吸水、脱水和摄饵的影响研究。结果表明:1)在盐度0,24～72 h细鳞鱼刺存活率为90.0%,恢复实验48 h后总存活率降至81.0%;2 h后吸水率6.5%,8 h后吸水率13.3%,24 h后吸水率10.4%;恢复死亡率为11.1%。2)在盐度5～40,细鳞鱼刺存活时间72 h;盐度5组2 h后吸水率2.4%,8 h后吸水率1%,24 h后吸水率0.1%;盐度5～40各组恢复实验成活率为100%。3)在50～65高盐度组中,盐度65的2 h存活率为30%,4 h存活率为0%,平均存活时间为1.88 h;盐度60、55、50的24 h存活率分别为36.7%、53.3%、66.7%,48 h存活率30%、50%、66.7%;盐度65、60的2 h脱水率分别为12.7%、12.6%;盐度5～40各组72 h存活的幼鱼恢复实验存活率为100%。存活时间结果显示,盐度65的处理组平均存活时间显著低于其他处理组,所有实验组的幼鱼,只要存活时间超过48 h将不再死亡,存活时间均可达到72 h;实验开始2 h后高盐度组出现明显脱水,低盐度组出现明显吸水,24 h后的体质量测量结果表明,细鳞鱼刺幼鱼在盐度5的低盐组,其渗透压调节适应能力高于盐度60的高盐组;恢复实验后,除盐度0组的细鳞鱼刺出现11%的死亡率外,其他各组恢复成活率均为100%;恢复实验24 h后,全部梯度存活下来的鱼摄饵正常。总之,细鳞鱼刺生存的极限盐度为50～65,可正常存活和摄饵的盐度为5～40,不适宜在盐度0生存。     

盐度对杂交东方鲀存活和摄食的影响

采用盐度骤变和渐变的方法,研究了盐度0、5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰、40‰、45‰、50‰、55‰、60‰共13个梯度对菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代存活和摄食的影响。研究表明,盐度从30‰骤变到15‰～50‰时,杂交F1存活率最高,显著高于盐度0、5‰、10‰、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率(P<0.05),其中盐度10‰的梯度中杂交F1代存活率约为33.3%,而盐度0、5‰、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率均低于1%;盐度5‰～50‰为杂交F1可摄食盐度,其中20‰～35‰是最佳摄食盐度。盐度渐变时,盐度5‰～50‰梯度中杂交F1代存活率最高,显著高于盐度0、55‰和60‰梯度的存活率(P<0.05),其中盐度0的梯度中杂交F1代存活率最低,约为12%;盐度0～60‰为杂交F1可摄食盐度,其中盐度20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰和40‰时,杂交F1摄食率无显著差异,在盐度30‰时摄食量和摄食率均达到最大。表明,菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代是广盐性鱼类,对盐度适应能力较强,而且适应盐度渐变的能力强于盐度骤变。     

光裸星虫对盐度和温度的耐受性研究

试验结果表明,(1)盐度从20突变为5时,其成活率为60%;盐度由20突变至50时,成活率为0.求得光裸星虫96 h半致死盐度上限为41.7.(2)盐度由25每隔12 h上升5至盐度50时,其成活率由100%降至60%,盐度逐渐由25降至5,光裸星虫成活率由100%降至85%.(3)当水温由25 ℃急骤降至20、15、10、5 ℃时,光裸星虫的成活率依次为100%、100%、100%、70%;当水温由25 ℃急骤升至30 ℃时,光裸星虫的成活率仅为10%;当突变温度急骤升至35 ℃时,其成活率为0.求得其96 h急性半致死温度上限为27.5 ℃.(4)水温由22 ℃每隔12 h逐渐升至25、30、35、40 ℃时,光裸星虫成活率下降幅度不大,分别为100%、100%、85%、85%.水温由22 ℃每隔12 h逐渐降至20、15、10、5 ℃时,其成活率均为100%.根据试验结果可知,光裸星虫属广温、广盐种.     

盐度与pH对花鲈孵化、初孵仔鱼成活及早期幼鱼生长性能的影响

为探究我国北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及促进早期花鲈苗种推广,本研究针对不同盐度(0、15、20、25、30、35和40)与pH(5.5、6.5、7.5、8.5和9.5)条件下,北方人工繁殖花鲈受精卵的孵化率、畸形率及饥饿10 d后的存活情况进行了分析,并对花鲈初孵仔鱼进行不投饵耐饥饿实验,记录每日存活率(SR)及最终生存活力指数(SAI)。最后观测低盐0、养殖盐度30与高盐45对花鲈早期幼鱼生长性能的影响。结果显示,北方海域花鲈受精卵适宜孵化盐度为20~35,以盐度25组孵化率最高,适宜pH为6.5~7.5,以pH 6.5组孵化率最高。低盐15组中,具最低的孵化率及最高的畸形率,但在最终饥饿SR的统计中,低盐15组的SR及SAI明显高于盐度30与35组,推测低盐15接近花鲈体液等渗点,降低了渗透调节中的能量消耗,更利于存活。初孵仔鱼饥饿实验中,盐度20组SR下降相对平缓,在第8天仍有12.66%的SR(其他组已为0)。饥饿1 d时,各pH组SR均小于90%,以pH 6.5组SR最高,为89.11%。与盐度处理组相比,花鲈初孵仔鱼对pH变化较为敏感,其孵化率及最终SR显著低于盐度处理组。花鲈早期幼鱼盐度处理组中,低盐0与高盐45将对此规格花鲈幼鱼产生较大损伤,以高盐45抑制最显著,应为苗种盐度推广的上限,而花鲈生长盐度30与各处理盐度相比,较适合花鲈早期幼鱼的生长。研究结果将为北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及提高花鲈孵化率、育苗成活率与早期苗种推广提供基础资料。     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

Effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival of New Zealand shortfin,Anguilla australis,and longfin,A. dieffenbachii,glass eels

The ideal water conditions for maximizing the performance of the nursery culture of glass eels harvested from the wild for aquaculture need to be determined for the New Zealand shortfin (Anguilla australis) and longfin (Anguilla dieffenbachii) eels. This study determined the survival and growth of glass eels reared under different temperature and salinity conditions in the laboratory. The growth and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared in salt water (35‰) maintained at 25 °C was examined over 84 days from capture. The mean specific growth rate (SGR) was higher in shortfin [2.30±0.29% body weight (b.w.) day^?1] than longfin glass eels (1.52±0.06% b.w. day^?1), and survival was also higher in shortfin (76.0±4.16%) than for longfin glass eels (28.7±6.36%). A second experiment identified the effect of salinity (0, 17.5‰ and 35‰) and temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C) on the acclimation, growth performance and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels over a period of 84 days from capture. There was no incidence of mortality for either shortfin or longfin glass eels reared across all salinity treatments (0‰, 17.5‰ and 35‰) at 26.5 °C, while survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared at 17.5 °C was the highest in 17.5‰, followed by 35‰ and 0‰ treatments. Both temperature and salinity affected the SGR of shortfin glass eels, with the highest SGR observed for shortfin glass eels reared in 0‰ water maintained at 26.5 °C. In longfin glass eels, salinity alone had an effect on the SGR, with the highest SGR observed in glass eels reared in 0‰ water regardless of the water temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C). In addition, the adaptability of glass eels to salinity was evaluated from the development and the physiological responses of gill chloride cell (CC) morphology. The number and size of CCs increased significantly with increasing salinity in both shortfin and longfin eels.     

淡化对南美白对虾存活率、渗透压和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力的影响

采用微型冰点渗透压仪、荧光定量PCR和酶活力测定的方法分析淡化对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)存活率、体内渗透压及Na~+/K~+-ATPase基因表达和酶活力的影响。结果表明,养殖水体盐度由12‰下降到0‰过程中,虾苗存活率和活力始终维持一个较高的水平。对虾体内渗透压随着水体盐度的降低而降低,但没有显著差异。渗透压调节关键基因Na~+/K~+-ATPase mRNA表达水平和酶活力在水体盐度12‰下降到9‰过程中显著升高,之后随着水体盐度的下降表达量显著降低,最后在6‰下降到0‰过程中趋于平缓。     

方斑东风螺对盐度适应性的研究

通过实验生态学的方法，在温度28．2～29．7℃、pH7．6—8．3的条件下，研究了养殖方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolata）的适宜、最适生存盐度及适宜、最适生长盐度，以期为养殖生产提供科学依据。生存临界盐度界定为120h50％死亡的盐度（120hLS50），其范围为适宜生存盐度；生长临界盐度界定为增长率为最佳一组30％所对应的盐度，其范围为适宜生长盐度；把经过多重比较结果显示无显著差异的存活率或13生长量最高的几个实验组所对应的盐度范围作为最适生存或生长盐度。研究结果表明，方斑东风螺适宜生存盐度为19．18～41．39，最适生存盐度为26．0—34．4；适宜生长盐度为19．28～39．96，最适生长盐度为26．0—31．6。当盐度变化超出最适范围时，养殖方斑东风螺对低盐更为敏感。     

低盐胁迫对三疣梭子蟹鳃和肝胰腺显微结构及家系存活的影响

在实验生态条件下研究了低盐环境对三疣梭子蟹鳃丝和肝胰腺显微结构、家系存活率的影响。研究结果表明,低盐(15.0、13.0、11.0、9.0)胁迫能够诱导鳃丝和肝胰腺显微结构改变。盐度为15.0时,上皮层变薄,B细胞数量增多;盐度为13.0时,鳃丝不规则增厚,B细胞数量进一步增多,肝小管中的R细胞的数量减少,柱状上皮细胞的细胞质内出现许多空泡;盐度为11.0时,上皮层出现解体,鳃腔中的血细胞明显增多,肝细胞空泡化现象更为严重;盐度为9.0时,上皮层破坏直至解体,B细胞中转运泡数量增多,体积增大,细胞结构损伤严重。以72h的低盐半致死盐度(LD50=11.1)为评价指标,检测24、48、72h共计10个家系对低盐的耐受性。各家系对照组(盐度为35.0)在实验期间均未出现死亡现象,而在低盐胁迫条件下,随着时间的逐渐延长,各家系的存活率均呈下降趋势,24、48、72h的存活率变化范围分别在64.44%~80.00%、50.00%~68.89%和33.33%~60.00%之间。各家系72h时的存活率大小顺序为J10J4J9J5J7J3J6J2J8J1,均显著低于各自的对照组(P0.05)。     

盐度对棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

观察比较了11个盐度梯度[0、5、10、15、20、25、30(自然海水)、35、40、45、50]下,棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lueidus)胚胎的沉浮情况、孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率,并测定了初孵仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果表明:(1)棘头梅童鱼胚胎在海水盐度为30及以上时100%漂浮;盐度为25时,95%漂浮,5%悬浮;盐度为20时95%悬浮,5%沉底;盐度为15时95%沉底,5%悬浮;盐度为10及以下时100%沉底。在水温18～20℃的条件下,棘头梅童鱼胚胎在盐度5～40范围内经28～32 h能孵化出仔鱼,盐度对孵化时间影响不显著(P>0.05)。但孵化率和畸形率因盐度不同而有显著差异。综合分析表明棘头梅童鱼胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围为15～35,孵化最适盐度范围在20～30之间。(2)在可孵出鱼苗盐度范围(5～40)内,棘头梅童鱼仔鱼SAI值为(1.80±0.03)～(11.85±0.02),与卵的孵化率呈正相关关系。仔鱼生存的适宜生长盐度为10～30,最适盐度范围为20～25。     

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Weight Gain, Oxygen Consumption Rate, and Growth Efficiency in Juvenile Red-Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Abstract.— Weight gain and metabolic rates, as determined by oxygen consumption rates, were examined in juvenile Australian red-claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus exposed to different temperatures (16–32 C in 2 C increments) or salinities (0–30 ppt in 5 ppt increments). Mean weight gain, molting frequency, and survival (%) were dependent on temperature and salinity. In freshwater (0 ppt), maximal weight gain and molting frequency were observed at 28 C with maximal survival observed over the temperature range of 24–30 C. Metabolic rates in freshwater were temperature dependent (mean Q₁₀= 2.44). Maximal weight gain and molting frequency were observed at salinities of 0 and 5 ppt (28 C); however, survival was reduced at salinities ≥ 5 ppt. Metabolic rates were not salinity dependent and did not differ significantly over the salinity range from 0–20 ppt. Growth efficiencies, calculated by dividing weight gain by total metabolic energy expenditure (i.e., weight gain + metabolic rate), were highest at a temperature of 20 C (0 ppt) and at salinities of 0 and 5 ppt (28 C). These data suggest that, at higher culture temperatures, maximal weight gain of red-claw juveniles may be reduced when food resources are limited. Maximal weight gain, at optimal temperatures (28 C) with unlimited food supply, does not appear to be effected by low salinity conditions. Because of the potential commercial value of red-claw, culturists, should be aware of the relationship between environmental condition and metabolic energy requirements to ensure maximal weight gain and survival of juveniles.