木材多尺度孔隙结构及表征方法研究进展

介绍木材中宏观－介观－微观多尺度孔隙的分布、孔隙尺寸、孔隙形貌等孔隙结构,木材自身因素及干燥、热解等加工处理对孔隙结构的影响,压汞法等木材传统孔隙结构表征方法的优缺点,差示扫描热孔计法、核磁共振冷孔计法和超极化129 Xe 核磁共振法等新兴表征技术的基本原理,提出今后应结合多种表征技术重点探索木材介微观孔隙结构,以此为切入点探讨木材的物理力学性能,以期有助于推动木材孔隙结构的深入研究及其在其他领域的应用。     

微观力学表征技术的发展及其在木材科学领域中的应用

微观力学表征技术是表征材料微纳米力学性能的重要技术手段,目前已被广泛用于表征材料的超微构造和解析材料的力学行为。随着材料科学研究尺度缩小,微观力学表征技术逐步从纳米向超纳米、从分子向超分子甚至粒子水平发展。按照试样信息的不同方式,微观力学表征技术主要包括纳米力学测试技术(探针技术)和超纳米力学测试技术(显微镜技术);其中,纳米力学测试技术包括准静态纳米压痕技术、动态纳米压痕技术和动态模量成像技术,超纳米力学测试技术包括原子力显微镜技术和基于原子力显微镜技术的新型微观力学表征技术。木材是一种多孔状、层次状、各向异性的非均质天然高分子复合材料,其超微结构是细胞壁由不同厚度的层次组成。细胞壁是决定木材和木质纤维材料性能的主要因素,是木材的实质承载结构;细胞壁的力学性能是由壁层结构、化学组成的分布与结合方式决定的。开展木材和改性木材细胞壁纳观尺度的力学性能、分布及影响对实现木基复合材料的高效设计具有重要意义。自Wimmer等首次将纳米压痕技术应用于天然木材细胞壁微观力学后,国内外学者主要采取准静态纳米压痕测量技术和动态纳米压痕测量技术对不同树种木材以及化学改性和生物改性木材细胞壁的硬度、弹性模量、蠕变特性与黏弹性等力学性能进行了研究。木质材料界面作为纳米级厚度的界面相或者界面层,不仅影响木质材料的强度、刚度,而且影响木质材料的断裂韧性等。界面力学是决定木基复合材料整体力学性质的关键,是引起材料变形、强度下降的主要原因。研究界面的属性和特征对于木基复合材料整体属性的评价以及结构的优化设计有一定参考价值,研究内容涉及有胶合界面、纤维增强聚合物界面以及木制品涂层的微观力学。随着研究尺度逐渐缩小,微观力学表征技术趋向高分辨率及数据定量化,如今已能在纳米级分辨率下进行力学信息成像,为木材科学领域的研究提供了方便。微观力学表征技术在木材科学领域中的应用尚具有较大潜力,但仍有较多方向尚未涉及,还应在以下3方面展开研究:一是需要开展微观力学技术在木材科学领域应用的标准化研究,规范测试过程,确保测试结果的可靠性和一致性;二是建立木质材料宏观到微观的完整力学体系,从本质上剖析木质材料的力学行为,在纳米尺度上表征木质材料的性质和失效机制;三是随着木材科学领域研究的深入,需建立微观力学与微观化学、微观物理、微观环境学的联系,丰富木材及木基复合材料在微纳尺度的研究。     

纤维饱和点概念的演变、测试方法及其应用

纤维饱和点(FSP)是木材科学中早期提出的概念,距今已超过1个世纪,在木材-水分关系、物理力学性能等木材科学研究各领域均发挥了重要作用。相较于FSP概念的最初形式,其无论从定义形式还是从物理含义等方面都有了变化,从最初以木材内水分状态及其存在位置的定性描述朝着水分与木材结合形式差异、木材内水分势能边界方向发展。目前国内关于FSP的研究相对滞后,也未见系统的FSP测试原理和方法介绍。本研究对FSP概念演变与发展、测试方法及其优缺点进行系统分析,并在此基础上总结FSP在木材-水分关系、木材干燥技术、改性效果评价中的应用及其进一步发展方向。根据木材-水分关系研究的不同阶段,FSP概念可归纳为4种类型:第1类概念强调以物理力学性质转折点及水分存在位置定义FSP;第2类概念以木材细胞壁容纳水分极限作为FSP,简化了限制条件;第3类概念强调水分与木材结合形式差异,从吸、放热的热物理角度等进行阐述;第4类概念引入溶液热力学概念,将FSP视为木材内不同状态水分的相态边界,给出了FSP明确的物理含义。FSP测试方法可归纳为7类,包括外推法、溶剂排出法、压力板法、示差量热法、离心脱水法、核磁共振法和溶液热力学计算法,除外推法、溶液热力学计算法获得的FSP为计算值外,其他方法都可获得细胞壁内吸着水真实含量,测定的FSP明显高于传统引用的FSP平均值30%,但具体应用时应根据实际需求而定。FSP可进一步在木材干缩湿胀特性分析、木材干燥基准制定等方面发挥作用,同时在木材改性效果评价及改性处理后微观构造分析等领域均可应用。在FSP热力学概念基础上衍生的全含水率区间木材-水分关系的化学势表达方式,以及在此基础上发展而来的木材-水分相态图,将成为今后建立木材-水分关系的科学评价体系机制,并进一步服务于科研与生产。     

数字图像处理技术用于木材微观分析的研究概况

随着现代计算机技术的飞速发展,计算机数字图像处理技术已经在很多行业和科研领域中得到了广泛的应用,而木材微观分析是木材科研领域中重要的基础研究,与以往木材微观科研利用光学显微仪器加上人眼进行观察测量的研究手段相比较,利用计算机数字图像处理技术对木材进行微观结构分析具有客观、准确、高效等诸多优点,成为木材微观科研领域中一项崭新的课题和本领域未来科研的发展方向。本文概括国内外计算机数字图像处理技术在木材微观分析中的研究进展、应用现状并对现有处理方法和已经进行的研究的优缺点进行阐述和分析。针对现有图像处理方法和现有的科研程度对计算机数字图像处理技术用于木材微观科研领域的前景和主要发展方向做了展望。     

纳米材料与纳米技术在功能性木材中的应用

木材的功能化修饰是提高和改善其性能的有效途径, 利用纳米材料与纳米技术所具有的特性和功能来改性木材, 可以获得新型功能化的木基纳米复合材料。文中总结了纳米材料、纳米合成技术、纳米表征技术以及纳米仿生智能构筑技术在木材功能性改良中的应用情况, 展望了纳米材料与纳米技术在功能性木材研究领域的发展趋势, 旨在为木材的功能化修饰研究提供参考。     

促进绿色未来的全球木材科学与技术研究进展——国际林联第25届世界大会木材议题综述

国际林业研究组织联盟（IUFRO）第25届世界大会于2019年在巴西召开。文中从木材生长、木材性质与质量、木材识别、木材加工利用和木文化5个方面分别论述了这次大会在木材科学与技术领域的国际最新研究热点与进展，以反映全球木材科学的研究现状，并梳理学科发展方向。木材形成、木材质量、木材高附加值利用、木材识别新技术等议题依然是木材科学与技术领域的未来研究热点。     

《木材科学与技术》杂志征稿简则

《木材科学与技术》(原名《木材工业》),由中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所主办国内唯一专注于木材学的学术期刊,双月刊。主要报道我国木材科学领域的原创性科研成果和先进技术,包括木材性质基础理论研究、木材化学利用前沿研究、木基复合材料制造应用技术研究、木(竹)结构关键技术,木材加工智能制造技术与装备开发、木材加工绿色安全制造技术等,主要栏目有:综合述评、研究报告、研究简报、应用技术等。热忱欢迎专家学者惠赐佳作。来搞注意事项如下。     

木材保护剂分散体系及其液体渗透性研究概述

木材保护是节约木材资源、提高木材使用质量的重要手段。为了实现长期、高效的木材保护,通常需要对木材进行整体浸渍处理,即通过木材的多孔结构将包含有效成分的木材保护剂分散体系引入木材内部。随着技术的发展,出现了各种不同类型的木材保护剂分散体系,笔者介绍了其分类以及各类型的定义和基本特性,在此基础上分别对溶液、微乳液、乳浊液、溶胶、悬浊液型木材保护剂分散体系在木材中的液体渗透性方面研究进行了概述。对于水溶型木材保护剂而言,木材构造、木材抽提物及处理药剂的性质是影响其液体渗透性的主要因素;油溶型木材保护剂的液体渗透性在很大程度上取决于其溶剂的性质,轻油溶剂比重油溶剂的渗透性更优;乳浊液的液滴粒径与木材纹孔膜上孔隙尺寸相当,因此其渗透性与液滴粒径、树种密切相关;微乳液比乳浊液更易渗透,甚至可部分进入木材细胞壁;溶胶形成胶体粒子后在木材内的渗透与木材构造、胶体粒子粒径及p H等相关;悬浊液型木材保护剂由于粒径较大,在木材内的渗透性不佳,分布也不均匀。分析了该领域现有研究的不足,提出应系统、深入地开展研究,在此基础上改善分散体系在木材中的液体渗透性,并为木材保护分散体系的开发提供指导。     

计算机断层扫描技术在木材科学中应用研究进展

计算机断层扫描（CT）技术作为一种高质、高效的无损检测技术,具有重建图像分辨率高、速度快等优点。鉴于该技术在医学领域取得的重大成就,国内外学者基于CT技术对木材做了大量研究,并将其应用于木材科学研究领域,验证了CT技术在木材检测和木材加工领域的可行性,同时取得了良好的使用效果。文中综述了CT技术在木材缺陷检测、木材宏观构造检测和木材切割中应用的研究进展,分析了现有技术存在的问题,展望了CT技术在木材科学领域的应用前景。     

我国木材干燥理论与技术研究的现状与建议

介绍了第十九届国际干燥会议的简况,以及我国参会代表的论文分布情况。对近几年木材干燥领域相关论文在《林业科学》《林产工业》、《木材工业》杂志的刊登情况,及近5年北京林业大学木材干燥方向研究生的研究内容进行了统计分析。在此基础上初步剖析了近年来我国木材干燥领域理论与技术研究的现状、存在的问题及困惑,提出了促进我国木材干燥理论与技术研究的几点建议,为我国木材干燥领域的可持续发展提供参考。     

Studies on Measurement of Moisture Content by X-ray Scanning Method

In order to explore the feasibility of using X-ray to measure moisture content in the drying process and have a further study on the effect of precision of moisture content when scanning through different grain directions,X-ray scanning method and weighting method were used to measure average moisture content of Cunninghamia lanceolata during hot air drying.The results show that the moisture content values of two methods were very close to one another,the determination coefficients of both were highly correlated with a value over 0.99,and the absolute deviation was below 2%;when scanning along radial direction and longitudinal direction,the precisions of average moisture content were higher than that of the tangential direction,but the deviation can be negligible in the actual measurement;in the practical application,the effect of grain direction on precision of moisture content measurement could not be taken into account when using X-ray to measure the moisture distribution of wood.     

Microclimate and moisture content profile measurements in rain exposed Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) joints

In order to perform service life predictions of rain exposed wood structures, the moisture and temperature conditions in the structure need to be known as well as which degradation that occurs under those exposure conditions. The microclimate (the moisture conditions at the surface) is the boundary condition for moisture transport into the wood and depends on the detail design; joints between two pieces of wood can act as a water trap which give long durations of surface moisture after rain events and hinders drying. This study presents moisture content and microclimate measurements in three types of Norway spruce joints exposed to artificial rain in the laboratory. Both the microclimate (the duration of water on surfaces and in gaps) and the moisture content profiles were monitored. The microclimate was changed by changing the size of the gap between the two boards. The duration of water in the gap depended both on the gap size and on the permeability of the wood (sapwood/heartwood, end grain surface/side grain surface). In many cases, a larger gap width gave shorter durations of high moisture contents since a larger gap gave more favourable drying conditions, but the magnitude of this reduction varied between joint types.     

Moisture content measurements in wood using dual-energy CT scanning – a feasibility study

Currently computed tomography (CT) scanning provides a non-destructive method to determine moisture content in wood in three dimensions. With the current methodology two measurements are needed, one with the scanned piece of wood’s moist state and one after drying. Then the difference of the images can be calculated. The drawback and challenge is that dimensional changes due to shrinkage of wood in the drying process have to be compensated for by image processing. In this study a dual-energy CT scanning method is tested based on the consecutive scanning of wood samples at different energy levels to differentiate water from wood, without the necessity to dry the sample and thus without the need for complex image correction. Not quantified but visible differentiations due to moisture content were obtained on small cubical pine samples of different densities by quick consecutives scans at 60 and 200?kV. The results suggest that given that the pixels in the CT images are representing absorption coefficients it should be possible to directly measure moisture content in wood non-destructively in small volume elements inside solid wood in three dimensions. Further applications of this technique in industrial CT scanning of wood are discussed.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of moisture distribution in Pinus sylvestris L. exposed to daily indoor relative humidity fluctuations

Abstract

In contact with indoor air, wood materials have a high potential passively to reduce the indoor humidity fluctuations resulting from internal moisture loads and outdoor humidity fluctuations. This ability, characterized by the moisture buffering capacity of building materials, has attracted increasing attention within building physics, but a suitable method to appraise and quantify this phenomenon is still sought. In this study, a non-invasive spectroscopic method of accessing information about the interaction between indoor air and Scots pine was investigated. A comprehensive account is given of spatially resolved moisture absorption (desorption) into (from) Scots pine by proton magnetic resonance imaging ([¹H]MRI) based on an effective single-point imaging (SPI) sequence. SPI images of bound-water distribution in Scots pine with a spatial resolution on a sub-millimetre scale were acquired when one of the orthotropic directions of the wood material was exposed to typical indoor day-to-day moisture fluctuations. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging measurements presented in this study clearly show the potential of the method to provide accurate spatial information about the wood–water interaction below the fibre saturation point and hence to characterize the moisture buffering capacity of wood materials.     

木片碎料含水率场电测方法的研究

通过试验,研究了空间定点检测木片碎料贮存中含水率动态变迁的方法及相应检测电路,含水率测量范围5％～140％,最大相对指示误差7％左右,并具有动态相应性好的特点,该项研究为科研和实际应用展示了良好的前景。     

Methods for determination of duration of surface moisture and presence of water in gaps in wood joints

If water stays on wood surfaces or is trapped in gaps, the wood is supplied with water for a long period of time and high local moisture contents are reached. This can lead to decay by rot fungi, and it is therefore important to avoid such water traps in order to limit the decay rate. This paper presents two methods: one for determination of duration of surface moisture on wood surfaces and one for determination of duration of water trapped in gaps in wood joints. Both these methods are based on electrical conductance measurements that are commonly used to measure moisture content of wood. Both sensor types consist of insulating tubing, electrically conductive adhesive and copper wire. The sensors monitor the presence of moisture on the actual material surface, and because of their small size, they do not influence the amount and duration of moisture that stays on the surface or in the gap.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

Moisture conditions in coated wood panels during 24 months natural weathering at five sites in Europe

Abstract

Wood moisture content of coated panels of Scots pine sapwood was recorded during 24 months natural weathering in Vienna by logging electric resistance and temperature near the surface. Eight coating systems with various film thicknesses were used, including three solvent borne alkyd stains, three water borne acrylic stains and two water borne acrylic paints. At five sites in Europe wood moisture content of panels coated with three solvent borne alkyd stains, a brown acrylic stain and a white opaque acrylic paint was recorded weekly by changes in panel mass. Fluctuations in wood moisture content were influenced by the film thickness, water permeability and colour of the coating systems used. Degradation phenomena led to decreasing moisture protection of less durable coating systems over time of exposure. The exposure site clearly affected wood moisture content in the panels.     

Thermal diffusion in Masson pine wood

In order to analyze the effects of the temperature gradient on moisture movement during the highly intensive microwave-vacuum drying, thermal diffusion of Masson pine wood was studied. Internal distribution of temperature and moisture in Masson pine samples sealed by epoxy resin and aluminum foil was measured, the magnitude of thermal diffusion was calculated and the influencing factors of thermal diffusion were discussed. Results showed that with the transfer of moisture toward the low temperature in wood, opposite temperature and moisture gradient occurred. The initial moisture content （MC）, temperature and time are important factors affecting this process; the thermal diffusion is in proportion to wood temperature, its initial moisture and time. The temperature and distance from hot surface is strongly linearly correlated, and the relationship between MCs at different locations and distance from the hot end surface changes from logarithmically form to exponentially form with the increase in experimental time.     

End grain water absorption and redistribution in slow-grown and fast-grown Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) heartwood and sapwood

Abstract

Wood is susceptible to decay by rot fungi if it is exposed to high-moisture contents during long periods of time and it is therefore important to limit the duration of such periods. Critical points in outdoor wood structures are, for example, end grain surfaces in joints where water can get trapped after a rain. It is therefore of interest to study both absorption and redistribution of moisture in wood. This paper presents moisture content profiles during end grain water absorption and redistribution in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) measured by computed tomography with the specimens in individual climate boxes. Heartwood and sapwood of two provenances (slow-grown and fast-grown wood) were included. No major differences were seen between the water uptake of the slow-grown and the fast-grown wood since the densities were similar despite of the large difference in growth ring width. However, for the sapwood specimens, the moisture content was higher further into the specimens than for the heartwood specimens in agreement with previous studies. For the slow-grown wood, the redistribution was also generally more rapid for the sapwood specimens than for the heartwood specimens.