北京地区冬小麦田渗灌高产节水技术研究初报

研究了不同灌溉方式正道立小麦田间土壤水分变化特点及对小麦产量形成的影响。结果表明,渗灌浇根不浇地,冬小麦全生育期渗灌田０～２０ｃｍ土壤表明含水量较低,比喷灌０～２０ｃｍ土层土壤水分消耗小,比２０～１２０ｃｍ土层土壤水分消耗多;２种灌溉方式１２０ｃｍ以下土层土壤含水量为冬小麦利用较少。渗灌比喷灌增产１１．６％,比少灌增产１７．６％,比喷灌节水５７．１％,其水分利用效率为喷灌的１．３５倍。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区沙棘生长对土壤水分及养分影响

为以沙棘为主的人工植被建设评价提供依据,在黄土丘陵半干旱区选择4,8,12,15 a沙棘林地进行土壤水分、养分测定,结果表明:在测定年份不同林龄沙棘林地0-600 cm土层含水量差异较小,150-400 cm土层存在明显干层,平均含水量仅为5.48%,400-600 cm土层含水量有明显随林龄增加而减小的规律;不同林龄沙棘林地土壤养分均富集在0-10 cm土层,养分含量随着土层深度增加明显减小,林龄对土壤养分含量具有一定影响,有随林龄增加养分含量增加的趋势.     

旱地聚土免耕土壤微生物特性研究

以中国科学院四川盐亭生态实难丫聚土免耕定位试验点土壤为材料,研究了其策生物区系、数量及２特点,结果表明,聚土免耕耕作法０～５０ｃｍ土层微生物总数、主要生理类群的数量较常规耕作法增加：１５～３５ｃｍ土层微生物数量最高,聚土免耕土壤微生物分布规律为：中层（１５～３５ｃｍ）〉表层（０～１５ｃｍ）〉底层（３５～５０ｃｍ）。     

根系提水作用的土壤水分变异及养分有效性

采用根箱法，在人工气候室培养条件下，研究谷子根系提水作用，根系吸收以及隔水层对土壤水分变异、土壤墒情的影响。结果表明，谷子具有根系提水作用，即在黑夜蒸腾蒸发量小的情况下，深层的根可以吸收深层（隔水层下）土壤水分，并释放到上部干土层，增加土含水量。黑夜１２ｈ根箱１０ｃｍ＾２地表１０ｃｍ土壤剖面中增加了２．６９ｍｌ水。根系吸收可使根区不同部位土壤水势变异，表现在Ｃ１至Ｃ８根区土壤含水量出现规律性变化。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘人工林土壤养分及酶活性季节变化

为分析不同年限沙棘人工林的土壤养分和酶活性的时空变化规律,采用时空互代法,以志丹县金丁镇不同种植年限沙棘人工林(20年生沙棘林、15年生沙棘林、5年生沙棘林)为研究对象,以谷子地作为对照,研究了土壤养分和酶活性季节变化、空间分布及其相关关系。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加,沙棘人工林显著地增加了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾和酶活性。土壤养分和酶活性具有表聚性,随着土层加深含量在下降且土层间差异显著。沙棘人工林和谷子地土壤养分和酶活性均有明显的季节变化特征。0—30 cm土层土壤有机质表现为春季和秋季较高,夏季和冬季较低。碱解氮和有效磷均为春季最高,秋季最低,而有效钾为冬季最高,夏季最低。土壤脲酶季节变化规律为春夏较高,秋冬季较低。蔗糖酶活性春冬季较高,夏秋季较低。过氧化氢酶呈现出与脲酶和蔗糖酶不同的响应特征。土壤养分与土壤酶相关性密切,土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶可以作为评价土壤肥力的指标。综上,在陕北黄土丘陵区,营造沙棘林年限越长,提高土壤养分和酶活性效果越明显。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤水分变化特征

为了探讨黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤水分的时空变化特征,合理规划土地利用方式与土壤水资源。选择陕西省延安市安塞县墩山上梯田、草地、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛4种土地利用方式,采用土钻法在2019年5月、7月、8月和10月监测了土壤水分。结果表明:4种土地利用方式的土壤含水量表现为明显的时间特征,存在滞后效应;0—300 cm深度平均土壤含水量大小表现为梯田草地沙棘灌丛刺槐林;随土层深度的增加土壤含水量的季节变异系数均逐渐减小,季节变异系数在100 cm以下的土壤深层趋于稳定;土壤含水量由表土层到深土层上为"S"形,含水量先增大后减小,垂直变化特征明显;土壤水分变化相似性表现为梯田沙棘灌丛草地刺槐林。刺槐林和沙棘灌丛需要消耗更多深层土壤水分,容易出现土壤干燥化;梯田和草地的土壤水分条件较好,梯田对土壤水分的调控作用较好,土壤水分在垂直方向上的变化较为平缓。     

砒砂岩区沙棘液流及细根变化对土壤水分变化的响应

[目的] 研究砒砂岩区土壤含水量对沙棘液流速率及细根变化的响应,为沙棘在砒砂岩等干旱缺水地区的合理栽培和经营提供参考。[方法] 利用Granier茎干液流测定系统,对砒砂岩地区鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗暖水乡沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）人工林的茎干液流进行长期监测,并同时对植物的细根及细根周围的土壤水分进行测定,运用相关性分析法分析沙棘人工林在生长季（6—10月）的茎干液流日变化规律及植物细根对土壤水分变化的响应。[结果] ①土壤含水量与沙棘液流速率呈现出在前期（6—7月）较低,中后期（7—9月）不断升高,后期（9—10月）有迅速下降的变化趋势。而沙棘细根的生长速率也呈现出中后期较高,前期和后期较低的变化趋势。②比较生长季各月份土壤含水量和沙棘液流速率的变化趋势趋于一致,从大到小排列依次为：8月>7月>9月>6月>10月。③土壤含水量变化与沙棘液流速率变化呈极显著正相关关系（p<0.01）,随着土壤含水量增大,沙棘液流速率逐渐升高;沙棘细根生长速率与沙棘液流速率呈显著正相关关系（p<0.05）,沙棘细根生长速度越快,沙棘液流速率越大;反之,沙棘细根生长速度越慢,沙棘液流速率越低。土壤含水量变化与细根生长速率呈极显著正相关关系（p<0.01）,随着土壤含水量升高,沙棘细根生长速率逐渐增大。[结论] 砒砂岩地区沙棘液流变化是影响土壤水分变化的主要因素,而沙棘细根变化同样影响土壤水分的变化,相对而言,沙棘液流变化比沙棘细根变化影响土壤水分变化大。说明植物蒸腾是砒砂岩区影响土壤水分变化的主要因素。     

梯田起垄覆膜微集流耕作措施土壤水分动态研究

在晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区的梯田上,采用地膜覆盖微集流雨水耕作措施,通过对其土壤水分测试结果的分析表明,在极干旱年份,对土壤水分影响较大的层次为０ｃｍ￣１００ｃｍ土层,１００ｃｍ￣２００ｃｍ可吸收利用的有效水分较少。地膜覆盖在极干旱年份可提高土壤水分的利用率。梯田地玉米最佳栽培模式为：起垄覆膜单行以３．０万株／ｈｍ＾２,起垄覆膜双行以４．２万株／ｈｍ＾２￣４．８万株／ｈｍ＾２栽培,其土壤供水能力强,水分     

黄土丘陵区不同林地土壤水分动态变化

研究黄土丘陵区不同林地的土壤水分变化,对于改善黄土高原生态环境建设有着重要的意义。采用定点监测的方法,对陕西省吴起县不同林地土壤水分动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:不同林地在生长季中土壤蓄水量具有显著差异,其顺序为:沙棘林>河北杨林>油松林>山杏林;林地的土壤蓄水量变化具有明显的季节性,根据生长季内土壤蓄水量的变化,可以将土壤水分变化分为3个时期:土壤水分恢复期、土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分补充期;各林地0-200 cm土层土壤水分变异系数从小到大为:山杏林>河北杨林>沙棘林>油松林;在雨水入渗、蒸发、蒸散的共同作用下山杏林地在0-60 cm土层含水量的变化明显大于其它林地。研究结果揭示了不同林种对土壤水分消耗和补给的影响,为当地造林结构配置和植被恢复与重建工作提供一定参考依据。     

基于灰色关联分析的砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘的改土效应

[目的]探究不同林龄沙棘对其下土壤的改良效果,为砒砂岩区人工沙棘林生态建设、恢复和重建提供理论依据。[方法]以内蒙古达拉特旗典型砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘林为研究对象,利用灰色度关联分析法,对沟坡阳坡1～7 a沙棘林0—40 cm土层土壤物理性质(土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤比重、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、土壤最大毛管持水量)进行测定,并以周边荒坡作为对照(CK),对不同林龄沙棘林对砒砂岩土壤的改土效应进行分析。[结果]土壤含水量、土壤总孔隙度随沙棘林龄增加而增大,随土壤深度增加而减少,土壤容重与之相反;不同林龄沙棘能增强土壤持水能力,并且4～7 a沙棘持水能力大于1～3 a沙棘持水能力。[结论]在砒砂岩区营建人工沙棘林有利于土壤改良,不同林龄沙棘对土壤改良作用主要作用于0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.