马尾松无性系种子园半同胞子代变异分析和家系选择

以福建省漳平五一林场马尾松无性系种子园自由授粉子代半同胞家系为研究对象,分析其树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、通直度、高径比、冠径比、木材基本密度、管胞长度和宽度、管胞长宽比等性状,发现家系间除管胞长宽比性状差异显著,其余性状均达差异极显著,暗示着马尾松种子园半同胞家系间存在较为丰富的变异,具选育潜力。8年生林分内各性状的家系遗传力以树高性状为最高(0·691),其次是木材基本密度(0·640)。各性状间的相关性分析结果表明,生长量性状的改良可间接改善通直度,且生长量性状与木材基本密度存在显著正相关关系,木材基本密度与管胞长度和宽度不相关。采用10%入选率,发现5年生林分和8年生林分入选家系一致,材积遗传增益分别达19·74%和19·23%,且5年生林分和8年生林分生长量性状的遗传相关极显著,认为马尾松制浆造纸材短轮伐期的初选年龄可确定为5年生;根据性状遗传力的相对大小和典型相关分析的结果,认为马尾松家系选择可适当注重树高生长量指标。以树高和材积为选择指标,按照10%入选率,兼顾材性和种子园内无性系的开花结实情况,筛选出制浆造纸材短轮伐期优良家系12个。     

Variation analysis and fine family selection on half-sib progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana

Variation of traits that include height, diameter at breast height (DBH), stem volume, crown width, straightness, wood basic density, tracheid length and width of open-pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana was analyzed. Differences in traits such as growth, tree form and wood quality among families was significant, which indicated that the improvement potential was notable. Heritability of height and wood basic density reached 0.691 and 0.640, respectively. According to a correlation analysis between traits, stem straightness could be improved indirectly when growth traits are improved; growth traits were significantly correlated with wood basic density; and wood basic density was not significantly correlated with length and width of the tracheid. Under the selection ratio of 10%, genetic gains were 19.74% and 19.32% respectively, and selected families from the progeny test stands at the age of five years and eight years were the same. Genetic correlation of height, DBH and stem volume was also significant at the level of 0.01. These show that selection of the short rotation of P. massoniana for pulp and paper use would be efficient for five-year-old trees. According to the comparison of the heritability of all the traits and taking into account the result of canonical correlation analysis, height could be considered as the most important index for selection. Given wood quality of all the families, and flowering and fruit settings of the clones in a seed orchard, twelve fine families were selected at 10% selection ratio of height growth and stem volume. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 43–49 [译自: 林业科学]     

Genetic variation of wood tracheid traits and their relationships with growth and wood density in clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis>

To improve wood quality for pulpwood industries, it is important to examine not only wood density but also its components, especially tracheid characteristics. We studied genetic variations in the following tracheid traits by earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW): tracheid length (TL), double wall thickness (WT), radial lumen diameter (R_D1), tangential lumen diameter (T_D1), radial central diameter (R_D2), and tangential central diameter (T_D2). We also studied the relationship with the following growth traits: diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), crown breadth south-north axis (NSC), crown breadth east–west axis (EWC), ring width (RW), latewood percentage (LWP), and wood density (WD). All sample materials were collected from a 33-year old clonal seed orchard of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Genetic variation among clones was moderate for all tracheid traits, 9.49–26.03%. Clones significantly affected WT, R_D1, R_D2, T_D1, T_D2, and the two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 in EW but had no effects in LW. Clones significantly affected TL in LW but had no effects in EW. \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in LW (0.50) than in EW (0.20) for TL, while \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in EW (0.27–0.46) for other tracheid traits and the two ratios (TL/T_D2 and WT/R_D1) than in EW (0.06–0.22). WD and TL were significantly positively correlated, but WT and TL were negatively correlated both at individual and clone levels; all tracheid diameters and the four ratio values (EW_WT/R_D1, LW_WT/R_D1, EW_TL/T_D2 and LW_TL/T_D2), were strongly positively correlated with DBH, H, NSC, WEC and RW, and strongly negatively correlated with WD both at individual and clone levels. The most important variables for predicting WD were LW_TL, EW_WT and R_D1 in both EW and LW (r² = 0.22). Selecting the top 10% of the clones by DBH would improve DBH growth by 12.19% (wood density was reduced by 0.14%) and produced similar responses between EW and LW for all tracheid traits: a reduction of 0.94 and 3.69% in tracheid length and increases in tracheid diameters (from 0.36 to 5.24%) and double wall thickness (0.07 and 0.87%). The two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 across tissues (EW and LW) declined 0.59 and 4.56%, respectively. The decreased tracheid length and the ratio between tracheid length and diameter is disadvantageous for pulp production. The unfavorable relationship of tracheid traits with wood density indicate that multiple trait selection using optimal economic weights and optimal breeding strategies are recommended for the current long-term breeding program for P. tabuliformis.     

Genetic Correlations Among Wood,Growth Capacity and Stem Traits in Pinus sylvestris

Wood density and tracheid length are two traits that significantly affect wood products. Genetic correlations were estimated to evaluate the effect on these traits from a selection for traits included in the Swedish Pinus sylvestris L. breeding programme. Measurements from a non-contiguous single-tree plot progeny trial with controlled matings between 30 parent trees was used. Heritabilities were high for the wood traits, intermediate for the growth capacity traits and low for the stem traits, with the exception of branch angle. Wood density showed no or non-significant negative genetic correlations with the growth capacity traits and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. Tracheid length showed positive genetic correlations with height and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. A selection that increased height growth at the age of 13 yrs by 10% was expected to decrease mean wood density at 33 yrs by 1%. The expected correlated response to tracheid length from the same selection was a 3% increase in the juvenile and mature wood.     

不同湿地松种源木材材性遗传变异的研究

本文对浙江省长乐林场的湿地松 (Pinuselliottii) 18个种源的木材性质进行测定与分析。结果表明 ,种源间木材气干密度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度差异极显著 ;管胞长度与宽度、冲击韧性差异显著 ,而管胞壁厚及胞壁率差异不显著 ;种源内木材气干密度、力学强度及胞壁率差异不显著 ,管胞长、宽和壁厚的差异均显著且高于种源间的差异。实验结果表明在种源水平上 ,进行木材气干密度、力学强度和管胞形态的种源选择 ,可取得良好的效果 ;种源内个体管胞形态 (管胞长、宽和壁厚 )变异大于种源间的差异 ,表明湿地松种源材质改良如在种源选择基础上进行个体改良会取得更好的增益。 18个种源木材管胞长度及宽度、管胞壁厚、胞壁率的广义遗传力分别为 :0 36 15、0 5 993、0 74 73、0 16 98;木材气干密度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度与冲击韧性的广义遗传力分别为 :0 4 14 2、0 2 6 4 6、0 10 82、0 2 977和 0 12 4 6 ;种源树高及胸径的广义遗传力为 :0 4 0 5 7和 0 4 74 7;说明湿地松种源木材管胞性状、木材气干密度及树木生长性状 (胞壁率除外 )受中度或弱度遗传控制 ,通过一定强度的选择 ,能获得较高的遗传增益。本研究还从树木生长性状与管胞形态、力学强度方面对 18个种源进     

Genetic variation in growth and wood-quality traits of Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata across three sites in south-east Queensland,Australia

Ten growth or wood-quality traits were assessed in three nearby Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (CCV) open-pollinated family-within-provenance trials (18 provenances represented by a total of 374 families) to provide information for the development of a breeding program targeting both pulp and solid-wood products. Growth traits (diameter at breast high over bark [DBH], height and conical volume) were assessed at 3 and 7 years of age. Wood-quality traits (density [DEN], Kraft pulp yield [KPY], modulus of elasticity [MoE] and microfibril angle [MfA]) were predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy on wood samples collected from these trials when aged between 10 and 12 years. The high average KPY, DEN and MoE, and low average MfA observed indicates CCV is very suitable for both pulp and timber products. All traits were under moderate to strong genetic control. In across- trials analyses, high (>0.4) heritability estimates were observed for height, DEN, MoE and MfA, while moderate heritability estimates (0.24 to 0.34) were observed for DBH, volume and KPY. Most traits showed very low levels of genotype × site interaction. Estimated age–age genetic correlations for growth traits were strong at both the family (0.97) and provenance (0.99) levels. Relationships among traits (additive genetic correlation estimates) were favourable, with strong and positive estimates between growth traits (0.84 to 0.98), moderate and positive values between growth and wood-quality traits (0.32 to 0.68), moderate and positive between KPY and MoE (0.64), and high and positive between DEN and MoE (0.82). However, negative (but favourable) correlations were detected between MfA and all other evaluated traits (?0.31 to ?0.96). The genetic correlation between the same trait expressed on two different sites, at family level, ranged from 0.24 to 0.42 for growth traits, and from 0.29 to 0.53 for wood traits. Therefore simultaneous genetic improvement of growth and wood property traits in CCV for the target environment in south-east Queensland should be possible, given the moderate to high estimates of heritability and favourable correlations amongst all traits studied, unless genotype × site interactions are greater than was evident.     

25年生马尾松生长和木材基本密度家系变异与选择

以福建省华安县西陂林场的25年生来自省内不同产地的46个马尾松自由授粉家系试验林为试材,研究了达主伐年龄时马尾松生长、干形和木材基本密度的家系差异以及性状间的相关性,并依据不同培育目标选择优良家系。结果表明,马尾松生长、树干圆满度和木材基本密度皆存在显著的家系差异,其中生长和树干通直度变异相对较大,而树干圆满度和木材基本密度变异较小,变异系数在10%以下。生长和干形性状受到弱至中度的家系遗传控制,家系遗传力为0.23 0.46;木材密度受到的遗传控制相对较强,家系遗传力为0.46。性状遗传相关分析结果显示,选择速生种源可同时改良树干圆满度,但对树干通直度和木材基本密度影响不大。根据不同用材对材质材性要求,选出24个纸浆纤维材优良家系和6个锯材优良家系,平均木材干物质量和胸径生长皆为对照的1.16倍。     

Selection of Corymbia citriodora for pulp productivity

Evaluation of a series of spotted gum (Corymbia citirodora) progeny trials, established in the subtropical region of Queensland, Australia, was undertaken to provide information for the development of advanced-generation breeding populations suitable for pulp production. Measurements of growth at two ages were combined with assessments of wood density and pulp yield from a selected sample of provenances to provide comparisons between provenances, to generate genetic parameter estimates and to predict genetic gain potential. Although growth at this age was moderate relative to other eucalypts, the near-infrared predictions of average wood density of 756 kg m^?3 and pulp yield of 55% indicate the species has considerable potential as a pulpwood crop. A pulp productivity breeding objective was used to identify production populations using a range of selection trait weightings to determine potential genetic gain for pulp productivity. Genetic parameters indicated (1) levels of genetic control were moderate for all traits and higher for wood property traits, (2) genetic improvements could be achieved by selection among and within provenances with greater levels of improvement available from selection within populations, (3) genotype by environment interactions were negligible, (4) genetic correlations between traits were favourable, and (5) selection of volume production alone would maximise improvements in pulp productivity.     

Within-stem variation in wood properties of triploid hybrids of Populus tomentosa at three clonal trials

To obtain a better understanding of variability in wood properties along the stem in triploid hybrids of Populus tomentosa L., basic wood density (BWD) and fiber traits were measured at four sample heights for each tree sampled from three clonal trials. The BWD showed a similar trend at each site in that density was initially decreased then increased with increasing height position. For fiber traits, the fiber length (FL) decreased linearly with the height of the trunk, whereas fiber width and coarseness changed relatively slightly with increasing height position. In addition, the vertical wood properties distribution patterns were different from clones so that some clones showed more markedly change in height positions than others. The joint analysis indicated significant height position effect for BWD and fiber traits, in accordance with site and clonal effect. Significant site × height interaction was found on wood properties, whereas the significant clone × height interaction was only obtained at fiber width. Moreover, variation in the relationships between FL and BWD or other fiber traits showed no consistent pattern with increasing height position.     

火炬松半同胞家系主要经济性状的遗传变异及选择

对1988年营造的火炬松36个半同胞家系测定林的研究结果表明：树高、胸径、材积、木材密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度和宽度等生长和木材性状在家系间有显著的差异，具有较高的遗传力。生长性状和木材性状在一定程度上受遗传因素所控制，树高、胸径、材积间呈正遗传相关关系，木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度、管胞宽度和材积生长相关关系不显著。据此，利用约束和无约束选择指数，根据纸浆材的要求，进行生长和材性联合选择，评选出82-51、82-89、82-22、82-32、82-5、84-6、82-64、85-32、83-19等9个家系为纸浆材优良家系。     

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

马尾松巢式交配子代产脂力、生长和木材密度遗传分析

以浙江省淳安县富溪林场马尾松巢式交配设计的15年生遗传测定林为试验材料,分析其生长、木材基本密度和产脂力主要经济性状父本/母本效应和加性/显性效应。结果表明,不同杂交组合间、父本间以及父本内母本间的生长、木材基本密度和产脂力皆存在显著的遗传差异。各性状受母本效应影响较大,母本效应方差分量约为父本的1.29~2.19倍。马尾松胸径、木材基本密度和产脂力同时受加性效应和显性效应控制,其中加性效应略高于显性效应。而树高和单株材积则主要受加性效应控制,加性效应方差分量约为显性效应的2.7倍和3.4倍。估算各性状广义遗传力发现,胸径、树高、单株材积和产脂力受中度遗传控制,广义遗传力在0.48~0.69之间,木材基本密度广义遗传力相对较低,为0.31。胸径、树高和单株材积与产脂力呈中度正遗传相关,遗传相关系数在0.4755~0.553 2之间,表明生长和产脂力可同时得到遗传改良。以产脂量作为选择指标,共选出14个优良杂交组合和14个优良单株,其产脂量分别比对照高出43.31%~93.01%和125.47%~252.64%。     

枫香优树14年生子代遗传变异及选择

在福建省洋口国有林场,对来自安徽省南部黄山地区的53个枫香家系进行子代测定,研究家系的遗传变异规律,开展优良家系及单株选择.结果表明:子代试验林14年生时,树高、胸径和单株材积平均值分别为8.05m、6.30cm和0.014 93 m3,生长性状的家系遗传力为0.437～0.576,受中强度的遗传控制,单株遗传力为D.113～0.195,受较弱的遗传控制;木材材性的家系遗传力为0.507～ 0.591,单株遗传力为0.360～0.500,均受中强度的遗传控制.以生长量为主要指标,选出速生优良家系9个,其树高、胸径和单株材积平均值分别为8.85 m、7.22 cm和0.021 49 m3,遗传增益分别为2.86％、5.47％和13.4％;从木材基本密度大于0.500 g·m-3的家系中选出7个生长材性兼优家系,树高、胸径、单株材积和木材基本密度的平均值分别为8.34m、6.79 cm、0.018 58 m3和0.518 g·m-3.所选出的速生优良家系和生长材性兼优家系可作为枫香育种材料在生产上推广应用.     

长白落叶松自由授粉家系生长和材性遗传变异及性状相关的研究

本文描述了红皮云杉的最佳播种量的研究。结果表明，其最佳播种为１５ｋｇ／ｍｕ．这不但可以节约种子，而且还可以提高苗木质量。     

桉树杂种无性系生长和木材密度的选择

对以尾叶桉为母本、细叶桉等5个树种为父本的79个桉树杂种无性系进行了生长和木材密度的选择研究,性状包括9月生树高和80月生木材密度以及68、80、91和103月生树高、胸径和材积.结果表明:无性系间的差异在各性状上均达0.001极显著水平;各性状的重复力介于0.21~0.48之间,受低到中等程度的遗传控制;性状间表型相关均达0.001显著水平.本研究选出生长和木材密度均高于对照DH32-29的尾叶桉 ? 细叶桉杂种优良无性系8个,103月生平均单株材积为对照的101.5%~126.1%、80月生平均木材密度为对照的121.1%~147.4%,这为下一步的无性系中试提供了备选材料.     

湿地松15个家系木材材性遗传变异及优良家系评估

对浙江产湿地松15个家系的基本材性进行了测定与分析。结果表明：家系间管胞长度、管胞宽度、气干密度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度差异极显著,管胞壁厚差异显著,胞壁率、冲击韧性差异未达显著水平。家系内管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞壁厚差异均显著且高于家系间的差异,但气干密度、顺纹抗压强度、胞壁率和冲击韧差异不显著,表明在家系水平上进行木材气干密度、力学强度和管胞形态的家系选择可取得良好的效果。15个家系木材管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞壁厚和胞壁率的广义遗传力分别为0．5466、0．3910、0．7173、0．1598,说明湿地松家系木材管胞性状(胞壁率除外)受中度或中下度遗传控制,通过一定强度的选择能获得较高的遗传增益。综合评定结果表明,04-28、06-17、06-20、08-7和08-9,5个家系为适用于培育纸浆材的优良家系,04-25、04-28、06-17、06-20和08-16,5个家系为适用于培育建筑材的优良家系。     

Effects of thinning and fertilization on wood properties and economic returns for Norway spruce

The effects of silviculture on wood and tracheid properties, and economic returns of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were investigated in two case studies, one comparing different thinning intensity in southeastern Finland and the other considering the effects of optimal nutrient addition in northern Sweden. Models for predicting the wood and tracheid properties of Norway spruce were integrated into a distance-independent process-based growth and yield model. Increasing the thinning intensity resulted in a lower mean wood density, tracheid length, and latewood proportion in harvested wood. Wood density and tracheid length of harvested pulpwood slightly decreased in later thinnings and final cuts. Thinning regimes with high early growing stock and decreasing later growing stock were most profitable. Nutrient addition accelerated volume growth and increased the value growth. The increase in volume growth due to nutrient addition more than offset the economic influence of the loss in wood density and tracheid length.     

杂种落叶松F1代生长性状、木材性状的变异及相关分析

通过对44株日×兴杂种落叶松F1代个体的生长性状、木材性状调查结果进行变异分析发现,杂种群体中的生长指标、材性均存在较大变异,其中材积变异系数达25.69%,管胞长度、宽度变异系数为11.67%、17.5%,管胞长/宽变异系数为19.45%。相关分析结果表明,日×兴F1代群体树高与胸径显著相关,树高、胸径均与材积极显著相关,冠幅与材积显著相关。     

马尾松幼龄材密度、管胞长度的地理遗传变异及性状相关

马尾松是我国重要的制浆造纸原料,分布广泛,生长迅速,数量众多,具有极大的开发利用潜力。由于我国造纸原料中木浆所占比重低(22％),纸浆和纸张质量较低劣,难以满足今日社会发展之需求,因此对马尾松制浆材的开发利用和材性改良的研究近来日益为人们所重视。     

Effects of radial growth rate on selected indices for juvenile and mature wood of the Japanese larch

To examine the differences between juvenile and mature wood, 12 aged sample trees from two areas of Nagano Prefecture were harvested; and the radial development of tracheid length, the ring density, and the relation of the radial growth rate (observed by ring width) with some selected indices of ring structure were investigated. The results proved that the radial variation of tracheid length with ring number can be described by a logarithmic formula, and both plantations reached the demarcation of juvenile and mature wood at age 18. With the segmented regression method, we also analyzed radial variation of mean density and found that the demarcation of juvenile and mature wood was at age 15 for sample trees from Saku and at age 21 for those from Yabuhara. By using the results of estimates from juvenile and mature wood based on ring density, we found that high growth rates resulted when producing lower-density wood during the juvenile period, but these rates did not occur during the mature period. The basic reason for this phenomenon is the variation in patterns of earlywood and latewood in juvenile and mature wood, respectively. This result advised us that when managing plantations of Japanese larch it is necessary to take different measurements at different growth periods.