东海区蟹笼渔具的选择性研究

针对目前东海区普遍使用的蟹笼(笼径60 cm,笼高25 cm,外罩网衣网目尺寸2a=32 mm)对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹资源损害较严重的现状,选择设计了在其框架结构上开设横向幼蟹释放口的选择性蟹笼,于2009年11月在32°30′～33°00′ N、124°00′～124°30′ E海域进行了海上生产性试验。结果表明:释放口高度与可从其逃逸的三疣梭子蟹的最大甲高趋于一致,如以125 g作为三疣梭子蟹的最小可捕体重标准,用甲高与体重的关系式可求得选择性释放口的高度为33 mm;释放口的选择曲线可用分段函数表示且无50%选择甲高,这不同于拖网、捕虾衍拖网与帆式张网网囊及捕鳗笼的网目选择曲线,后者可以用“逻辑斯谛选择曲线”模拟,且存在50%选择体长;采用各甲高组的平均选择率表示尾数选择率,经过卡方(χ²)检验,其生产性试验值小于20%,同时释放效果明显;释放口对逃逸幼蟹的存活率几乎不产生任何影响。本研究成果可供管理部门在制定三疣梭子蟹的最小可捕标准时参考。     

基于张网渔获的蟹笼渔具对三疣梭子蟹的相对选择性

蟹笼渔具是东海近海重要的作业方式,安装释放装置是改善蟹笼渔具选择性的重要技术手段。作者通过海上试验,对比释放口宽度分别为25 mm和30 mm的试验蟹笼、对照蟹笼和张网的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)渔获,结合渔获方程和SELECT模型分析蟹笼的接触选择性和对张网的相对选择性。试验结果显示,张网渔具所捕获的群体较对照蟹笼更小;对比对照蟹笼渔获分布,分析试验蟹笼的接触选择性,结果显示,50%选择甲宽(l50)和蟹笼的捕捞能力随着释放口宽度的增大而增大,但选择范围(SR)基本不变。对比张网的渔获分布,获得蟹笼对三疣梭子蟹的相对选择性,结合张网和蟹笼的作业特点,将对照蟹笼的相对选择性视为蟹笼渔具的可捕率,结果显示,较大的个体更容易接触并进入蟹笼,50%概率接触并进入蟹笼的个体甲宽为98.7 mm;释放口宽度30 mm的试验蟹笼的相对选择性的l50(118.4 mm)和SR(10.5 mm)与接触选择性的l50(117.4 mm)和SR(9.5 mm)几无差异;对于释放口宽度25 mm的试验蟹笼,接触和相对选择性l50没有差异,但相对选择范围SR(5.6 mm)明显小于接触选择范围(11.3 mm),因此只考虑蟹笼的接触选择性而忽略其可捕率所得的结果可能会产生偏差。根据试验结果,本文对蟹笼渔具的可捕率的描述方式以及与蟹笼作业能力的区别进行了探讨。     

一种资源保护型蟹笼的初步试验

任何新渔具渔法的开发，必须同时考虑到资源保护。针对笼捕梭子蟹作业开发和推广过程中出现的蟹笼网目较小、幼蟹渔获率高等弊病，在梭子蟹入笼机制、行为习性观察基础上设计制作了资源保护（幼蟹释放）型蟹笼，并进行多次试验。结果认为，蟹笼似选择安装每只直径８ｃｍ的幼蟹释放孔装置方式，达到保护梭子蟹资源目的。     

广东大鹏湾虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

虾拖网渔业是南海海域重要的作业方式之一,但尚未有关该渔业网目尺寸选择性的报道。为评价虾拖网渔具的渔获性能、合理利用虾类资源,在广东大鹏湾进行了网目选择性试验。试验采用双支架虾拖网作为试验网具,并使用套网法估算了网目内径为35、40和45 mm的网囊对主捕虾类的选择性。结果显示,虾类渔获中刀额新对虾、须赤虾、周氏新对虾和日本囊对虾渔获数量较多,比较以往资料,刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾优势体长、平均体长均有所下降,其它2种虾类平均体长未见明显变化;选择性分析结果显示,主捕虾类的L50随网目尺寸线性增大。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,笔者认为现阶段35 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护上述4种虾类资源是比较合适的。     

选择性梭子蟹笼的设计与试验

针对目前浙江省普通使用的梭子蟹笼对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatu)幼蟹资源损害较严重的现状,设计了在其框架结构上开设横向幼蟹释放口的选择性蟹笼,并进行了海上生产性试验。结果表明:释放口高度与可从其逃逸的三疣梭子蟹的最大甲高趋于一致;尾数选择率可用各甲高组的平均选择率表示,其生产性试验值20%,释放效果明显。     

桁拖网渔具分隔网片对蟹类的分隔效果

传统捕虾桁拖网渔具网目小、渔获对象繁杂、选择性能差。使用网片式分隔装置、实现渔具的选择性捕捞是缓解这一问题的有效手段之一。2005年秋汛期间,在吕四渔场桁拖网渔业中开展了网目尺寸分别为60、75和90 mm分隔网片的海上生产试验,本文通过蟹类渔获为研究对象,分析分隔网片对其的分隔效果。试验结果显示,使用以个体接触分隔网片概率和网片对个体的留存率为基础的分隔效率模型,对蟹类甲宽分布数据的拟合发现,随着网目尺寸的增大,分隔网片对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、细点圆趾蟹(Ovalipes punctatus)的50%留存甲宽和留存率范围均有所增大;而上述2种蟹类个体接触不同网目尺寸分隔网片的概率则没有明显的一致性变化趋势。试验结果表明,蟹类在到达桁拖网网身部时具有一定的游泳能力且具有一定的游泳高度,也反映出使用向下倾斜的分隔网片在结构和装配上是比较合理的。     

美洲蓝蟹笼网目尺寸选择性研究

蟹笼最早于50年代初出现于路易斯安那州,60年代中期取代长袋网和延绳钓成为商业美洲蓝蟹渔业的主要渔具。目前在路易斯安那州和墨西哥湾沿岸的商业蟹渔民几乎全部使用3．81cm聚乙烯六角目笼或方目笼,但商业上也有用铁丝目来制作蟹笼。关键的是网目尺寸选择,因为它决定渔获的尺寸组成,从而决定近法定尺寸蟹(胸甲宽度(CW)<127mm)与法定尺寸蟹的比率。     

南海区康氏马鲛流刺网最小网目尺寸的初步研究

为促进南海马鲛刺网渔业的可持续发展和渔业资源的合理利用,于2012年和2015年分别进行了马鲛流刺网渔获组成和选择性试验。运用相对重要性指数(IRI)评价刺网的渔获组成,并在SELECT模型(share each length catch total)的架构下,利用正态分布(Normal)和双峰分布(Bi-normal)概率方程计算刺网对康氏马鲛(Scomberomorus commersoni)的选择性;进一步结合康氏马鲛的最小可捕规格,探讨南海区马鲛流刺网的最小网目尺寸。结果表明,康氏马鲛是南海马鲛流刺网最重要的渔获种类,其2012年和2015年IRI值分别为9 472.00和14 363.02;调查试验共捕获康氏马鲛295尾,其中2012年康氏马鲛的众数叉长组为751~800 mm(占32.52%),2015年康氏马鲛的2个众数叉长组分别为501~550 mm和701~750 mm;正态分布模型估算的选择性众数相对叉长为6.961;双峰分布估算的2个众数相对叉长值分别为4.440和6.728;根据模型残差值的大小,认为双峰分布的拟合效果较好;将康氏马鲛可捕规格定为380 mm的前提下,建议南海马鲛流刺网的最小网目尺寸可暂定为120 mm。     

大鹏湾捕虾拖网渔获分隔试验的效果分析

捕虾拖网渔业的特点是渔获组成多样性和渔获抛弃率高。在我国南海捕虾拖网渔业中,尚没有关于改善渔具种类选择性的研究。试验采用蝴蝶拖网作为试验网具,在网囊前部安装不同网目尺寸(130和110mm)和网目形状(方形和菱形)的分隔网片,将网囊分为2层即上层的虾袋和下层的鱼袋,并估算了分隔网片对主要虾类渔获的分隔率;除此以外,还通过安装TED来改善分隔网片的分隔效果。试验结果显示,虾袋中虾类渔获个体较鱼袋中的大,对比不同分隔网片设计的分隔率发现,网目尺寸对分隔效率具有显著的影响,而不同网目形状的分隔率没有显著差异;安装TED可以有效改善分隔网片的分隔效果。     

海州湾秋季坛子网网目选择性研究

2018年秋季,利用囊网内径网目为25、35、45、55 mm的坛子网在黄海海州湾渔场N 35°02.335′,E 119°24.842′附近海域进行了11网次试验。从Logistic选择性模型、坛子网不同网目对主要渔获物小黄鱼的选择性曲线、渔获物组成、幼鱼比例及选择性分析等方面,研究坛子网网囊的选择性。试验结果显示,坛子网九月主要渔获物为小黄鱼、带鱼和三疣梭子蟹;随网囊网目尺寸的增加,渔获物质量逃逸率及尾数逃逸率均迅速增加,网目尺寸为55 mm时其值均超过80%,且质量逃逸率及尾数逃逸率的值比较接近;渔获物组成中,小黄鱼、银鲳和三疣梭子蟹幼体比例非常高,基本全为幼体,带鱼幼鱼比例也超过70%;根据小黄鱼的可捕体长,获得坛子网针对小黄鱼的最适网囊网目尺寸,为(40.59±3.19)mm。研究结果可为我国海州湾渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展与管理提供科技支撑。     

Use of escape vents to improve size and species selectivity of collapsible pot for blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> in Thailand

Laboratory experiments were firstly conducted to determine the possibility of modification of the collapsible pot for blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus by designing appropriate escape vents in terms of shape, position, and size to improve size selectivity by reducing the catch of immature crabs. In laboratory observations, nearly square-shaped vents of 35 mm height and 45 mm length, located at the lower part of the side panel, showed the best performance to allow the escape of immature-size crabs by side-crawling escape behavior through the vents, with L _50% selection carapace length (CL) of 39.1, 44.4, and 48.7 mm CL for 40, 45, and 50 mm vent length, respectively. Comparative fishing trials between conventional and vented pots with vents of 35 × 45 mm size were conducted to examine the crab size and species selectivity. Use of the vented pots was found to reduce the number of immature crabs in the catch from 70.5% to 11.0% on average, while not affecting the catch efficiency of mature-size crabs. The vented pots also had a selective effect for reducing the catch of bycatch species in comparative fishing trials.     

Ghost fishing in the pot fishery for blue swimmer crabs Portunus pelagicus in Queensland,Australia

Blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) are an economically important crab caught in baited traps throughout the Indo-west Pacific and Mediterranean. In Australia they are traditionally caught using rigid wire traps (≈pots) but there has been a recent increase in the use of collapsible pots constructed from polyethylene trawl mesh. Two experiments were conducted in Moreton Bay, Queensland, to determine the ghost fishing potential of lost crab pots on both target and bycatch species and to evaluate the differences between traditional and contemporary pot designs. A lost contemporary, collapsible trawl mesh pot will catch between 3 and 223 P. pelagicus per year after the bait has been exhausted, while a traditional wire mesh pot would catch 11–74 crabs per year. As most fishers now use the collapsible trawl mesh pots, ghost fishing mortality could be as high as 111,811–670,866 crabs per year. Bycatch retention was also higher in contemporary designs. Periods of strong winds appeared to increase the ghost fishing potential of lost pots. The use of escape gaps, larger mesh sizes and construction options that allow for the deterioration of entrance funnels to minimise ghost fishing are recommended to reduce environmental impacts.     

蟹笼渔具逃逸口位置对三疣梭子蟹逃逸行为的影响

为了检验蟹笼渔具逃逸口对三疣梭子蟹逃逸行为的影响,实验使用红外水下摄像装备观察了三疣梭子蟹对3种不同配置逃逸口(位于侧网底部、开口高度3.2 cm和4.0 cm以及位于侧网顶部、开口高度4.0 cm)的反应行为。水下观察结果显示,三疣梭子蟹在笼底的探索行为使其能轻易发现和接近底部逃逸口,而垂直搜索行为能使其发现和接近顶部逃逸口,虽然发现并接近顶部逃逸口所需的时间显著大于底部逃逸口,但平均次数无显著性差异;87%接近逃逸口的个体企图穿越逃逸口,且逃逸口位置对此无显著影响;所有个体均采用侧身姿态穿越逃逸口,甲高是决定个体成功逃逸的关键因素;穿越顶部逃逸口的三疣梭子蟹需要花费更多的时间和精力调整姿态和位置以更好地匹配逃逸口,但广义线性混合模型(GLMM模型)拟合结果显示,逃逸口位置对个体逃逸成功率没有显著影响,表明三疣梭子蟹具有较高的个体姿态操纵能力,而笼内个体数量对逃逸成功率具有显著的影响。结合水下观察,研究认为个体在探索行为的活跃程度和浸泡时间会影响逃逸口的性能;考虑到东海近海蟹笼的结构和渔业现状,研究认为在蟹笼侧网靠近底部安装一个逃逸口是目前可行的技术措施。     

Behavioural responses of red king crab to crab pots

High bycatch of female and sublegal sized male king crabs in the fishery is of concern to fishermen and management agencies; the efficiency of gear currently used in the fishery needs to be improved. This study examined behavioural responses of red king crabs to pots under laboratory conditions with time-lapse video. Crabs approached the pot from downstream, 82% of searches were confined to within 135 ° of the downstream direction, and 78.3% of crabs searched less than 90 ° before leaving or entering. The probability of entry success increased with the number of approaches. Crabs which failed to enter made an average of 2.6 approaches compared with 3.9 approaches for crabs which entered pots. The entry success rate was 8.1%. No significant differences in approach, search, and entry were found between ovigerous females, juvenile females, legal-sized males, and sublegal-sized males. Legal males (≥ 178 mm carapace width) had a significantly lower escape attempt rate and escape rate than sublegal males and females. Crabs depend on chemical cues during foraging, approaching, and searching. The current king crab pot is inefficient because crabs have difficulties in accessing the entrances and non-legal crabs have difficulties in escaping.     

Size selective capture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in floating pots

Little is known about the size selectivity of cod in static fishing gears such as pots and traps. In this field study, floating fishing pots were equipped with 40, 45 and 50 mm square mesh escape windows in order to estimate the size selectivity of cod at different mesh sizes. Relationships between selectivity parameters and mesh size, as well as an optimal mesh size for the escape window with respect to current minimum landing size of cod in the Baltic Sea were sought. The results show that the floating pot is not only species selective when used in the Baltic Sea cod fishery, the implementation of an escape window reduced the proportion of undersized bycatch in the pots by more than 90%. The estimated length at 50% retention was found to be a direct function of fish body length (girth) and mesh size of the escape window, while the estimated selection range remained unchanged regardless of mesh size. Optimal mesh size, with respect to the length at 50% retention and current minimal landing size of 38 cm in the Baltic, was determined to be 45 mm. Strong indications (significant on the 0.01 probability level in the case of 50 and 40 mm escape windows) suggested that the relative fishing power of the pots increased with the implementation of an escape window. This result could be explained as a “saturation effect”, i.e. the probability of cod entering the pot is likely to be negatively dependent on cod density in the pot. The high species selectivity and the low catch rate of undersized fish have consolidated the floating pots position as a highly benign fishing method and the foremost alternative gear for the future coastal cod fishery in the Baltic Sea.     

Maximum handling size,prey size and type selection by snakehead (Channa argus) feeding on juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Laboratory predation trials were conducted to investigate maximum handling size, prey size and type selection by small (35–37 cm in total length, L_T), medium (43–46 cm L_T) and larger (58–60 cm L_T) snakehead (Channa argus) when feeding on a wide size (9–34 mm in carapace width, C_W) range of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). The maximum handling size of predator feeding on crabs monotonically increased with predator L_T and mouth gape width, G_W. Snakehead with at least 16.0 cm L_T or 27.7 mm G_W would be capability to consume the smallest size group of crabs, whereas the predator with 72.6 cm L_T or 63.4 mm G_W would be capability to consume all size groups of crabs in these trails. Prey‐size selection trials showed that snakehead has a high preference to the small‐sized crabs, and lower preference to the medium or large size crabs. The preference index was significantly affected by prey size and prey size × predator size interaction, however, was not affected by predator size. In prey type experiments, snakehead consumed lower proportions of juvenile crabs when fed on the crab and crucian carp than when fed on only the crab, which suggests alternative fish prey may reduce predation risk of the crab by snakehead in nature. These results could be useful for improving the fishery management and release strategies for the crab.     

Comparative fishing trials for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Charybdis japonica</Emphasis> using collapsible box-shaped and dome-shaped pots

ABSTRACT:   Comparative fishing trials were undertaken with two commercial collapsible pots for the crab Charybdis japonica . One pot was box-shaped with two slit entrances at the ends, while the other was dome-shaped with two open funnel entrances. Pots were placed at the bottom of a pond that is connected to Kagoshima Bay. Fishing trials were carried out using a 1-day soaking time; the bait used was mackerel. The box-shaped pot had higher catches of crabs and non-target organisms, but the number of large crabs (carapace width >8 cm) was almost half as many as that caught with the dome-shaped pot. The catch of non-target species was also greatly reduced in the dome-shaped pot, and fish caught were mostly enmeshed in the netting. The reduction in catches of small crabs and non-target organisms was due to the nature of the dome-shaped pot's larger mesh size and open entrances, which allowed for escape. The dome-shaped pot seemed more efficient for harvesting commercial size crabs, while the box-shaped pot seemed better for removing all crab sizes.     

梭子蟹定置三重刺网设计与试验

根据捕捞目标的生物学习性和体型特征,设计了一种捕捞三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的专用定置三重刺网并进行了生产试验。所设计的刺网主尺度为50.00 m×1.08 m,上纲长50.00 m,下纲长66.00 m;内网衣规格为1 200目×18.5目,目大120 mm;外网衣规格为200目×2.5目,目大500 mm。2015年9月4—26日在莱州湾渔场进行了生产试验。结果表明,新刺网所捕获的三疣梭子蟹平均体重为175.69 g,单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)为1.61 kg/(片·次),主捕率高,其中梭子蟹产量占总渔获量的99.31%。新设计的刺网,下纲比上纲长32%,网衣底部较松弛,提高了网衣对梭子蟹的缠络性能,因而提高了捕捞效率;内网衣网目较大,利于释放幼鱼,网高较低,减小了捕获中上层鱼类的几率,因此,兼捕率较低,有利于渔业资源的保护。