近20a叶尔羌河流域生态服务价值对土地利用/覆被变化的响应

为探究综合治理项目实施前后叶尔羌河流域生态与环境变化,基于叶尔羌河流域1990、2000、2010年土地利用遥感解译数据,选取符合干旱区特点的Constanza价值系数,并根据研究区实际情况进行修正计算,对比分析了1990—2010年土地利用/覆盖及生态服务价值的动态变化特征。结果表明:1 1990—2010年,叶尔羌河流域土地利用/覆被变化总体速度为9.12%,变化较强烈;2000—2010年变化速度(6.69%)较1990—2000年(15.76%)缓慢。2 20 a内耕地、建设用地和水域面积分别增加了35.58%、28.21%和10.39%,林地和草地分别减少了11.36%和9.91%,未利用土地面积变化不明显。综合治理项目实施后,研究区植被退化、土地沙化、盐渍化等生态问题仍然存在且有发展。3 1990、2000年和2010年研究区生态服务价值分为330.32×108元、323.62×108元和309.41×108元,生态服务价值总量呈减少趋势,且减少的速率加快。林地和草地面积的减少是生态服务价值总量减少的主要原因。经敏感性分析验证,估算结果对生态服务价值系数的变化缺乏弹性,因此结果是可信的,修正后的价值系数适用于研究区。     

叶尔羌河流域气候变化特征及趋势分析

利用叶尔羌河流域五个气象台站长时序逐日气温和降水量数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验方法,分析近50多年来叶尔羌河流域气候要素变化特征,利用R/S分析法预测该区域未来气候变化趋势。结果表明:1)叶尔羌河流域属极端干旱区,近50年来降水量呈增加趋势,塔什库尔干、泽普和巴楚降水增加显著,有明显突变点;2)流域气温上升速率范围为0.239-0.375℃/10a,气温的上升均为突变升温,突变时间为20世纪90年代中期,塔什库尔干高海拔山区自2010年后气温增长较平原区迅速;3)通过R/S分析表明,叶尔羌河流域未来气候变化仍然与过去50年来的变化趋势一致,以暖湿趋势为主。     

叶尔羌河流域气温、降水及径流变化特征分析

应用叶尔羌河流域的9个水文、气象站的观测资料,分析了叶尔羌河流域的气温、降水、径流的变化特征.结果显示:年代际时间尺度上叶尔羌河全流域以及帕米尔高原区、低山丘陵区、平原区在20世纪90年代以来呈明显的增暖、变湿趋势;44 a来年平均气温均呈显著的线性增加趋势,帕米尔高原区秋季温度上升最显著,平原区冬季升温最显著;帕米尔高原区与平原地区均以夏季降水的线性增湿最为显著;近50 a来,叶尔羌河流域中,仅提兹那甫河年径流量呈显著线性增加趋势,叶尔羌河年径流量虽然也呈线性增加趋势,但不显著;叶尔羌河与提兹那甫河年径流量自70年代以来呈反位相变化.     

基于干旱等级划分的叶尔羌河流域水资源配置评价研究

以叶尔羌河流域作为研究对象,选取河川径流量的SRI(Standardized Runoff Index)作为干旱评价指标,划分了干旱等级.以水资源优化配置模型为基础,综合考虑了多种开源节流措施,分别应用综合效益满意度法和灰色关联度法对四种水资源配置方案进行了分析评价,最终确定了叶尔羌河流域的最优发展方案,同时,对最优方案的水资源配置结果进行了缺水分析.结果表明:干旱条件下的流域缺水率由原来的20.68％降低到4.53％,重度干旱条件下的缺水率降低到6.23％,特大干旱条件下的缺水率降低到6.54％,最优方案(方案四)减小了在干旱发生时的严重缺水程度,可有效缓解流域的水资源供需矛盾.     

基于RS和GIS的塔里木河干流生态环境状况评价

干旱区内陆河流域生态环境的变化关系到人类的生存和社会的发展。针对塔里木河干流区域在综合治理前后的环境变化状况,以1990、2000年和2010年7—8月的3期Landsat-TM和中巴资源卫星遥感数据为基础,借助RS、GIS手段和生态环境状况指数方法,对比分析了综合治理前后生态环境的特点,得知塔里木河干流的生态环境在综合治理前处于最差的级别,综合治理后有明显改善。虽然,综合治理遏制了生态退化的趋势,但是流域内生态脆弱的现状并没有发生根本扭转,仍需要进一步地增加治理投入,巩固和增强综合治理的效果。     

1990-2015年三江平原生态功能区生态功能状况评估

基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年四期的遥感影像提取土地覆被信息,以此为基础,依据《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ/T192-2015)对三江平原生态功能区生态功能状况及其变化趋势进行评估。结果显示:三江平原生态功能区生态功能状况指数(FEI)逐年减小,生态环境逐年变差,但有放缓之势。1990年和2000年FEI分别为57.43和54.44,生态功能状况为一般;2010年和2015年FEI分别为47.96和47.70,生态功能状况评级为较差,生态功能状况为自然生态差,存在明显的生态环境问题,生态类型结构单一,生态功能不稳定。1990-2015年间,生态功能状况变化度(△FEI)为-9.73,生态功能状况变化度评级为显著变差。从1990-2000年间到2000-2010年间,△FEI<0,且︱△FEI︱增大,1990-2010年间生态功能状况变差加剧;从2000-2010年间到2010-2015年间,△FEI<0,且︱△FEI︱减小,说明2000-2015年间生态功能状况变差状况有所缓解。人类扰动上升,气候变暖、变干也是该区生态功能状况变差的因素。     

喀什地区近10年地下水资源时空动态变化分析

地下水资源对干旱半干旱地区未来社会经济发展有着非常重要意义。文中利用喀什地区叶尔羌河流域与喀什噶尔河流域近10年地下水水位实测资料,对研究区地下水时空动态变化规律进行了分析及探讨。结果表明：叶尔羌河流域与喀什噶尔河流域在不同年份、不同季节及不同月份之间有显著差异。尤其是中游、下游平原区与上游山前平原区之间地下水水位动态...     

河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山径流变化特征及其影响因素分析

以1961-2010年河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山年径流资料为基础,综合运用趋势分析、MannKendall突变检测、Morlet小波分析、R/S分析、降水-径流深度双累积曲线等多种数理分析方法,研究了河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山年径流的变化特征、影响因素及未来可能的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)1961-2010年,石羊河流域出山年径流呈微弱减少趋势,黑河流域和疏勒河流域出山年径流呈显著增加趋势,50年来黑河流域和疏勒河流域出山年径流存在显著突变特征;(2)1961-2010年,石羊河流域和黑河流域出山年径流经历了"枯-丰-枯-丰"4次交替,疏勒河流域出山年径流经历了"枯-丰"2次交替;(3)1961-2010年,石羊河流域、黑河流域、疏勒河流域出山年径流变化的主周期分别为5年、22年和15年,但不具有统计显著性;(4)河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山年径流变化受祁连山区降水影响较大,山区人类活动对年径流变化影响较小;(5)未来石羊河流域出山年径流可能呈减少趋势,黑河流域和疏勒河流域出山年径流可能呈增加趋势。     

基于GIS和组合赋权法的石羊河流域生态环境质量评价

以石羊河流域为研究区,以2000-2012年的GIS数据和统计年鉴数据为基础,结合流域生态环境现状和影响因素构建综合评价指标,并在GIS技术的支持下,运用层次分析法和熵权法的组合赋权实现对研究区生态环境质量的综合评价.结果表明:石羊河流域生态环境质量较低,整体呈逐年下降趋势,生态环境综合评价指数从2000年的5.05下降到2012年的3.70;在流域内部生态环境综合评价指数差异很大,具体表现为金昌市金川区呈上升趋势,而其他地区有不同程度的下降.从空间分布来看,石羊河各县区按指数高低依次为:永昌县、肃南裕固族自治县、凉州区、古浪县、天祝藏族自治县、民勤县和金川区.在不同时期,各县区生态环境综合评价指数等级有所变化,但幅度不大.     

基于生态足迹分析的青海湟水河流域可持续发展能力

基于生态足迹模型,计算2000-2005年湟水河流域生态足迹.结果表明:6年来,湟水河流域人均生态足迹从2000年的1.426 5 hm2/人增加到2005年的1/659 6 hm2/人,人均生态承载力从2000年的1.116 8 hm2/人减少到2005年的1.056 9 hm2/人,人均生态赤字从2000年的0.443 8 hm2/人增加到2005年的0.729 5 hm2/人,生态压力指数从2000年的1.45上升到2005年的1.78,表征状态由较不安全(4级)上升到很不安全(5级),现有发展模式不变的话,预测2010年生态赤字达0.943 2 hm2/人,生态压力指数为2.07,处于极不安全状态(6级).同时,随着湟水河流域生态足迹多样性指数从2000年的1.03提高到2005年的1.29,GDP生态足迹由2000年的2.702 3hm2/104元降低到2005年的2.215 6 hm2/104元,发展能力从2000年的1.46增加到2005年的2.14,预测2010年发展能力将提高到2.71.基于可持续发展理论,提出了实现湟水河流域可持续发展的措施和对策.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.