西江中下游生态公益林对降水截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1 317.60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318.37,87.85和911.38 mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24.16%,6.67%和69.17%。林外降水量大于1.3 mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3.0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.788 8,0.957 7和0.965 9;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.835 6,0.803 4和0.874 2。     

木麻黄林降水淋溶的养分含量

林外大气降水输入的养分量与不同季节降水量的变化相一致,而养分浓度的季节变化呈相反趋势。20年生木麻黄林冠的年降雨分配比例以透流率最大,径流率为最小。林冠透流量、径流量和截留量均随降雨量的增大而增加。大气降水经过木麻黄林冠后,冠层淋溶的各种养分元素含量均有不同程度的增加。     

人工毛竹林水文生态功能的初步研究

在2009年3—10月对浙江庙山坞自然保护区人工毛竹林的水文生态特征进行了定位样地和径流场观测研究,以探讨其林内降水分配规律和水土保持功能。结果表明:(1)观测期内,林外总降水量达1 220.8 mm,穿透雨量、茎流量、林冠截留量分别占总降水量的78.2%、7.3%和14.5%。随着林外降水量的增加,穿透雨量、茎流量呈线性增加,而林冠截留量先是迅速增加,当林外降水量达10 mm后增速减缓,并趋于稳定(5 - 6 mm)。(2)人工毛竹林林地凋落物现存量平均为4.37 t·hm^-2,最     

西江中下游生态公益林对降水的截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1317．60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318．37,87．85和911．38mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24．16％,6．67％和69．17％。林外降水量大于1．31mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3．0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数序分别为0．7888,0．9577和0．9659;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数尺。分别为0．8356,0．8034和0．8742。     

紫金山麻栎林降水分配格局研究

对紫金山栎林林冠截留、树干茎流与降水量之间的关系进行了研究。在观测的46场降水中,降水量达823.8 mm,林冠总截留量、树干茎流量和穿透雨量分别为207.95 mm、33.30 mm、582.55 mm,林冠截留率、树干茎流率和穿透率分别为25.24%、4.04%、70.71%。随着降水量的增大,林冠截留量、树干茎流量、穿透雨量及穿透率都有所增加,林冠截留率降低,树干茎流率在2～50 mm降水量级中逐渐增大,在>50 mm降水量级有所降低。林冠截留量与降水量之间呈幂函数关系,而树干茎流量、穿透雨与降水量之间呈线性相关。     

不同经营模式绿竹林水文效应研究

调查降水在丛生型和散生型两种不同经营模式的绿竹林中的分配情况,对林冠截留、穿透水、秆流与降雨量的关系等竹林水文效应进行研究,研究结果表明,散生型绿竹林的林冠截留效果优于丛生型绿竹林,两种不同经营模式绿竹林的林冠截留量、穿透水量和秆流量与降雨量均存在很强的相关关系。     

小兴安岭红松林冠层截留降雪特征及模拟

【目的】研究小兴安岭红松林林外降雪、林内穿透雪和林冠截雪特征,深入认识森林冠层对降雪截留再分配的影响,为定量评价该区域红松林的生态雪水文效应提供理论依据。【方法】连续2年冬季定位观测红松林林外降雪和林内穿透降雪特征,并调查林分结构因子,利用基于物理机制的半经验性理论降雪截留模型模拟红松林冠次截留雪量。【结果】2013年11月至2014年4月和2014年11月至2015年4月,共观测到17场降雪,平均次降雪量10.3 mm,平均次降雪强度4.41 mm·d-1;平均次穿透降雪量7.4 mm,平均次穿透率69.3%,次穿透降雪量和次穿透率均随次降雪量增加而增大;林冠次截留雪量与次降雪量呈较好的幂函数正相关关系,并与郁闭度显著正相关(P0.05),而林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量呈负指数函数关系(P0.05),次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透雪量有显著影响;林冠截留降雪存在饱和截留量限制,林冠次降雪截留率随次降雪量增加逐渐降低;林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量和郁闭度紧密相关(P0.05),而与胸径、树高、胸高断面积、林冠高度、林冠宽度、叶面积指数和坡度等指标相关性不显著。【结论】次降雪量和林冠郁闭度对林冠次截留雪量影响显著,次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透降雪量有显著影响。Pomeroy等(2002)和修正的降雪截留模型能较好拟合小兴安岭地区红松林冠次截留雪量。     

西藏色季拉山高山松林降雨再分配格局研究

对西藏色季拉山高山松林冠截留、树干茎流与大气降雨量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:观测期间总降水量达337.90 mm,其中林冠截留量为82.17 mm、截留率为24.32%、变化幅度为13.19%⁶8.72%,穿透雨量为215.76 mm、穿透率63.85%、变化幅度为1.67%68.72%,穿透雨量为215.76 mm、穿透率63.85%、变化幅度为1.67%¹3.57%,树干茎流量39.97 mm、茎流率11.83%、变化幅度为29.70%13.57%,树干茎流量39.97 mm、茎流率11.83%、变化幅度为29.70%⁷3.26%。林冠截留量、穿透降雨量和树干茎流量与林外降雨量之间的关系分别为幂函数、直线性和二次函数关系。降雨的发生与林冠截留的产生是同步的,但是穿透产生和茎流产生与降雨发生并不同步。穿透雨和树干茎流是降雨量达到一定程度才开始出现的,而且刚开始很小,随后逐渐增大。     

内蒙古大青山白茬子沟小流域典型森林植被的冠层降水再分配特征

利用生长季观测的降雨数据,分析了内蒙古大青山白茬子沟小流域白桦次生林和华北落叶松人工林林冠降雨截留、穿透雨及树干径流与降雨量的关系,以及降雨林冠截留过程的特征。结果表明:两种林分林冠截留量与降雨量的关系吻合对数回归模型;穿透雨量、树干径流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干径流量均随着降雨量的增加而增加。不同林分的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干径流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致;林内穿透雨率超过73%,冠层截留率9.81%~26.22%,树干径流0.72%~9.10%。     

兴安落叶松原始林、渐伐林降水截留特征对比分析

通过对大兴安岭北部地区兴安落叶松原始林和渐伐林降水截留特征的观测表明,兴安落叶松原始林和渐伐林的林冠截留量与林外降雨量均呈幂函数关系;两种林地对林外降雨量的截留能力基本相同;研究表明,兴安落叶松渐伐林在经过多年的自然恢复后,林冠对降水的截留作用可恢复到经营前水平。     

Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China

Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林林冠对降雨及其养分的影响

在2001年森林生长季(6-9月),通过测量降雨各分量,分析了中国吉林省长白山北坡红松阔叶林冠层对降水分配各分量的影响。结果表明:干流量(37.39 mm),透流量(326.02 mm)和截留量(105.67 mm),分别占同期降雨量(469.08 mm) 的7.97%、69.50%和22.53%。林冠对降雨的月份分配规律是:树干茎流率的月变化为七、八月份大于其它月份,穿透率从6-9月份有逐渐减少的趋势,而截留率的变化正好与穿透率相反,从19.43%增加到31.02%。林内降雨中的养分元素浓度发生显著变化,除Ca、Mg外,其它元素的浓度都有所增加。经分析得出,大气降雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:Ca> Mg> N> K> Fe > P> Cu > Mn;而穿透雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu;在林冠淋溶中各养分元素的浓度序列为:Mn> P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca。图1表5参13。     

Rainfall interception in a moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest

In recent years, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest areas in Japan have rapidly expanded, and bamboo is now invading nearby natural or plantation forests. To date, only one study has examined the rainfall interception of a moso bamboo forest. In that study, it was reported that the interception ratio (interception/rainfall) of the bamboo forest did not exceed the interception ratios of other natural and plantation forests (n = 4) in Japan. To expand the current state of knowledge about rainfall interception of bamboo forests, we measured throughfall and stemflow at another bamboo forest site. Annual rainfall (Rf), throughfall (Tf), and stemflow (Sf) during the measurement period were 2,105, 1,556, and 322 mm, respectively. Annual rainfall interception at the plot (I) was 228 mm. Tf/Rf, Sf/Rf, and I/Rf were 73.9, 15.3, 10.8%, respectively. I/Rf was less than 20% throughout the year except in October, the month with lowest rainfall. We also summarized rainfall interception data from 19 other natural and plantation forests. The I/Rf value of our site did not exceed the I/Rf values of these natural and plantation forests (n = 19). Our data will be useful for assessing changes in water resources that result from replacement of natural or plantation forests by bamboo forests.     

梁山慈竹在退耕还林中的水土保持效应研究

利用小型径流观测场对比观测降雨时间集中的梁山慈竹林和未退耕种植红薯的耕地的17次降雨、10次水土流失过程进行效益对比,分析侵蚀量、径流量与降雨因子的关系。结果表明,退耕还梁山慈竹林的穿透降水率为89.14%,茎流率平均为1.57%,林冠截持降水率为9.29%;凋落物层的最大持水量约为27.54 t.hm-2,相当于水深2.4～3.3 mm,占降水量的14.46%～19.88%;与未退耕地相比,梁山慈竹林的平均径流量比耕地减少24.6%,而耕地侵蚀量约是林地的4.7倍,林地降水的泥沙侵蚀平均减少量达到78.56%。梁山慈竹有较好的水土保持作用,能够明显地减少地表径流和泥沙侵蚀。     

武夷山甜槠常绿阔叶林林分降水分量特征

2004年对武夷山甜槠林不同水文分量定位观测,探讨甜槠林森林水文与降水的关系 .结果表明:1)2004年共发生降水219次,年降水量1 767.4 mm,穿透水、茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1 304.9、245.0和217.5 mm;穿透率、茎流率和截留率分别为73.8%、 13.9%和12.3%;2)同次降水中,林内不同位置的穿透雨量差异显著,穿透水量与大气降水量之间存在明显的线性关系;3)随着胸径的增加,茎流量减小,形成茎流的时间推迟;4)当降水量<202.1 mm时,林冠截留量随着降水量的增加而增加;当降水量超过202.1 mm后,林冠截留量趋于定值52.5 mm.     

雷州半岛尾巨桉人工林林下穿透雨特征研究

为深入了解桉树生态水文过程,正确认识桉树水文功能,本文通过野外实测法,对不同林龄尾巨桉林下穿透雨进行连续观测,并结合林外降雨量分析尾巨桉人工林林下穿透雨特征及其与降雨的关系.结果发现:尾巨桉各林龄林下穿透雨量与降雨量呈极显著正相关线性模型(P＜0.01);林下穿透雨率与降雨强度呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),截留率与降雨强度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),变异系数随降雨强度的增大先增大后减小,且两者均与降雨量无显著相关性;干湿季林下穿透雨率差异显著,湿季显著大于干季(P＜0.05),最大穿透雨率及最小穿透雨率分别是干季的1.17倍和3.2倍.     

Interception of precipitation by pole-stage Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine and mature Sitka spruce at Kielder Forest, Northumberland

Interception loss was measured indirectly for 3 years in adjacentunthinned 25-year-old stands of Sitka spruce and lodgepole pineand for 2 years in a 63-year-old selectively thinned stand ofSitka spruce. For each stand measurements were made of grossprecipitation, throughfall and stemflow. Interception loss wasderived by subtracting the sum of throughfall and stemflow (netprecipitation) from gross precipitation. For the years 1977–78, 1978–79 and 1979–80,interception losses in the pole-stage Sitka spruce were 32,28 and 27 per cent of gross precipitation respectively whilethose in the lodgepole pine were 33, 29 and 26 per cent. For1979–80 and 1980–81 interception losses in the matureSitka spruce were 44 and 53 per cent of gross precipitation.The average interception loss was 29 per cent for both pole-stagecrops and 49 per cent for mature Sitka spruce. The proportions of net precipitation reaching the ground asstemflow and throughfall were 0.18 and 0.82 respectively forthe pole-stage Sitka spruce, 0.14 and 0.86 for the pole-stagelodepole pine and 0.02 and 0.98 for the mature Sitka spruce.