灌区用水者协会合理规模的确定与

灌区用水者协会是由灌区受益农民自愿参加所组成的灌管理组织，该管理模式我国正在推广应用。在用水者协会的组建中，其规模的大小对今后的运行管理影响较大。通过分析用水者协会规模的影响因素、协会组织的效益与费用，建立了用水者协会的效益与费用函数，提出了用水者协会合理规模的理论与确定方法，并对用水者协会的划分进行了阐述。     

宁夏引黄灌区用水户协会的发展与研究

宁夏引黄灌区为了加强灌区管理,充分体现农户的参与权、知情权、监督权和管理权,在政府的引导下成立了灌区农民用水者协会.农民参与灌溉管理改革的效果越来越明显.协会在农业用水管理中发挥了积极的作用,使宁夏的灌区逐步走向科学、规范的管理模式.     

宁夏引黄灌区用水者户协会的发展

宁夏引黄灌区为了加强灌区管理，充分体现农户的参与权、知情权、监督权和管理权，在政府的引导下成立了灌区农民用水者协会。农民参与灌溉管理改革的效果越来越明显。协会在农业用水管理中发挥了积极的作用,使宁夏的灌区逐步走向科学、规范的管理模式。     

农民用水者协会监测评价初探

以农民用水者协会的发展来说明对农民用水者协会进行监测评价的目的和意义。并通过陕西省关中9大灌区农民用水者协会的监测数据和调研资料,论证了农民用水者协会是灌区管理体制改革的方向与主要模式,分析了协会的主要成效,探讨了影响协会发展的原因,并针对存在的问题提出了相应的改进意见与建议。     

宁夏农民用水协会参与灌区管理的运行模式研究

农民参与灌溉管理和在灌区成立农民用水协会是当今国际上倡导的水利管理体制改革的重要内容。宁夏引黄灌区为了加强灌区管理，充分体现农户的参与权、知情权、监督权和管理权，在政府的引导下成立了灌区农民用水协会。协会在农业用水管理中发挥了积极的作用，使宁夏的灌区逐步走向科学、规范的管理模式。本文在对宁夏引黄灌区农民用水协会的运行调研的基础上，总结宁夏农民用水协会管理运行的经验教训，提出相关建议和意见，为灌区理顺农业供水管理体制，建立良性运行模式提供参考。     

太湖分灌区用水者协会概况及管理效益评价

农民用水者协会作为一种新的用水管理模式，在花凉亭灌区太湖分灌区通过试点，效益明显，反响良好，起到了一定的示范作用。水管部门调查认为，农民用水者协会的管理模式在花凉亭灌区及中小型灌区和提灌灌区均可参照推行。     

促进漳河灌区农民用水户协会可持续发展浅议

农民用水户协会是农村灌溉管理转权改革的一种制度形式。为全面梳理灌区农民用水户协会发展的历程,科学、客观评价已建农民用水户协会在发展运行过程中的经验和教训,促进灌区全面、协调、可持续发展,我们组织人员在漳河灌区通过现场调查、座谈、访问、会议研讨等形式,对协会绩效进行了一次全面调研和评估,分析了存在的问题并提出了解决的办法。根据现状,为促进漳河灌区用水户协会可持续发展,更好地发挥其在农业灌溉管理中的作用,提供一些意见和建议。     

漳河灌区农民用水者协会经验

自1995年6月16日,漳河灌区第一个农民用水者协会的诞生以来,短短的几年时间内,全灌区已建立农民用水者协会60多个。根据规划,“十五”期间,全灌区80％以上的农民都将组建农民用水者协会。实践证明,灌区内建立具有独立法人地位的农民用水者协会,鼓励并动员起广大农民直接参与灌溉管     

漳河灌区农民用水者协会现状调查

对漳河灌区农民用水者协会运行现状进行了调查和初步分析。总结了组建农民用水者协会以后所取得的成效，指出了存在的问题，并提出了健全农民用水者协会的若干建议。     

山东禹城市用水协会的实践与问题

禹城市自2001年开始在小型灌区成立用水者协会，正处于实践的初期，从运行效果来看，用水者协会(WUA)不但解决了小型灌区的管理维护、农民用水问题，同时还为推行农业节水提供了很好的平台。以禹城市用水者协会的发展过程为例，分析它的初步效益、潜在效益、存在的问题和发展方向，以期为农村小型灌区的改革提供参考。     

牧区节水灌溉工程管理存在的问题及对策分析

牧区大多地处偏远地区,在节水灌溉工程不断推进过程中,灌溉工程运行和管理存在的问题越来越突出,已成为提高牧区综合生产能力的主要制约因素。以内蒙古牧区节水灌溉试点项目为例开展研究,针对牧区节水灌溉工程中存在的管理机构不健全、牧民技术水平较低和水利队伍建设滞后、管理人员主体结构不合理、管理形式单一、合作组织缺乏参与式管理和牧民缺乏投入的主动性等管理体制问题有针对性地提出了相应的对策;针对工程产权模糊、管护主体责任不明确、工程运行投入少和"一事一议"形同虚设等运行机制问题提出相应对策。     

Assessing the irrigation strategies over a wide geographical area from structural data about farming systems

Accurate estimation of regional water demand by agriculture, mainly consumed by farmers for irrigation, is a key requirement for water management. It depends on the farmers’ irrigation practices which itself depend on the farmers’ irrigation strategies. Describing irrigation strategies over a region is rather difficult due to the large number and the diversity of farmers. We seek whether it is possible to characterise irrigation strategies from easily accessible farm characteristics data at the regional scale. For that purpose, we investigated the relationships between maize irrigation strategies and three farming sub-systems: the production system, the water resource system and the irrigation equipment system.Based on a 56-farmers survey of maize irrigation strategies carried out in two different areas in south-western France, we firstly created typologies from the three farming sub-systems and from irrigation strategies and, in a second step, analysed the links between the different typologies. Multivariate analyses, cluster analyses, linear regressions and regression trees were used for that purpose.Only two types of irrigation strategies were found that could not be fully explained by the three sub-systems typologies. However, the theoretical irrigation capacity explains a part of the irrigation strategies. Such data can be obtained at a wide geographical scale from administrative data bases.Strategic management of irrigation is similar amongst farmers in a given area while more operational actions differ from farmer to farmer. Standardisation of strategies due to county-based advice is then discussed.     

Farmer participation in irrigation management: The case of Doroodzan Dam Irrigation Network, Iran

The importance of farmer participation in system design and management has been emphasized in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting farmer participation in irrigation management using survey research. The study was conducted in Doroodzan Dam Irrigation Network in Fars province, Iran. Multistage stratified random sampling was used to collect data from 270 farmers as the research sample. Results reveal that farmers’ attitudes toward participation in irrigation management, attitudes toward personnel of the State Water Authority and the Agricultural Extension Service Centers (AESCs), family size, the problem perception, dependence on the dam for water, and educational background have influenced their participation in irrigation management. By contrast, contact with information sources, animal units, sociability, age and agricultural experience did not affect farmers’ participation. Moreover, based on farmers’ perspectives, unequal water distribution among farms, dissatisfaction with Water Authority operators and high water fees and charges were the main problems and obstacles toward farmer participation in irrigation management.     

Assessing the performance of participatory irrigation management over time: A case study from Turkey

In many countries today, irrigation systems have been transferred to the water user associations (WUAs). Accordingly, it is believed that the performance of the irrigation systems is dependent on the performance of the WUAs.In this study, the performance of participatory irrigation management (PIM) over time is assessed with regard to the Kestel WUA serving a wide area of Turkey's Aegean coast. Data relating to the WUA is obtained from both the State Hydraulic Works and WUAs’ own records. In addition, two surveys have been carried out with the members of the WUA with an 8-year interval between them. Data have been analyzed within the framework of selected irrigation performance criteria and indicators. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the perceptions of the farmers on the WUA at different survey periods. A Logit model was estimated to evaluate the relationship between the irrigation problems and the level of satisfaction from the WUA.The performance of the WUA with the indicators of utility, productivity, sustainability and financial efficiency was found to be positive; while the performance of adequacy was identified as poor. The farmers were generally satisfied of the WUA's operation, with their level of satisfaction improving over time. On the other hand, the farmers were not fully convinced that they had input with the system management. The initial design of the channel system and its maintenance were identified to be the key factors affecting user satisfaction.Overall, the Kestel WUA may be considered a successful example, thus supporting a promising future for PIM. Yet improved control and farmer education is needed for a superior performance of all indicators; and further enhanced farmer participation in management should be achieved in order to raise the level of farmer satisfaction.     

农民管理大型灌区的新模式--访澳大利亚墨累灌溉公司记实和思考

作者对澳大利亚最大的由农民管理的灌溉有限公司进行实地考察。着重对其经营体制、管理功能和效益进行了调查分析，并根据我国实际情况提出几点思考，以供研究农民参与灌区管理体制改革的参考。     

沙棘在治理神东煤矿沉陷区的应用

神东煤炭分公司矿区地处毛乌素沙地和黄土高原过渡的生态脆弱地带,这里是水土流失严重区、是多年国家重点治理区、是能源集中开发区、是老少边贫区、是沙棘适生区。神东煤矿分公司是该区能源开发的龙头企业,他们将生态建设资金列入煤炭生产成本,每年提取资金逾5000万元,进行生态修复;虽然矿区沙丘固定了,山变绿了,环境改善了,但农民的收入却没有增加。为此,神东煤矿分公司与水利部沙棘开发管理中心合作,并推广其在砒沙岩区实施沙棘生态工程的管理模式和成功经验,3年来,在该区种植沙棘2700亩,不仅改善了局部的生态环境,也促进了当地农民的增收,取得了初步成效,实现区域资源开发与生态修复的协调发展。     

四川省灌溉管理节水的影响因素及现状调查分析

对影响灌溉管理节水的主要内容及影响因素进行了充分的讨论。在水利行政部门人员中,采用问卷调查法,对影响四川省灌溉管理节水的20个因素(或指标)进行了分析研究,结果表明,按照相对重要性,现阶段对灌溉管理节水影响最大的指标是投入机制,最小的是墒情监测,目前影响灌溉管理节水的指标中,发展水平较高的是规划设计,最差的是灌溉自动控制。同时,对四川省灌溉管理节水现状及存在的问题进行了分析。     

An analysis of the water management performance of small holder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe

This paper analyses the water management performance of small holder irrigation systems in Zimbabwe. The government and farmer managed systems are compared in terms of their ability to match desired with actual water supply. Desired supply is defined as crop water requirements adjusted downwards by rainfall where relevant. The Theil measure of accuracy of forecasts is used to calculate the error committed by each system in trying to match water supply and demand. The analysis shows that, everything else being equal, the farmer managed system performs better than the government system in matching supply and demand. This means that the farmer managed systems should be encouraged for future small holder irrigation development in Zimbabwe.     

河北省山区农业节水灌溉发展趋势与展望

为了缓解河北省山区农业用水压力,寻求适合河北省山区主要灌溉作物的节水灌溉方式,系统分析了河北省山区水资源的现状,通过实地调查、相关资料的搜集与整理,从灌溉面积、灌溉形式、灌溉用水量几方面分析了研究区1980~2003年农田灌溉的发展情况,得出其发展趋势。并以各分区主要灌溉作物为例,对不同节水灌溉方式下的节水灌溉面积、作物产量、灌溉水分生产效率的变化进行比较,分析得出使各分区主要灌溉作物达到节水、高产效果的灌溉方式。     

灌区水环境信息遥测系统设计与开发应用

灌区水环境信息的遥测是数字灌区建设中基础数据获取的重要研究内容.为此,设计开发了灌区水环境信息遥测系统,分析了其组成结构及功能,对其关键技术进行应用研究,利用带有智能传感器的遥测仪获取测点的水位、水温、水质等水环境信息,通过GPRS模块实施数据无线传输.该系统实现了灌区水环境信息采集、传输、处理的自动化和无线化,提高了灌区数字化管理水平.