不同水平有机铜、有机锌对肉鸭生长性能、组织微量元素含量和血清抗氧化指标的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平有机铜、有机锌对肉鸭生长性能、组织器官铜、锌、铁含量和血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验采用3×3完全随机试验设计,选用1 080只1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只,试验期为42 d。基础日粮为不额外添加铜、锌,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加12、24和36 mg/kg的蛋氨酸螯合铜（以铜元素计）和24、48和72 mg/kg的蛋氨酸螯合锌（以锌元素计）。结果显示：72 mg/kg蛋氨酸螯合锌组肉鸭1～21日龄日增重显著高于添加48 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌组（P<0.05）;饲粮添加铜可显著提高肉鸭血清铜水平（P<0.05）;饲粮添加铜和锌对肉鸭血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）活性具有显著影响（P<0.05）。研究表明,饲粮以蛋氨酸螯合锌形式添加72 mg/kg锌可提高1～21日龄肉鸭日增重,以蛋氨酸螯合铜形式添加36 mg/kg铜可提高肉鸭血清SOD活性。     

纳米铜替代抗生素对肉鸭生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

旨在探讨纳米铜作为抗生素的替代品对樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能及血清生化指标的影响。将450只1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、抗生素组(基础日粮+50 mg/kg金霉素+20 mg/kg磺胺二甲基嘧啶)和纳米铜组(基础日粮+52 mg/kg纳米铜),每组各设3个重复,每个重复50只(组内公母各半),试验期为36 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,整个试验期间纳米铜组显著提高了肉鸭屠宰率、平均日增重、全净膛率和胸腺重率(P0.05),而抗生素组变化不显著(P0.05),纳米铜和抗生素组均显著降低了肉鸭死淘率,增加了半净膛率及腔上囊重率,且添加纳米铜效果更明显(P0.05);抗生素组的谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶含量显著升高,而纳米铜组显著降低(P0.05);抗生素组的总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著升高,纳米铜组差异不显著(P0.05),但其尿酸水平显著降低(P0.05);纳米铜与抗生素组中碱性磷酸酶水平分别下降了23.2%和18.5%(P0.05)。综上,日粮中补充抗生素和52 mg/kg纳米铜可促进肉鸭生长,改善胴体品质并增强免疫力,但纳米铜效果优于抗生素,且抗生素处理后肉鸭的肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中均有抗生素残留。因此,纳米铜可作为抗生素促生长剂的代替品用于樱桃谷肉鸭养殖。     

肉鸭饲料中添加硅的效果研究

将180只14日龄仙湖3号瘦肉型鸭随机分成3组，于日粮中分别添加硒0，150，300mg/kg，进行为期31d的饲养试验。结果显示：试验组肉鸭的羽毛生长较快，较丰满，添加Si300mg/kg组的肉鸭的羽毛发育比150mg/kg组好。试验全期，与对照组比较，150mg/kg、300mg/kg组的只均增质量分别提高了8.16%、4.45%；只均采食量分别高了5.40%、2.54%；饲料转化率分别提高了2.59%、1.73%，每千克增质量饲料成本分别降低了0.14,0.09元；各处理组肉鸭的屠体性状差异不显著（P＞0.05)。综合比较：在肉鸭饲料中添加硒150mg/kg能增加采食量，促进生长及羽毛发育，提高饲料转化率，增加经济效益。     

日粮铜水平对肉鸭屠体性状及组织中铜沉积量的影响

选用510只1日龄仙湖3号商品肉鸭,随机分为5组(公母各半),Ⅰ至Ⅴ组日粮中含铜水平(mg／kg)分别为7,150,200,250和300。试验结果表明,肝脏、肌肉与日粮铜水平相关系数分别为0.889,0.772,而屠宰性能与对照组差异不显著。     

高铜在肉鸭日粮中的应用

选用510只1日龄仙湖3号商品肉鸭，随机分为5组(公母各半)，1—5组全价日粮中含铜水平分别为7、150、200、250和300mg／kg。试验结果表明，肝脏、肌肉与日粮中铜水平相关系数分别为0．889、0．772，而屠宰性能与对照组差异不显著。     

肉鸭日粮中补铬的试验

选用108只刚出壳的仙湖3号肉鸭，随机分为3组（公母各半），Ⅰ组为对照组，喂以基础日粮；Ⅱ和Ⅲ组为试验组，在基础日粮中分别添加0.2和0.4mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬（以铬计）。试验结果表明：日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬可以显著地降低肉鸭的腹脂率，有降低皮脂率的趋势，对肉鸭的生长有一定的促进作用，但效果不显著，饲料利用率、胸腿肌率、屠宰率与对照组差异不显著。     

雏鸭铜中毒的实验观察

1日龄天府肉鸭健雏210只随机分为三组,分别喂给铜12.16mg/kg(对照或1组)、850mg/kg(2组)和1050mg/kg(3组)日粮7周。结果表明,后两组雏鸭分别于3周龄和2周龄开始出现临床症状,生长发育迟缓,并出现死亡;血红蛋白含量和红细胞数量显著低于对照组(p<0.05),红细胞变形、变性,大小不等;血清铜含量和肝铜含量极显著高于对照组(p<0.01)。     

黄霉素不同水平喂鸭试验

本次试验表明：肉鸭饲料中添加2─8mg／kg黄霉素能显著地提高饲料养分的利用率，与不加抗菌素的对照组比较，分别节约饲料达8.51％─11.38%，也比添加50mg／kg金霉素组节约2％─3％；黄霉素在促进肉鸭的增重方面，3周龄前各添加水平均效果显著（P＜0.01），到43日龄出栏，6mg／kg、4mg／kg组效果均显著高于对照组。添加黄霉素的经济效益十分显著，每只鸭比对照组可多获利1.67─2.4元，也比金霉素组多获利约0.23元，黄霉素在肉鸭饲料中的添加量，3周龄前6mg／kg，3周龄后为4mg/kg即能取得很好的经济效益。     

铜的不同添加量对肉鸭生长的影响

将180只14日龄樱桃谷鸭随机分成3组，组内设3个重复，在含铜7.1mg/kg（测定值）的基础日粮中分别添加10mg/kg、95mg/kg和150mg/kg的铜，进行3周龄～4周龄和5周龄两期，共21d的饲养试验，测定各组的平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）和饲料转化率（F/G）。试验结果表明：各组的ADG、ADFI和F/G的差异不显著（P>0.05），但是随着日粮中的铜水平的提高，肉鸭的ADG有增大趋势，ADFI不受影响，F/G略有下降。     

高铜对雏鸭生长的作用效果

1日龄天府肉鸭健雏360只随机分成6组,分别喂给含铜8mg/kg(对照组)、100mg/kg(高铜Ⅰ组)、200mg/kg(高铜Ⅱ组)、400mg/kg(高铜Ⅲ组)、600mg/kg(高铜Ⅳ组)、800mg/kg(高铜Ⅴ组)日粮6周。试验结果表明,高铜Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在试验第3～6周表现出促生长作用,试验结束时高铜Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组雏鸭体重增长极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。血清铜含量、肝铜和肾铜含量随日粮铜添加量的增加而升高,且显著的量效关系。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.