云纹石斑鱼♀与赤点石斑鱼♂杂交的初步研究

为石斑鱼种间杂交经济型利用提供基础资料,以云纹石斑鱼为母本,赤点石斑鱼为父本进行种间远源杂交,对杂交子一代的生长及越冬作了系统观察.结果表明,用人工授精的方法可以取得杂交受精卵,受精卵的受精率、孵化率均在90％左右,杂交子一代比对照组仔鱼畸形率高;杂交子一代的生长趋势接近母本云纹石斑鱼,体色接近父本赤点石斑鱼,在室内可以正常越冬.云纹石斑鱼♀与赤点石斑鱼♂进行经济型杂交是可行的.     

赤点石斑鱼♀与云纹石斑鱼♂杂交F_1形态特征和生长性能的研究

以赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)为母本,云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)为父本进行杂交,对杂交子一代的形态和生长方面进行比较分析。结果表明,杂交子一代的生长趋势接近父本云纹石斑鱼,体型和体色接近母本赤点石斑鱼,在室内可以正常越冬。云纹石斑鱼♂与赤点石斑鱼♀进行经济型杂交是可行的。     

17α-甲基睾酮对赤点石斑鱼性逆转的影响

赤点石斑鱼Epinephelus akaara(Temminck et Schlegel)是我国名贵海产经济鱼类。近几年来,因盲目钩捕,在东南沿海资源日益减少。因此,国内外一些学者对赤点石斑鱼性腺发育进行周年研究,并开展了人工繁殖和育苗试验。然而,由于此鱼雌雄同体,雌性先熟,在六龄鱼才转变为雄鱼。由此常见因缺少雄鱼无法开展人工繁殖。所以,作者在非繁殖季节,试图用外源性雄激素拌入饵料中,喂低龄和高龄赤点石斑鱼,目的在于诱发其性逆转,现已取得显著的效果,这对于解决雄鱼困难,提供科学依据。     

一株斜带石斑鱼（Epinephelus coioides）病原菌的分离与鉴定

2011年7月,福建省晋江某养殖场养殖的斜带石斑鱼( Epinephelus coioides )发病,病鱼体重3~10 g,症状为鱼体色变深,拒食,离群缓慢游动,背鳍下方局部鳞片脱落、表皮溃烂,肝脏点状发红。2011年7月从濒死病鱼肝脏、肾脏中分离到2株细菌,分别命名为201107-I与201107-II,经生理、生化指标和16S rRNA 基因鉴定,这两株均为哈维氏弧菌( Vibrio harveyi )。毒性实验发现这两株菌都能引起斜带石斑鱼表皮溃烂症,其中201107-II毒性较强,被用于后续感染实验。通过肌肉注射、腹腔注射与创伤浸浴3种方式进行回归感染实验,得到3种方式对石斑鱼的半致死量LD50分别为4．3×104、2．9×105和5．4×106 cfu/g鱼体重。从人工感染的石斑鱼肾脏中再次分离到该菌,经生理、生化指标和16 S rRNA 基因鉴定,为同株菌。药敏实验结果表明,该菌株对红霉素、大观霉素、氯霉素等16种抗生素高度敏感,对呋喃唑酮、克拉霉素、环丙沙星等9种抗生素中度敏感,对苯唑西林、青霉素G、万古霉素等13种抗生素不敏感。本研究对石斑鱼病害防治与健康养殖具有一定的指导意义。     

赤点石斑鱼的病害及其防治的初步研究

赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)是经济价值很高的名贵海产鱼类。近几年来,广东、福建、浙江等省除暂养出口外,尚大力发展网箱养殖,开展人工繁殖研究。在生产与试验中,鱼病成了一个突出的问题。有关石斑鱼的病害,Yamaguti(1934,1935,1941,1965,1970),汪溥钦(1984,1986)等曾做过研究,但多偏重于病原体的分类方面,对鱼病则研究得很少,尤其是防治方面。黄琪琰等(1981)报导了石斑鱼的白斑病及其防治,欧瑞木等(1987)记载了石斑鱼的病害及防治。除外,新加坡、香港也有过一些报道。 1984年以来,作者就赤点石斑鱼的病害进行调查,并开展防治试验,先后发现有烂尾病、隐核虫病、鳞盘虫病及鱼虱病等10余种病害,可引起石斑鱼严重死亡或影响鱼的生长。现将初步结果报告于下。     

赤点石斑鱼围塘养殖技术

赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)营养价值较高,属于高档优质鱼类。浙江省温岭市于2002年引进赤点石斑进行网箱养殖,获得成功。随后,为探索赤点石斑鱼的池塘高效养殖,笔者又从福建、舟山、温州等地引进自然种苗开展试养,积累了一些技术与经验,现将赤点石斑鱼围塘养殖技术介绍如下。     

杂交石斑鱼(斜带石斑鱼♀×赤点石斑鱼♂)与其亲本形态性状比较研究

研究了杂交石斑鱼[斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)♀×赤点石斑鱼(E.akaara)♂]与其亲本的生长差异。采用形态学测量方法,分别测定了3种石斑鱼体质量和7个形态性状,对各形态性状对体质量影响进行通径分析,并分析杂交子代杂种优势。结果显示,3种石斑鱼各形态性状与体质量之间均呈极显著相关(P0.01),斜带石斑鱼、赤点石斑鱼体质量与全长的相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.946、0.932,杂交子代体质量与尾柄高的相关性最高(0.955),与全长的相关系数为0.927;形态性状与体质量的多元线性回归方程中,斜带石斑鱼保留体长、体高、尾柄高和体厚,赤点石斑鱼保留全长、体高和尾柄高,杂交子代保留全长、体高、尾柄高和体厚。对杂交子代杂种优势进行分析发现,体质量平均杂种优势为3.43%,体长平均杂种优势为3.02%,杂交子代同时表现出正向超亲优势和负向超亲优势。该研究表明杂交子代(斜带石斑鱼♀×赤点石斑鱼♂)与斜带石斑鱼的差异要小于赤点石斑鱼,杂交子代形态性状更偏向于母本。     

赤点石斑鱼Epinephelus akaara(Temminck et Schlegel)鱼怪病(Ichthyoxeniosis)的防治研究

本文扼要介绍了赤点石斑鱼鱼怪病的发病情况，症状与药物试验结果，并就淡水鱼怪病与海水鱼怪病的治疗方法进行比较，结果发现，淡水鱼的治疗方法对石斑鱼并不适用，甲醛试剂对石斑鱼鱼怪病的治疗比较有效。     

赤点石斑鱼人工育苗技术试验

正赤点石斑鱼俗称红斑,隶属于科、石斑鱼属,主要分布于中国南海、东海以及日本南部等地,因其肉质鲜嫩、营养丰富,深受消费者青睐,是水产养殖中一种经济价值高的品种。长期以来,赤点石斑鱼养殖苗种主要依靠天然采捕,因被过度捕捞,野生资源和养殖规模受到了很大的限制。本试验对亲本进行营养强化培育,并对苗种在开口阶段就加强营养,以提高育苗成活率,旨在为赤点石斑鱼实现工厂化养殖提供苗种来源。     

舌尖上的中国水产——石斑鱼

<正>石斑鱼是石斑鱼属鱼类的统称,全世界已记录有100多种,我国记录有46种,主要养殖种类是鲑点石斑鱼、青石斑鱼、点带石斑鱼、巨石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼等。石斑鱼的蛋白质含量高,脂肪含量低,富含多种无机盐和铁、钙、磷以及各种维生素。鱼皮胶质的营养成分,对增强上皮组织的完整生长和促进胶原细胞的合成有重要作用,被称为美容护肤之鱼。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.