和面仪在新疆拉面加工品质评价中的应用

为探讨和面仪在新疆小麦品种加工新疆拉面品质评价中的作用,2007-2008年选用28个新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了和面仪参数与粉质仪参数及新疆拉面加工品质指标间的关系。结果表明,粉质仪与和面仪参数关系密切,除吸水率、峰值高度外,其他参数间的相关性均达到极显著水平,说明这两种仪器测定面团特性的效果基本相同。和面仪参数峰值时间、8分钟宽度、8分钟面积与粉质仪稳定时间的对应关系最好,其次是峰值宽度,峰值高度与稳定时间的对应关系最差。和面仪、粉质仪参数与新疆拉面加工品质关系密切,其中和面仪的峰值时间（r=0.634）、峰值宽度（r=0.399）、8分钟宽度（r=0.603）和8分钟面积（r=0.732）以及粉质仪的形成时间（r=0.497）、稳定时间（r=0.589）、评价值（r=0.582）等参数与新疆拉面感官评价总分均呈极显著正相关。此外,和面仪参数与新疆拉面加工品质指标显著的个数要明显多于粉质仪参数,说明和面仪参数与新疆拉面加工品质关系更为密切,和面仪完全可以在优质新疆拉面品种选育工作中用于面团特性的评价和加工品质特性的预测。     

基于遥感信息和WOFOST模型参数同化的冬小麦单产估算方法研究

为探讨遥感信息和作物生长模型在作物估产方面的优势互补特性,选取河北省藁城市冬小麦作为研究对象,采集多个关键生育时期的生理生化、农田环境、气象等数据,并获取准同步的环境减灾小卫星HJ-CCD影像数据,采用植被指数反演冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）,基于扩展傅里叶振幅灵敏度检验法(EFAST)对WOFOST作物模型的26个初始参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选敏感性参数,调整WOFOST模型的核心参数,利用查找表优化算法构建基于WOFOST模型和遥感LAI数据同化的区域尺度冬小麦单产预测模型,并定量预测区域冬小麦单产水平。结果表明,增强型植被指数（EVI）是遥感反演LAI的最佳植被指数(开花期建模r=0.913,RMSE=0.410,灌浆期建模r=0.798,RMSE=0.470),预测能力最强(开花期r=0.858,RMSE=0.531,灌浆期r=0.861,RMSE=0.428);筛选出6个待优化参数,即TSUM1、SLATB1、SLATB2、SPAN、EFFTB3和TMPF4;产量预测精度r=0.914,RMSE=253.67 kg·hm_-2,找到了待优化参数的最佳取值,最终完成了单产模拟。     

基于上部叶片叶绿素荧光参数的小麦产量预测与评价

为了利用叶绿素荧光快速测定技术实时评价植株光合生产能力以及预测小麦籽粒产量,以豫麦49-198和郑麦9694为试验材料,设置0、90、180、270 kg·hm^-24个氮素水平,通过2014-2016年连续两个生长季的田间试验,在小麦主要生育阶段同步测定植株顶部四片完全展开叶的净光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素荧光参数及叶面积。结果表明,P_n和叶绿素荧光参数因生育时期、氮素水平和叶片位置的不同呈现规律性变化。叶绿素荧光参数F_m′、F_v′、F_v′/F_m′ 和 F_s与P_n 相关性较好,且相关系数（r）均随叶位的降低而降低,其中,F_m′与P_n的相关性最好。将叶面积与对应的净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数组合出光合性状累积量指标,与P_n 相比,光合累积量与产量的相关性显著提高。组合顶部四片叶,光合累积量与产量相关性在灌浆前期表现最好（r=0.875）。光适应下荧光参数累积量与产量的相关性表明,顶部两片叶的相关性较单叶片或其他叶位组合均表现较好,相关系数在不同荧光参数、生育时期间差异均较大,以F_m′表现最好,其次是F_v′;生育期间比较,孕穗期至灌浆中期整体较好。总体而言,在灌浆前期,顶部两片叶的F_m′累积量能够较好地预测小麦籽粒产量,为小麦生长诊断和田间管理提供技术支持。     

新疆冬小麦磨粉品质与面粉及新疆拉面品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良提供理论依据,选用30个新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉（团）品质性状及新疆拉面加工品质的关系。结果表明,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质性状间关系密切,各性状之间相互联系、相互作用;磨粉品质对面粉（团）的主要品质性状具有显著影响,并通过影响面粉（团）品质性状进而影响新疆拉面加工品质,如出粉率、灰分、破损淀粉率通过对面团吸水率、形成时间、延展性、反弹值等品质性状的显著影响进而对新疆拉面表观、适口性、光滑性等产生间接影响。其中,出粉率与拉面的色泽、适口性、光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.396,0.466,0.475）,灰分与适口性、食味呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.364,-0.524）,破损淀粉率与适口性呈极显著正相关（r=0.485）,a^*值与食味呈显著负相关（r=-0.565）,而b^*值与食味呈显著正相关（r=0.402）。因此,冬小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良中应重视磨粉品质的改良,要注重提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉率,同时还应改良面粉色泽。对16个适合加工优质新疆拉面的冬小麦品种的磨粉品质性状研究后认为优质新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为：出粉率≥66.04%,灰分(14%MB)≤0.62%,破损淀粉率≤3.69%,面粉颗粒度≤104.28%,L^*≥90.78,a^*≥-0.81,b^*≤8.54。     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦黄花叶病害等级监测研究

为了构建小麦黄花叶病的遥感监测技术,在小麦返青期、拔节前期和拔节后期测定了不同黄花叶病等级下的冠层反射率,并同步调查与病害等级相关的小麦株高、含水量、氮含量、色素含量等农学参数,筛选出适宜监测小麦黄花叶病的植被指数,并构建病害等级监测模型。结果表明,小麦黄花叶病的反射光谱敏感波段在返青期和拔节前期集中于560～720 nm范围,而拔节后期则集中于800～900 nm区域。随病害等级的增加,光谱反射率在可见光波段逐渐增加,而在近红外波段区域降低。植被指数与病害等级相关性在不同生育时期间存在显著差异,整体上以拔节前期最好,决定系数(r)为0.72～0.82,而拔节后期模型精度急剧下降(r=0.26～0.72)。在植被指数中,整体上以表征色素变化的mND705模型预测精度最好,r和RMSE分别为 0.59～0.68和0.79～0.98。采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)建立黄花叶病害分级模型,三个时期的模型精度均高于植被指数模型,且整体上以返青期和拔节期前期估算效果较好,模型验证r为0.93～0.97,RMSE为0.24～0.32。因此,利用PLSR模型可以准确评价返青至拔节期前期小麦黄花叶病害等级。     

基于无人机影像的小麦株高与LAI预测研究

为快速、准确地估测不同生育时期小麦品种（系）株高与叶面积指数（LAI）表型性状，基于各生育时期小麦品种（系）数字正射影像（digital orthophoto map，DOM）和数字表面模型（digital surface model，DSM），分别构建不同生育时期株高估测模型和光谱指数LAI估测模型。借助一元线性回归、多元逐步回归（SMLR）和偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析方法，并采用决定系数（r）、均方根误差（RMSE）和归一化均方根误差（nRMSE）综合性评价指标，筛选出小麦不同生育时期最优的株高和LAI估测模型。结果表明，（1）全生育期株高估测效果最好，模型预测值与实测值高度拟合（r、RMSE、nRMSE分别为0.87、5.90 cm、9.29%）；在各生育时期中，灌浆期模型预测精度较好，成熟期预测精度最差，r分别为0.79和0.69。（2）所选的18种光谱指数与LAI相关性均较好，其中BGRI、RGBVI、NRI和NGRDI的相关系数达到极显著水平，且各时期三种回归估测模型均表现出较高的稳定性和拟合效果，其中SMLR回归模型对各生育时期LAI预测精度最好，其拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期的预测集r分别为0.68、0.57、0.61、0.68和0.53。这说明，基于无人机获取的不同生育时期小麦DSM影像提取株高，并运用18种光谱指数构建LAI估测模型方法是可行的。     

不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂在小麦赤霉病及呕吐毒素防治中的作用

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol， DON），又名呕吐毒素，是由引起小麦赤霉病的镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的一种单端孢霉烯族毒素。为研究不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂对小麦赤霉病及DON的防治效果，分别使用单药剂及其复配制剂进行田间药剂试验，并使用液相色谱串联质谱检测麦粒中DON的含量。2014年在江苏姜堰、建湖和六合3地进行的单药剂试验结果显示，25%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂（SC）、25%氰烯菌酯SC、30%戊唑醇SC和25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）对赤霉病和DON均有防效，20%嘧菌酯可分散粒剂（WG）的赤霉病防效较差，对DON无防效。25%丙硫菌唑SC较其他4种药剂具有更好的防效，并且在3个试验点效果稳定。2015年在江苏姜堰进行的单药剂及其复配制剂药效试验结果显示，75%百菌清·戊唑醇WP、25%丙硫菌唑SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC和48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 4种药剂的赤霉病和DON防效较好，防治后的小麦DON含量均小于1 000 μg·kg^-1，符合国家限量标准，与其他药剂差异显著（P<0.05），DON防效均大于70%，分别为76.3%、75.6%、73.6%和72.2%。病情指数、病穗率与DON含量之间的相关性分析结果表明，病情指数与DON含量之间存在显著的正相关（r=0.628，P=0.022），病穗率与DON含量之间无显著相关性（r=0.400，P=0.176）。     

大麦籽粒抗性淀粉含量快速测定方法研究

为探索快速高效测定大麦籽粒中抗性淀粉含量的方法，利用衰减全反射中红外（attenuated total reflection mid-infrared spectroscopy,ATR-MIR）和近红外（near-infrared spectroscopy,NIR）光谱技术，分别用3种不同方法进行预处理，建立大麦样品的抗性淀粉含量快速测定红外模型，通过不同预处理预测模型的校正和内部交叉验证结果的比较，依据决定系数（r）和均方根误差（RMSE）筛选出基于ATR-MIR和NIR光谱的最佳预测模型，再对最佳预测模型进行外部验证。结果表明，经基线位移校正+范围归一化（BOC+RN）预处理后的PLS模型为最佳ATR-MIR预测模型；经标准正态变换+Savitzky-Golay法一阶求导（SNV+1thD）的预处理模型为最佳NIR预测模型。用验证集材料对BOC+RN和SNV+1thD最佳预测模型的预测效果进行外部验证，光谱预测值与化学测定值之间没有显著差异，说明两种方法均可以用于大麦籽粒抗性淀粉含量测定；ATR-MIR光谱比NIR光谱具有更好的预测能力。     

基于机器学习的春小麦叶片水分含量高光谱估算

为了比较不同机器学习算法在干旱半干旱区春小麦叶片水分含量（leaf water content,LWC）遥感监测中的应用效果及筛选最佳波段组合,在田间尺度上,以春小麦冠层高光谱数据为基础,采用两波段组合形式,计算15种光谱参数（比值植被指数RVI、归一化植被指数NDVI、差值植被指数DVI和12种水分植被指数）,通过对抽穗期叶片含水量与光谱参数拟合效果进行对比与分析,分别构建了基于机器学习［人工神经网络（artificial neural network,ANN）、K近邻(K-nearest neighbors,KNN)和支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR）］和光谱参数的春小麦LWC反演模型,并对模型精度进行验证,以确定有效波段组合。结果表明,小麦抽穗期LWC与冠层高光谱反射率（R_784～950）、12种水分植被指数均显著相关（P＜0.01）;波段组合形式有效地优化了两波段指数的波段组合,在800～1 000 nm区间光谱参数（RVI_1046,1057、NDVI_1272,1279、DVI_1272,1279）的波段组合计算明显提升了其对LWC的敏感性;在不同的机器学习算法中,基于两波段组合光谱参数的KNN算法所见模型对LWC的预测效果（r=0.64,RMSE=2.35,RPD=2.01）优于ANN、SVR两种算法。这说明两波段光谱指数和KNN算法在春小麦叶片水分含量的高光谱遥感估算中具有一定的优势。     

基于三波段光谱指数的春小麦叶片水分含量估算

为探讨利用三波段植被指数（three-band index, 3BI）对春小麦叶片水分含量（leaf water content, LWC）估算的可行性,在田间尺度上,利用ASD-FieldSpec-3光谱仪测定春小麦抽穗期冠层光谱反射率,采用任意波段组合方法,分别建立两波段植被指数（two-band index, 2BI）包括比值植被指数（RVI）、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、差值植被指数（DVI）及3BI,并对单波段反射率、两波段植被指数和三波段植被指数与春小麦抽穗期LWC之间进行相关性分析,筛选稳定的光谱参数,基于人工神经网络（artificial neural network, ANN）、K近邻（K-nearest neighbors, KNN）和支持向量回归（support vector regression, SVR）等3种机器学习算法,建立有效波段组合运算的抽穗期春小麦LWC估算模型,并利用独立样本对模型精度进行检验和评价。结果表明,单波段反射率、2BI和3BI与春小麦抽穗期LWC之间的相关性均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）,而相关系数差异较大,绝对值分别为0.23、0.62、0.94,说明组合波段展现了光谱隐含信息,避免有效光谱信息的丢失;估算模型中,春小麦抽穗期以KNN算法和最佳3BI组合变量（3BI-5_{(1075, 1095, 1085)}、3BI-6_{(1100, 400, 1097)}）构建的模型拟合度最高（r²=0.83）,均方根误差最小（RMSE=2.14%）,相对偏差百分比超出了2.0以上（RPD=2.31）,说明该模型具有一定的预测能力。由此可见,通过任意波段组合,可明显提高3BI与春小麦LWC的关联度,且基于K近邻算法构建的模型具有较好的稳定性和估算能力。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.